(The message below by Nnimmo Bassey is terribly important. It's one of
the most coherent strategies for combining local/global eco-justice I've
ever seen. I'm doing violence to this document by turning a .pdf into a
.txt, but let me know if you want the very beautiful original pamphlet.
Cheer on ERA. And for those many of us who use the Gulf of Guinea's oil
in our local mix, as we drive or fly that extra km/mile, what can we
give back to the activists and masses who suffer as a result?)
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Fwd: Building a Post Petroleum Nigeria - the Proposal
Date: Thu, 26 Nov 2009 12:14:28 +0100
From: Nnimmo Bassey <[email protected]>
Dear Comrades,
The proposal ERA submitted yesterday to the Ferderal Government of
Nigeria is as attached. It was presented to through the Chair of the
Nigerian Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative. ERA is hoping
that there will be a broad CSO support for the proposal.
Yesterday was the opening session of our consultation on the theme:
Envisioning a Post Petroleum Nigeria. The programme of the consultation
is available at www.eraction.org <http://www.eraction.org>
Best,
Nnimmo
Environmental Rights Action (ERA)/ Friends of the Earth, Nigeria, 214
Uselu-Lagos Road, P.O.Box 10577, Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria,
Tel/Fax: +234-52-880-619. Cell: +234 803 727 4395 . eFax:+1-520-844-8482
website: www.eraction.org <http://www.eraction.org>
PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT ... DEMOCRATISING DEVELOPMENT
How long will you keep judging unfairly and favoring evil people? Be
fair to the poor and to orphans. Defend the helpless and everyone in
need. Rescue the weak and homeless from the powerful hands of heartless
people.
Psalm 82:2-4 (CEV)
***
Building a Post Petroleum Nigeria
(Leave new oil in the soil)
ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/ Friends Of The Earth, Nigeria
Building a Post Petroleum Nigeria
(Leave new oil in the soil) A Proposal submitted by Environmental Rights
Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria To Federal Government of Nigeria,
through President Shehu Yar'adua th
This 25 day of November 2009
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/ Friends Of
The Earth, Nigeria
1.00 ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/FRIENDS OF THE EARTH NIGERIA
Environmental Rights Action (ERA)/Friends of the Earth Nigeria is a
Nigerian advocacy group dedicated to the non-violent defence of the
human ecosystem in terms of human rights. It was founded in January
1993. ERA/FoEN is the Nigerian chapter of Friends of the Earth
International (FoEI). ERA is also the coordinating NGO for the Oilwatch
International as well as the host of the secretariat of the Africa
Tobacco Control regional Initiative. ERA is also the coordinating NGO
for the Nigerian Tobacco Control Alliance.
The organisation's committed struggles for environmental human rights
has won it recognition through awards such as the Sophie Prize (1998)
for excellence and courage in the struggle for environmental justice and
the Bloomberg Award for Tobacco control activism (2009)
1.10 OUR PROGRAMME AREAS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. Forest and Biodiversity a. Against deforestation b. Resisting
plantations c. Community forest management d. Community rights e.
Drought and desertification f. Climate and forests
2. Food Sovereignty a. GMOs b. Land rights and agri-business c. Climate
and agriculture d. Agrofuels
3. Democracy Outreach a. Legal resources b. Community resource centres
c. Policy advocacy d. Election monitoring e. Budget advocacy
4. Energy and Extractives a. Mining b. Oil and gas c. Energy sovereignty
d. Climate justice e. International financial institutions f. Renewable
energy
5. Corporate Accountability and Environmental Health a. Tobacco control
b. Water and sanitation, including solid waste management c. Community
health d. Trade and corporations ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/ Friends Of
The Earth, Nigeria
2.00 BACKGROUND TO THE PROPOSAL
Nigeria occupies a unique place when it comes to oil and gas activities
in Africa. First, it is the largest producer of crude oil, at about 2.3
million barrels per day when the oil fields are not riddled with
violence. Secondly, the oil fields of Nigeria have come to become a
metaphor for wanton environmental despoliation by an industry. We give
most attention to the discourse on oil in Nigeria in this analysis
because of the industry's activities here and because of the pains the
communities living in the oil belt have suffered. A further reason is
that it points at what may happen in other countries in the region if
the slide to the bottom is not checked.
