Chang, following Marx, also uses the Gemeinschaft vs. Gesellschaft distinction to demonstrate that “a race or a racial group cannot be a class in the strictly economic-relational sense of classes.”  While, in the U.S. prior to the Civil War it was true that all slaves were Black and all plantation-slave owners were white, it was not true that all Blacks were slaves or that all whites were plantation-slave owners.  “In other words, the class polarization is not directly translatable into the racial polarization and the racial dichotomy is not directly translatable into the class distinction.”

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