International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978
Adoption:
7 July 1978
Entry into force: 28 April 1984
The Manila amendments to the STCW Convention and Code were adopted on 25 June
2010, marking a major revision of the STCW Convention and Code.
The 2010 amendments are set to enter into force on 1 January 2012 under
the tacit acceptance procedure and are aimed at bringing the Convention
and Code up to date with developments since they were initially adopted
in 1978 and further revised in 1995; and to enable them to address
issues that are anticipated to emerge in the foreseeable future.
The 1995 amendments
entered into force on 1 February 1997.
1995
STCW, as amended
The 2010 Manila amendments to the STCW Convention and Code
Details
of the original 1978 Convention
The 1995 amendments – major revision
Ensuring compliance with the Convention
Port State control
1995 amendments – chapters II, III, IV
1995 amendments - Chapter V: Special training requirements for personnel
on certain types of ships
1995 amendments - Chapter VI: Emergency, occupational safety, medical
care and survival functions
1995 amendments - Chapter VII: Alternative certification
1995 amendments - Chapter VIII: Watchkeeping
The STCW Code
The 1997 Amendments – training for crew on passenger ships
The 1998 Amendments – training for crew on bulk carriers
The 2006 amendments - ship security officers, fast rescue boats
The "White
List"
The 2010 Manila amendments to the STCW Convention and Code
The 1995 amendments
Adoption: 7 July 1995
Entry into force: 1 February 1997
The 1995 amendments, adopted by a Conference, represented a major revision of
the Convention, in response to a recognized need to bring the Convention up
to date and to respond to critics who pointed out the many vague phrases,
such
as "to the satisfaction of the Administration", which resulted in different
interpretations being made.
Others complained that the Convention was never uniformly applied and did not
impose any strict obligations on Parties regarding implementation. The 1995
amendments entered into force on 1 February 1997. However, until 1 February
2002, Parties may continue to issue, recognize and endorse certificates which
applied before that date in respect of seafarers who began training or
seagoing
service before 1 August 1998.
One of the major features of the revision was the division of the technical
annex into regulations, divided into Chapters as before, and a new STCW Code,
to which many technical regulations have been transferred. Part A of the Code
is mandatory while Part B is recommended.
Dividing the regulations up in this way makes administration easier and it
also
makes the task of revising and updating them more simple: for procedural and
legal reasons there is no need to call a full conference to make changes to
Codes.
Some of the most important amendments adopted by the Conference concern
Chapter
I - General Provisions. They include the following:
Ensuring compliance with the Convention
Parties to the Convention are required to provide detailed information to IMO
concerning administrative measures taken to ensure compliance with the
Convention.
This represented the first time that IMO had been called upon to act in
relation
to compliance and implementation - generally, implementation is down to the
flag States, while port State control also acts to ensure compliance. Under
Chapter I, regulation I/7 of the revised Convention, Parties are required to
provide detailed information to IMO concerning administrative measures taken
to ensure compliance with the Convention, education and training courses,
certification
procedures and other factors relevant to implementation.
By 1 August 1998 - the deadline for submission of information established
in section A-I/7 of the STCW Code - 82 out of the 133 STCW Parties had
communicated
information on compliance with the requirements of the revised Convention.
The
82 Parties which met the deadline represent well over 90% of the world's
ships
and seafarers.
The information is reviewed by panels of competent persons, nominated by
Parties
to the STCW Convention, who report on their findings to the IMO
Secretary-General,
who, in turn, reports to the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) on the Parties
which fully comply. The MSC then produces a list of Parties in compliance
with
the 1995 amendments.
The first list of countries was approved by the MSC at its 73rd session held
from 27 November to 6 December 2000 – it included 71 countries and one
Associate
Member of IMO.
Port State control
The revised Chapter I includes enhanced procedures concerning the exercise of
port State to allow intervention in the case of deficiencies deemed to pose
a danger to persons, property or the environment (regulation I/4). This can
take place if certificates are not in order or if the ship is involved in a
collision or grounding, if there is an illegal discharge of substances
(causing
pollution) or if the ship is manoeuvred in an erratic or unsafe manner, etc.