The story of oil has been the bane of the region where oil is extracted
in Nigeria, the Niger Delta.
When British companies needed palm oil in the pre-colonial era, the
British secured a monopoly of the trade in palm oil through sacking
Brass, a major trading community in the Niger Delta in 1895. The company
that achieved that military cum mercantile feat was the Royal Niger
Company. A hundred years later, Ken Saro- Wiwa and eight other Niger
Delta leaders were extra judicially murdered in a bid to silence the
people and ensure that oil corporations have a free reign over their
activities in the region. Clearly, might have so far won in very unequal
struggles for the appropriation of resources in the region: whether palm
oil or crude oil.1 The first exploration for oil in Nigeria began with
the Nigerian Bitumen Company, a subsidiary of a German firm, prospecting
for oil in the area north of Lagos between 1907 and 1914. Commercial
exploitation commenced in 1958.In an analysis comparing the practices of
Shell oil company in Nigeria with international standards to prevent and
control pipeline oil spills, Professor Richard Steiner of the University
of Alaska observes that "Throughout 50 years of oil production, this
ecologically productive region has suffered extensive habitat
degradation, forest clearing, toxic discharges, dredging and filling,
and significant alteration by extensive road and pipeline construction
from the petroleum industry. Of particular concern in the Niger Delta
are the frequent and extensive oil spills that have occurred. Spills are
under-reported, but independent estimates are that at least 115,000
barrels (15,000 tons) of oil are spilled into the Delta each year,
making the Niger Delta one of the most oil-impacted ecosystems in the
world." In fact at present there are over 2000 identified oil spill
locations that require attention.
Professor Steiner, a biologist, further noted that oil spills have a
significant impact on the natural resources upon which many poor Niger
Delta communities depend. Drinking water is polluted, fishing and
farming are significantly impacted, and ecosystems are degraded. Oil
spills significantly affect the health and food security of rural people
living near oil facilities. Additionally, oil spills and associated
impacts of oil and gas operations have seriously impacted the
biodiversity and environmental integrity of the Niger Delta.
Apart from these direct environmental impacts and although the industry
regularly claims that most of their oil spills are caused by sabotage,
it is believed that the rate of spills per length of pipeline in the
Niger Delta is much higher than is the case in developed countries such
as the US. The conclusion reached by Steiner is that "This, and other
evidence, suggests that oil companies operating in the Niger Delta are
not employing internationally recognized standards to prevent and
control pipeline oil spills."3
3.00 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSAL
The key objectives of this proposal are as follows:
1. Refocus Nigeria on productive engagement rather than depending and
being trapped by on product. This would include the revival of our
agriculture and also the manufacturing sector
2. Reconnect Nigerians with the governance structures by encouraging
direct contribution to the national coffers
3. Enthronement of accountability by government to the people and a
bridging of the gap between public wealth and personal incomes of the
people. In other words, the wealth of the Nation would equal the wealth
of the people.
4. Creation of more jobs through economic diversification
5. Restoration of the despoiled Niger Delta environment and execution of
needed development
6. Reengineering of the political environment of the entire nation and
the enthronement of true fiscal federalism
4.00 THE PROPOSAL: LEAVE NEW OIL IN THE SOIL
Recent reports have shown that Nigeria is deriving only a fraction of
what it ought to be receiving from the production of oil in the Niger
Delta.
Speaking at the National Institute for Policy Studies - a respected
institution for top policy makers in Nigeria - the governor of Delta
State of Nigeria, Governor Emmanuel Uduaghan asserted that oil companies
were involved in the illegal activities. He also said that the
international community was complicit in the thefts since there was a
ready market for the stolen crude.4 For Mr Dimeji Bankole, speaker of
the Nigerian House of Representatives, about half of Nigeria's crude oil
production is stolen. He summed up that if that estimate is correct, it
means that Nigerian crude may run out sooner than expected.
Other analysts believe that Nigeria is actually losing as much crude oil
as it is selling officially through the connivance of security agencies
that are meant to halt such practices.
