Dear Olga, List, Science has both advantages and limitations due to its method. On the advantage side, one can come up with ideas galore, but to be accepted as scientific they have to be tested and alternative explanations of the phenomena be shown to not provide an explanation. This requires that a) all scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable, b) there must be methods for testing these hypotheses (not quite the same as (a)), and c) due to the mutual dependence of (a) and especially (b) on other assumptions (called “auxiliary assumptions” in most places, science has to progress piecemeal based on previous scientific knowledge. Science is also subject to major shifts (revolutions) when we have ignored evidence (e.g., the properties of the very small as found in quantum mechanics) or misinterpreted it (e.g., Mercury’s precession values). Typically, though, much of established science is retained at least as an approximation in any new theory. I could add a lot (found in Kuhn, Feyerabend and other anti-reductionist-empiricists) about how science can progress in order to add to scientific knowledge, but it would take too long here. Suffice to say that these things further limit point (b). On the disadvantage side, the problems follow from the same factors, especially (b) and (c), since it means that science must proceed piecemeal, and at any given time there will be large areas that are not accessible to current science with it current methods and presuppositions. Much of this area to which current science is blind is exactly there area that is of most interest in our human pursuits. I might add that when science does try to deal outside of its current scope it often gets into trouble. I am thinking in particular of recent work that shows that fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) has serious problems as it has been used in at least thousands of important neuropsychological studies, meaning they will need to be done over again, at the very least. This is hardly the only example, just one that is currently shaking things up. At least, though. The very methods of science can (and did in this case) find such problems and show how to correct them. The biggest strength of science is not its scope or ability to find general truths about the world, but its self-correcting character.
When dealing with things outside the scope of science, and even inside (given the fallibility of science) other areas of human knowledge are need. They are what we can fall back on. Myth, religion, literature, philosophy and so on can be very useful as long as we don’t place them on the same level of precision and verifiability as we can science. I think it helps even in these areas, though, to keep some of the scientific attitude and remain somewhat skeptical of untested results, taking them as at best tentative (and not God-given or from some other source of certainty). Our past experience has shown us that almost none of these other areas are universal for all space and time, or even between cultures. So even if science has its built in limitations, and is far from being able to answer all the questions we might have about humans in the world, elements of the scientific attitude are still very helpful. But I think it would be to throw the baby out with the bathwater to just ignore everything that doesn’t meet current scientific standards. I haven’t discussed the abuse of science, which like other sources of power gets misused by powerful and/or charismatic people, but it is a danger that at least science itself is in principle capable of meeting through it very methods. John Collier Professor Emeritus and Senior Research Associate University of KwaZulu-Natal http://web.ncf.ca/collier From: Olga [mailto:peirce-l@list.iupui.edu] Sent: Tuesday, 05 July 2016 11:35 PM To: Gary Richmond <gary.richm...@gmail.com> Cc: Peirce-L <peirce-l@list.iupui.edu> Subject: Re: [PEIRCE-L] The auhor's claim: There is no *distinctly* scientific method Gary, List, I am certainly overwhelmed and lost in translation so have mercy on me, simply try to find this merely amusing.... but how taking into account "revelation" or "miracles" "how is it that the results of science are more reliable than what is provided by these other forms?" Imho science is way behind in defining certain processes, concepts or things comparing to other forms... As an example of revelation, Dmitri Mendeleev<http://www.famousscientists.org/dmitri-mendeleev/> was obsessed with finding a logical way to organize the chemical elements. It had been preying on his mind for months but... he made his discovery in a dream... Imho science is slowly describing in its own language of numbers and parameters what can be or was already fully grasped by a human mind and vivid imagination. It seems to me that Quantified precision with exceptions defeats ideal as a whole. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." Word - ideal. Exceptions are limiting the whole without seeing the whole picture... If we talk about courage with exceptions, then retreating for the sake of winning in a long run, well known in history, is an exception of the exception? :) Once again, my sincere apologies, I'm not an expert in this field... :) Peace to all! Life to all! Love to all! Olga On 05 Jul 2016, at 22:55, Gary Richmond <gary.richm...@gmail.com<mailto:gary.richm...@gmail.com>> wrote: List, I found this very short provocative essay of interest. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/opinion/there-is-no-scientific-method.html?ref=opinion The author's conclusion: If scientific method is only one form of a general method employed in all human inquiry, how is it that the results of science are more reliable than what is provided by these other forms? I think the answer is that science deals with highly quantified variables and that it is the precision of its results that supplies this reliability. But make no mistake: Quantified precision is not to be confused with a superior method of thinking. I am not a practicing scientist. So who am I to criticize scientists’ understanding of their method? I would turn this question around. Scientific method is not itself an object of study for scientists, but it is an object of study for philosophers of science. It is not scientists who are trained specifically to provide analyses of scientific method. James Blachowicz<http://www.luc.edu/philosophy/faculty_blachowicz.shtml> is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Loyola University Chicago and the author of “Of Two Minds: The Nature of Inquiry<http://www.sunypress.edu/p-2705-of-two-minds.aspx>” and “Essential Difference: Toward a Metaphysics of Emergence<http://www.sunypress.edu/p-5374-essential-difference.aspx>.” Best, Gary R [Gary Richmond] Gary Richmond Philosophy and Critical Thinking Communication Studies LaGuardia College of the City University of New York C 745 718 482-5690 ----------------------------- PEIRCE-L subscribers: Click on "Reply List" or "Reply All" to REPLY ON PEIRCE-L to this message. PEIRCE-L posts should go to peirce-L@list.iupui.edu<mailto:peirce-L@list.iupui.edu> . 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