Other regulations in chapter I include:
Measures are introduced for watchkeeping personnel to prevent fatigue.
Parties are required to establish procedures for investigating acts by
persons
to whom they have issued certificates that endanger safety or the
environment.
Penalties and other disciplinary measures must be prescribed and enforced
where
the Convention is not complied with.
Technical innovations, such as the use of simulators for training and
assessment
purposes have been recognized. Simulators are mandatory for training in the
use of radar and automatic radar plotting aids (regulation I/12 and section
A-I/12 of the STCW Code).
Parties are required to ensure that training, certification and other
procedures
are continuously monitored by means of a quality standards system (regulation
I/8).
Every master, officer and radio operator are required at intervals not
exceeding
five years to meet the fitness standards and the levels of professional
competence
contained in Section A-I/11 of the STCW Code. In order to assess the need for
revalidation of certificates after 1 February 2002, Parties must compare the
standards of competence previously required with those specified in the
appropriate
certificate in part A of the STCW Code. If necessary, the holders of
certificates
may be required to undergo training or refresher courses (regulation I/11).
Chapter II: Master and deck department
The Chapter was revised and updated.
Chapter III: Engine department
The Chapter was revised and updated.
Chapter IV: Radiocommunication and radio personnel
The Chapter was revised and updated.
Chapter V: Special training requirements for personnel on certain types of
ships
Special requirements were introduced concerning the training and
qualifications
of personnel on board ro-ro passenger ships. Previously the only special
requirements
in the Convention concerned crews on tankers. This change was made in
response
to proposals made by the Panel of Experts set up to look into ro-ro safety
following
the capsize and sinking of the ferry Estonia in September 1994. Crews
on ro-ro ferries have to receive training in technical aspects and also in
crowd
and crisis management and human behaviour.
Chapter VI: Emergency, occupational safety, medical care and survival
functions
The Chapter incorporates the previous Chapter VI: Proficiency in survival
craft
and includes mandatory minimum requirements for familiarization, basic safety
training and instruction for all seafarers; mandatory minimum requirements
for
the issue of certificates of proficiency in survival craft, rescue boats and
fast rescue boats; mandatory minimum requirements for training in advanced
firefighting;
and mandatory minimum requirements relating to medical first aid and medical
care.
Chapter VII: Alternative certification
Regulations regarding alternative certification (also known as the functional
approach) are included in a new Chapter VII. This involves enabling crews to
gain training and certification in various departments of seafaring rather
than
being confined to one branch (such as deck or engine room) for their entire
career.Although it is a relatively new concept, the 1995 Conference was
anxious
not to prevent its development. At the same time, the new Chapter is intended
to ensure that safety and the environment are not threatened in any way. The
use of equivalent educational and training arrangements is permitted under
article
IX.
Chapter VIII: Watchkeeping
Measures were introduced for watchkeeping personnel to prevent fatigue.
Administrations
are required to establish and enforce rest periods for watchkeeping personnel
and to ensure that watch systems are so arranged that the efficiency of
watchkeeping
personnel is not impaired by fatigue.
The STCW Code
The regulations contained in the Convention are supported by sections in the
STCW Code. Generally speaking, the Convention contains basic requirements
which
are then enlarged upon and explained in the Code.
Part A of the Code is mandatory. The minimum standards of competence
required for seagoing personnel are given in detail in a series of tables.
Chapter
II of the Code, for example, deals with standards regarding the master and
deck
department.
Part B of the Code contains recommended guidance which is intended to
help Parties implement the Convention. The measures suggested are not
mandatory
and the examples given are only intended to illustrate how certain Convention
requirements may be complied with. However, the recommendations in general
represent
an approach that has been harmonized by discussions within IMO and
consultation
with other international organizations.