Through this the country is estimated to lose US$1.6 billion to oil
thieves annually. Reports allege that some top naval officers, serving
and retire, have private pipelines that run from the Port Harcourt area
to Eket and that these pipes serve as conduits through which they siphon
crude oil, load unto vessels and ship to refineries in other shores
including South Africa.6 We recall the case of the MT African Pride, a
Nigerian oil tanker vessel that was caught near Shell's Forcados export
terminal with 11,000 authorised barrels of crude oil in late 2003. It
had on board 13 Russian crewmembers that were equally arrested by
officers of the Nigerian Navy. By August 2004 it was suddenly found that
the MT African Pride had slipped out unnoticed from custody. When it was
tracked down it was found that its cargo of 11,000 barrels of crude oil
had been transferred to another vessel while its hulk was loaded with
seawater.
ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/ Friends Of The Earth, Nigeria
5.00 NIGERIA CAN DOUBLE OIL INCOME WITHOUT NEW OIL
The race for new oil is an exciting business for players in the
industry. The government also enjoys this game because of the bonuses
received even before the first test wells are sunk. It also gives the
impression of government actively seeking new oil so as to secure the
nation's economic future.
As we have seen above, opening up new oil fields without first stopping
oil theft is best compared to a man attempting to fill a porous basket
with water.
Rather than seek issue new oil blocks, government should stop oil thefts
and reveal our real production capacity.
6.00 TARGETS and HOW TO MEET THEM
Nigeria plans to raise oil production to 5 million barrels per day by
the year 2015.The frenetic search for new oil is aimed at reaching that
level of production. We have already seen that we are already at a
production level of about 4 million barrels per day, with the only snag
being that 50% of this is unaccounted for. Nigeria is already bursting
its OPEC quota unknowingly, we would say.
If we recover the stolen volumes and officially record 4 million barrels
a day, we would still be short of 1 million barrels a day by
2015.Our proposal is that Nigerians can directly pay for the extra 1
million barrels per day from 2015 and that the national target of
producing 5 million barrels a day by that year would be met without any
additional barrel from a new field.
We recognise that there are many fields that have already been drilled
and are corked and the crude is waiting to be tapped from them. These
wells provide additional stock of oil that would help the nation reach
beyond the 5 million barrels per day target.
7.00 HOW WOULD NIGERIANS PAY AND WHY?
The thing that is given and already known in this equation is the volume
of oil in question: 1 million barrels per day. What is not known is what
the price of crude oil will be by 2015. Crude oil prices have been
rather volatile and will continue to be so as the world comes to grips
with peak oil and declining supplies. Declining supplies will ramp up
prices and conflicts as nations struggle for the last barrels.
There will also be a shift to dirtier fossil fuels such as bitumen and
coal. Communities and their environment will be the worse for it if this
happens.It is also very probable that the world will eventually begin a
major move away from fossil fuel as a cheap energy source as the true
price of oil becomes more evident. Coupled with the climate effects of
fossil fuels, the world will eventually wean itself of crude. When this
happens, the price of oil will crash, but the cost of cleaning up the
Niger Delta and other oil fields will not diminish. Indeed it will be
more expensive and difficult to factor into national budgets since oil
will not be a major revenue earner.
So how much will Nigerians pay for the additional 1 million barrels that
we propose should not be searched for or exploited?
Nigeria does not earn 100% of the income that accrues from a barrel of
oil. Before the revenue is shared between the oil companies and the
Nigerian state, the production cost7 of the oil is deducted. And the oil
field operators, the oil companies, determine that production cost. The
production cost includes everything from the food the company workers
eat, the cars in the company's car pool, the fines for gas flaring and
whatever else they can think of. The production cost sharing formula in
use today were negotiated 10-20 years ago when oil price realities were
much different than today.
According to estimates by the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability
Project, the Nigerian government has failed to collect over $34.7
billion "overdue revenue" from oil companies operating in the country
between 2000 and 2004. The group said that, "the Administration of
former president Olusegun Obasanjo between May 1999 and January 2007,
failed to collect the over $18 billion owing to negligence to propose
relevant amendments to the Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production
Contracts Act of 1999 to the National Assembly." It also added that "the
persistent failure and lack of due diligence by the government to fully
implement the provision of the Act, by proposing amendments to the Act,
is a failure of responsibility, which has also contributed to a massive
reduction in resources available to the government. This in turn has
limited the ability of the government to access, harness and use the
country's available resources for the full realizations of human rights
of millions of Nigerians who continue to face absolute poverty. It is
also contributing to underdevelopment and exacerbating inequality in the
8 country."