The 1997 Amendments
Adoption: June 1997
Entry into force: 1 January 1999
The amendments concern training for personnel on passenger ships. The
amendments
include an additional Regulation V/3 in Chapter V on Mandatory minimum
requirements for the training and qualifications of masters, officers,
ratings
and other personnel on passenger ships other than ro-ro passenger ships.
Related
additions are also made to the STCW Code, covering Crowd management training;
Familiarization training; Safety training for personnel providing direct
service
to passengers in passenger spaces; Passenger safety; and Crisis management
and
human behaviour training.
The 1998 Amendments
Adoption: 9 December 1998
Entry into force: 1 January 2003
Amendments to the STCW Code are aimed at improving minimum standards of
competence
of crews, in particular relating to cargo securing, loading and unloading on
bulk carriers, since these procedures have the potential to put undue
stresses
on the ship's structure. The amendments concern sections A-II/1 and A-II/2
under
"Cargo handling and stowage at the operational and management levels".
The 2006 amendments
Adoption: May 2006
Entry into force: 1 January 2008
The amendments add new minimum mandatory training and certification
requirements
for persons to be designated as ship security officers (SSOs). The amendments
to the STCW Convention and to parts A and B of the STCW Code include
Requirements
for the issue of certificates of proficiency for Ship Security Officers;
Specifications
of minimum standards of proficiency for ship security officers; and Guidance
regarding training for Ship Security Officers.
Further amendments
to part A of the STCW Code add additional training requirements for the
launching
and recovery of fast rescue boats. The amendments have been prepared in
response
to reports of injuries to seafarers in numerous incidents involving the
launching
and recovery of fast rescue boats in adverse weather conditions.
The White List
The first so-called “White List”
of countries deemed to be giving “full and complete effect” to the revised
STCW
Convention (STCW 95) was published by IMO following the 73rd session of the
Organization’s Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), meeting from 27 November to
6 December 2000.
It is expected that ships flying flags of countries that are not on the White
List will be increasingly targeted by Port State Control inspectors. A Flag
state Party that is on the White List may, as a matter of policy, elect not
to accept seafarers with certificates issued by non White List countries for
service on its ships. If it does accept such seafarers, they will be required
by 1 February 2002 also to have an endorsement, issued by the flag state, to
show that their certificate is recognized by the flag state.
By 1 February 2002, masters and officers should hold STCW 95 certificates or
endorsements issued by the flag State. Certificates issued and endorsed under
the provisions of the 1978 STCW Convention will be valid until their expiry
date.
The list will be kept under review and may be added to as other countries
meet
the criteria for inclusion. Latest
list of confirmed Parties.
The 1978 STCW Convention – Introduction
The 1978 Convention – Chapter I: General provisions
The 1978 Convention – Chapter II: Master-deck department
The 1978 Convention – Chapter III: Engine department
The 1978 Convention – Chapter IV: Radio department
The 1978 Convention – Chapter V: Special requirements for tankers
The 1978 Convention – Chapter VI: Proficiency in survival craftResolutions
adopted by the 1978 ConferenceAmendment Procedure
The 1991 amendments – GMDSS
The 1994 amendments – tanker crews
The 1978 STCW Convention – Introduction
The 1978 STCW Convention was the first to establish basic requirements on
training,
certification and watchkeeping for seafarers on an international level.
Previously
the standards of training, certification and watchkeeping of officers and
ratings
were established by individual governments, usually without reference to
practices
in other countries. As a result standards and procedures varied widely, even
though shipping is the most international of all industries.
The Convention prescribes minimum standards relating to training,
certification
and watchkeeping for seafarers which countries are obliged to meet or exceed.
The Convention did not deal with manning levels: IMO provisions in this area
are covered by a regulation in Chapter V of the International Convention for
the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, whose requirements are backed up by
resolution A.890(21) Principles of safe manning, adopted by the IMO Assembly
in 1999, as amended by Resolution A.955(23) Amendments to the Principles of
Safe Manning (Resolution A.890(21)).
The Articles of the Convention include requirements relating to issues
surrounding
certification and port State control.
One especially important feature of the Convention is that it applies to
ships
of non-party States when visiting ports of States which are Parties to the
Convention.
Article X requires Parties to apply the control measures to ships of all
flags
to the extent necessary to ensure that no more favourable treatment is given
to ships entitled to fly the flag of a State which is not a Party than is
given
to ships entitled to fly the flag of a State that is a Party.
The difficulties which could arise for ships of States which are not Parties
to the Convention is one reason why the Convention has received such wide
acceptance.
By December 2000, the STCW Convention had 135 Parties, representing 97.53
percent
of world shipping tonnage.
The 1978 Convention – Chapter I
The technical provisions of the 1978 Convention are contained in an Annex,
divided
into six Chapters:
The 1978 Convention - Chapter I:General provisions
Includes a list of definitions of terms used in the annex. Regulation I/2
deals
with the content of the certificate and endorsement form. All certificates
must
include a translation into English, if that is not the official language of
the issuing country.
The 1978 Convention - Chapter II: Master-deck department
The Chapter establishes basic principles to be observed in keeping a
navigational
watch, covering such matters as watch arrangements, fitness for duty,
navigation,
navigational equipment, navigational duties and responsibilities, the duties
of the look-out, navigation with a pilot on board and protection of the
marine
environment.
The regulations include mandatory minimum requirements for certificating
masters
and chief mates; for certification of officers in charge of a navigational
watch;
and for certification of deck ratings forming part of a navigational watch.
The regulations also include basic principles to be observed in keeping watch
in port and mandatory minimum requirements for a watch in port on ships
carrying
hazardous cargo.
The 1978 Convention - Chapter III: Engine department
Includes basic principles to be observed in keeping an engineering watch;
mandatory
minimum requirements for certification of chief engineer officers and second
engineer officers; mandatory minimum requirements for certification of
engineer
officers in charge of a watch in a traditionally manned engine room or
designated
duty officers in a periodically unmanned engine room; requirements to ensure
the continued proficiency and updating of knowledge for engineer officers;
mandatory
minimum requirements for ratings forming part of an engine room watch.
The 1978 Convention - Chapter IV: Radio department
Notes that mandatory provisions relating to radio watchkeeping are set forth
in the ITU Radio Regulations and safety radio watchkeeping and maintenance
provisions
are included in the same regulations and in SOLAS. The Chapter in STCW
includes
mandatory minimum requirements for certification of radio officers;
provisions
designed to ensure the continued proficiency and updating of knowledge of
radio
officers; and minimum requirements for certification of radiotelephone
operators.
The 1978 Convention - Chapter V: Special requirements for tankers
The Chapter was designed to ensure that officers and ratings who are to have
specific duties related to the cargo and cargo equipment of tankers shall
have
completed an appropriate shore-based fire-fighting course; and have completed
either an appropriate period of shipboard service or an approved
familiarization
course. Requirements are more stringent for masters and senior officers.
Attention
is paid not only to safety aspects but also to pollution prevention. The
Chapter
contains three regulations dealing with oil tankers, chemical tankers and
liquefied
gas tankers, respectively.
The 1978 Convention - Chapter VI: Proficiency in survival craft
The Chapter establishes requirements governing the issuing of certificates of
proficiency in survival craft. An appendix lists the minimum knowledge
required
for the issue of certificates of proficiency.
Resolutions adopted by the 1978 Conference
The 1978 Conference which adopted the STCW Convention also adopted a number
of resolutions designed to back up the Convention itself. The resolutions,
which
are recommendatory rather than mandatory, incorporate more details than some
of the Convention regulations.
Resolution 1 - Basic principles to be observed in keeping a navigational
watch. An annex contains a recommendation on operational guidance for
officers
in charge of a navigational watch.
Resolution 2 - Operational guidance for engineer officers in charge of an
engineering watch. An annex to the resolution deals with engineering watch
underway and at an unsheltered anchorage.
Resolution 3 - Principles and operational guidance for deck officers in
charge
of a watch in port. Detailed recommendations are contained in an annex.