8.00 DPR and Politics of numbers: groping in the dark
The latest audit by the NEITI shows some rather alarming matters
official dealings in the management of oil related revenue in Nigeria.
The auditors stated among others:
1. Government should position itself to manage hydrocarbon development
on a wider front than presently. DPR does not have a comprehensive
database of those who hold OML and OPL in the sector with the
consequence that complete information on all the stakeholders in the
sector cannot be readily obtained. Furthermore, the inter relationship
of physical and financial aspects is not being covered. In the short
term this means that Government makes no direct correlation between
physical production and the financial flows (taxation, equity crude)
that are derived from production.
2. The industry has no consistent practice regarding the point at which
production is measured for royalty purposes. The law is unclear. DPR has
not promulgated a standard interpretation.
3. DPR has not rigorously verified royalty computations prepared by
companies and the key related variables in computation volume and API
seem to be interpreted and applied subjectively by the companies.
4. We could not confirm all Signature Bonus payments in the year 2005
reported to us by DPR and the companies. The management of signature
bonus in 2005 was not transparent. The PTDF Act requires all Signature
Bonus to be paid into the Petroleum Training Development Fund. The PTDF
however refused to cooperate with the audit. We were therefore unable to
obtain confirmations from PTDF that the Fund had received all bonuses
that the companies and DPR reported. CBN did not provide any data on
Signature bonus payments. CBN maintained the PTDF Reserve Account in
Naira whereas the payments were made by the paying companies in USD bank
drafts.
...rather than exploit new oil fields...
we should keep the oil under the ground and require that every N i g e r
i a n p a y s $156/year as a crude oil solidarity fund (for want of a be
t t e r name)...
" " ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/ Friends Of The Earth, Nigeria
Consider what the NNPC says on its website with regard to the statistics
they publish there: "The publications in this section present
information on the oil and gas industry. Its content reflects individual
as well as general analysis and trend of activities that characterised
the industry within the country. ... Although NNPC endeavours to ensure
accuracy of information in these documents, it cannot guarantee 100
percent accuracy nor can it be held liable for errors that may occur.
Users are to note that use of any information herein is purely at their
discretion." An oil industry actor stated "there is always discrepancy
of some sort between what NNPC declares and what DPR declares…NNPC
figure is taken at the point of production while DPR take theirs at the
terminal." Without doubt, the oil industry is a huge leaking pipe.
LEAVING THE OIL IN THE SOIL - SUSTAINING REVENUE LEVELS
But, let us do some calculations here, supposing crude oil prices
stabilize at $60/barrel over the next several years. In that case 1
million barrels/day would mean daily revenue of $60 million or an annual
income of $21.9 billion. Now, assuming our population to stand at 140
million, this means that if citizens would have to pay for a barrel each
the amount due to each citizen would be $156.4year.
If we factor in production costs (including staff salaries, payment of
the military, etc) and company profits, we can safely say that the
amount that would get to each citizen would be much less than $156.4/year.
We propose that rather than exploit new oil fields with the attendant
pollutions, human rights abuses and malformed political system, we
should keep the oil under the ground and require that every Nigerian
pays $156/year as a crude oil solidarity fund (for want of a better
name). This will bring additional revenues to whatever the country makes
from current oil fields, including the corked ones.
We recognise that not every Nigerian can afford to pay $156/year into
the national coffers. We can reasonably expect about 100 million
Nigerians to enthusiastically make this payment if the benefits are
carefully made public. Those who can pay multiples of the minimum
amounts would take up the amount the remaining 40 million Nigerians
could not pay. International aid agencies, philanthropists as well as
other countries can be approached to symbolically buy some barrels and
the entire budgeted income would be met.
Moreover, by 2015 there would be more Nigerians and the burden would
thus be less. We also consider that the Naira would regain strength as
corruption goes down and as governance becomes more transparent. If that
happens, the Naira equivalent of the amount to be contributed by each
Nigerian would further decrease. Note that these payments would not need
to commence until 2015 and this will give us sufficient time to take
caravans around the nation to explain the beauty of this economic move.
Some Nigerians are equally worried that even the cheap oil that we
depend on may soon be set aside due to the real possibility that the
world will move on to new alternative energy sources. If that happens
and crude oil attracts less attention, what will be the consequence for
the Nigerian economy? ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/ Friends Of The Earth,
Nigeria
While these are legitimate concerns, they also present us with a great
opportunity to transform our environment and by extension our economy.
And this is why we are making this proposal.
Cheap petrodollars drove us into believing that money was not a problem
but how to spend it. They drove us into debt and debased our sense of
nationhood. Cheap petrodollars turned Nigerian politics into a struggle
for the control of the national purse and led to a massive regime of
conversion of public funds and properties into private control. That has
been the visible meaning of privatisation in our nation. Cheap
petrodollars invited the jackboots into Dodan Barracks and into Aso Rock
and rocked and overturned every sense of common good and collective
ownership in our dear nation.
The drive to maintain the flow of foreign exchange into the national
coffers made it impossible for the government to see that a safe
environment is a basic requirement for citizens to be productive.
African governments overlook the fact that in largely subsistence
economic systems where the vast proportion of the citizens thrive
outside of the formal economy, the first thing that must be secured for
national health and productivity is an environment that supports the
people's efforts in the areas of family farming and livelihoods. The
grave inability to grasp this truth has allowed oil companies (national
and transnational) to operate with impunity in the oil fields and to
pollute, destroy and dislocate the very basis of survival of the people
in the Africa.
We have a clear proposal on how to turn the crises into a real
opportunity for breaking from an ignoble system and moving on to a
sustainable path. As they say, it will require sacrifice: especially
that of jettisoning our firmly held prejudices.
9.00 GAS FLARES, CLIMATE CHANGE AND CDM
An estimated 168 billion cubic meters of natural gas is flared yearly
worldwide and 13% of this is flared in Nigeria (at about 23 billion
cubic meters per year). The many health impacts of gas flaring are well
documented and include: leukaemia, bronchitis, asthma, cancers and other
diseases.
This contributes to the severely reduced life expectancy in the Niger
Delta.
In economic terms, Nigeria, for example, sends over $2.5 billion worth
of gas up in smoke annually, going by 2005 estimates. If we assume that
this rate held good for the last 10 years, we are talking of $25 billion
wasted and if we extend it to the past 20-40 years that figure
multiplies. For each additional year that the government refuses to act
in this regard the amount wasted continues to rise, as does the log of
the dead due to the poisonous nature of the gases.
At a time when the world is seeking ways to combat global warming we are
busy cooking the skies through gas flaring. From pronouncements on
climate change emanating from government agencies it is obvious that the
government cannot plead ignorance of the massive contributions of gas
flaring to global warming. There can be no excuse for this unhealthy and
uneconomic act.It was not until the 1979 Associated Gas Reinjection Act
that routine gas flaring was finally outlawed in Nigeria. Section 3 of
the Act set 1984 as the deadline after which companies could only flare
gas if they have field(s)- specific, lawfully issued, ministerial
certificates.
There are over 100 flare sites still emitting a toxic mix of chemicals
into the atmosphere in the Niger Delta. Through this obnoxious act the
country has lost about $72 billion in revenues for theperiod 1970-2006
or about $2.5 billion annually.
The Nigerian Senate recently passed a Gas Flares Prohibition Bill
allowing for the penalty for gas flaring being at the market price of
gas being flared. While this is a good move, what is needed is an order
for the immediate stoppage of gas flaring even if it means shutting down
the offending oil wells.
Nigeria is currently seeking carbon credits through utilisation of
portions of the gas being flared using the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM). Recall that gas flaring is an illegal activity. It is self
evident that no one deserves compensation for stopping an illegal
activity. If Nigeria and the oil companies operating in Nigeria are
serious about earning carbon credits the legitimate route would be to
leave new oil in the soil because this is the foolproof way to effect
carbon sequestration.But we do not support the tackling of climate
change using market mechanisms. We would rather suggest the halting of
the massive capital flight from Nigeria to boost the economy and offset
whatever may be seen as 'loss' of projected revenue from crude.
10.00 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
Decades of oil extraction in Nigeria have translated into billions of
dollars that have spelt nothing but misery for the masses of the people.
It is time for Nigeria to step back and review the situation into which
she has been plunged. The preservation of our environment; the
restoration of polluted streams and lands; the recovery of our dignity
will only come about when we stand away from the pull of the barrel of
crude oil and understand that the soil is more important to our people
than oil.