Resolution 4 - Principles and operational guidance for engineer officers
in charge of an engineering watch in port. Recommendations are in an annex.
Resolution 5 - Basic guidelines and operational guidance relating to safety
radio watchkeeping and maintenance for radio officers. A comprehensive annex
is divided into basic guidelines and safety radio watchkeeping and
maintenance.
Resolution 6 - Basic guidelines and operational guidance relating to safety
radio watchkeeping for radio telephone operators.
Resolution 7 - Radio operators. Four recommendations are annexed to this
resolution dealing with (i) minimum requirements for certification of radio
officers; (ii) minimum requirements to ensure the continued proficiency and
updating of knowledge for radio operators; (iii) basic guidelines and
operational
guidance relating to safety radio watchkeeping and maintenance for radio
operators;
and (iv) training for radio operators.
Resolution 8 - Additional training for ratings forming part of a navigational
watch. Recommends that such ratings be trained in use and operation of
appropriate
bridge equipment and basic requirements for the prevention of pollution.
Resolution 9 - Minimum requirements for a rating nominated as the assistant
to the engineer officer in charge of the watch. Recognizes that suitable
training arrangements are not widely available. Detailed requirements are
contained
in an annex.
Resolution 10 - Training and qualifications of officers and ratings of oil
tankers. Refers to resolution 8 adopted by the International Conference
on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention, 1978 (TSPP), which deals with the
improvement of standards of crews on tankers. Recommendation in annex.
Resolution 11 - Training and qualifications of officers and ratings of
chemical
tankers.
Resolution 12 - Training and qualifications of masters, officers and ratings
of liquefied gas tankers.
Resolution 13 - Training and qualifications of officers and ratings of ships
carrying dangerous and hazardous cargo other than in bulk.
Resolution 14 - Training for radio officers. Detailed recommendations
in annex.
Resolution 15 - Training for radiotelephone operators
Resolution 16 - Technical assistance for the training and qualifications
of masters and other responsible personnel of oil, chemical and liquefied gas
tankers. Refers to requirements in several Convention regulations and
recognizes
that training facilities may be limited in some countries. Urges Governments
which can provide assistance to do so.· Back to top
Resolution 17 - Additional training for masters and chief mates of large
ships and of ships with unusual manoeuvring characteristics. Is designed
to assist those moving to ships of this type from smaller vessels, where
characteristics
may be quite different.
Resolution 18 - Radar simulator training. Recommends that such training
be given to all masters and deck officers.
Resolution 19 - Training of seafarers in personal survival techniques.
A recommendation is annexed.
Resolution 20 - Training in the use of collision avoidance aids.
Resolution 21 - International Certificate of Competency. Invites IMO
to develop a standard form and title for this certificate.
Resolution 22 - Human relationships. Emphasizes the importance to safety
of good human relationships between seafarers on board.
Resolution 23 - Promotion of technical co-operation. Records appreciation
of IMO's work in assisting developing countries to establish maritime
training
facilities in conformity with global standards of training and invites the
organization
to intensify its efforts with a view to promoting universal acceptance and
implementation
of the STCW Convention.
Amendment Procedure
Amendments to the 1978 STCW Convention's technical Annex may be adopted by a
Conference of STCW Parties or by IMO's Maritime Safety Committee, expanded to
include all Contracting Parties, some of whom may not be members of the
Organization.
Amendments to the STCW Annex will normally enter into force one and a half
years
after being communicated to all Parties unless, in the meantime, they are
rejected
by one-third of the Parties or by Parties whose combined fleets represent 50
per cent of world tonnage.
The 1991 amendments
Adoption: 22 May 1991
Entry into force: 1 December 1992
The amendments were mostly concerned with additional requirements made
necessary
by the implementation of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
(GMDSS).
The 1994 amendments
Adoption: 25 May 1994
Entry into force: 1 January 1996
The amendments replaced Chapter V on special training for crews on tankers.
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