Oil blocks licensing has become a bazaar in Nigeria. Huge signing fees
are exchanged as though the players in the game were soccer or music
stars. It is sad that these huge revenues are not adequately accounted
for. The NEITI auditors recorded that they could not confirm all
Signature Bonus payments in the year 2005 reported to us by DPR and the
companies. The management of signature bonus in 2005 was not
transparent. We need not add to this.
On all account, it is clear that the best foot forward for Nigeria is to
leave all new oil in the soil. No more oil blocks.
9-POINT BENEFITS OF KEEPING THE OIL IN THE SOIL:
1. Carbon capture and storage thereby tackling climate change
2. No oil spills and gas flares from new oil fields
3. No destruction of communities or high sea environments
4. No socio-economic ills related to oil field activities
5. Citizens have a direct stake in how national revenues are spent.
There would be greater accountability and transparency.
6. Halt to the corrupt nature seen in the oil blocks allocation exercises
7. No bunkering since the oil will be left in the ground
8. Safe and clean environment
9. Reduction and ultimately elimination of violent conflicts in the oil
fields
A TIME FOR ACTION AND THE OUTSTANDING AMNESTY - AUDIT AND DETOXIFY THE LAND
The stoppage of gas flaring and putting a halt to new oil
exploration/extraction will mark a major step towards detoxifying the
Niger Delta and by extension the Nigeria environment. The other steps
are two fold. First is the immediate auditing of all oil spills,
drilling mud and cuttings discharges, produce water handling and other
related polluting incidents in the entire Niger Delta. Second to this is
the immediate commencement of thorough clean up of the environment to
international standards such as those set by WHO for safe drinking water
and air quality.
These steps will make it possible for the people to farm and fish with
reasonable hope of achieving living incomes from such activities. Life
expectancy would also increase beyond the current 41 years, as the
environment would once more become people friendly.
Let Nigerians contribute to the national purse. Let's reconnect with our
national economy. We cannot afford the luxury of having our citizens
disconnect from and wallow on the fringes of our national economies. Our
life and our future are in our hands. We believe that this is the path
to the future for Nigeria.
End Notes
1 For more information on this see and , Where Vultures Feast - Forty
Years of Shell in Nigeria, Benin City, Environmental Rights Action, 2001.
2 Richard Steiner (November 2008). Double Standards? - International
Standards to Prevent and Control Pipeline Oil Spills Compared with Shell
Practices in Nigeria. (not yet published)
3 Ibid
4 Jude Owuamanam. November 8, 2009. Bunkering: Uduaghan Blames Oil
Firms, Multinationals. Lagos: The Punch. Page 5.
5 Eric Ojo. November 12, 2009. Bankole laments illegal oil bunkering in
Nigeri Delta - challenges security agencies on leakages in public funds.
Lagos, Businessday, page 8.
6 Chuks Ehirim, November 16-22, 2009. How Naval Officers aid Bunkering.
Lagos: National Daily
7 Bisi Ojediran, 9 August 2009. Why Nation Earns Less From Oil. Lagos:
Thisday accessed at : Under a PSC, the contractor, usually a foreign oil
company, bears the entire cost and risk of exploration activities, and
in the event of a commercial discovery recovers its costs fully from
allocation of oil, referred to as 'cost oil'. Allowance is also made
from production for royalties, after which the remainder of the
production, called 'profit oil', is shared in agreed proportions between
the company and the government.
8 Ayodele Okulaja, October 19, 2009. Group considers litigation over
$34.7 billion oil revenues. Lagos: NEXT accessed at
9 Statistics at
10 At a growth rate of 2.025%. See
11 ERA Fact Sheet on Gas Flaring, December 2008
12 New reports abound to show this. See for example, Obinna Ezeobi: FG
suspends oil bid rounds, The Punch , Saturday, 23 Aug 2008 at
http://allafrica.com/stories/200908090002.html
http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Money/5471593-147/story.csp
http://www.nnpcgroup.com/performance/index.php
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/
print/ni.html
http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art200808231593070
ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ACTION/ Friends Of The Earth, Nigeria
10
This email was cleaned by emailStripper, available for free from
http://www.papercut.biz/emailStripper.htm
_______________________________________________
pen-l mailing list
[email protected]
https://lists.csuchico.edu/mailman/listinfo/pen-l
