Jim Devine writes:

>> Please explain, with some details. I never claimed to know the law
>> (I'm sorry to brag!), but I do know how corporations behave.

You should read the law review article. It really is interesting.

But in any event, the decision of where to install the Pinto gas tank was not 
primarily driven by a narrow goal of profitablity, but by a strategic marketing 
goal of producing a car that was less than 2000 pounds and $2000 dollars.  The 
placement of the tank was primarily driven by the fact that any alternative 
would have excessively reduced the trunk space in a car of that size.  Ford was 
aware that the placement of the gas tank created special risks, but the 
placement of the gas tank anywhere would have created special risks (which is 
also inherent in producing any smaller/less expensive car).  Ford did prepare 
cost-benefit analysis for certain changes to the tank  (which valued a human 
life at $200,000), but the analysis was not for internal decision-making, but 
for the NHSTA, which was considering a rule change for all automobiles, not 
simply the Pinto, and Ford wanted to show the cost for millions of cars vs. the 
expected life savings (the $200k number was used by the NHSTA).  The analysis 
did not take into consideration any possibility that the tank placement would 
be deemed a defect and there would be jury awards.  Ford never thought the car 
was unsafe or had a design defect.  At the end of the day, while the Pinto had 
special risks, it was no worse than other comparable cars produced at the time.

The Pinto case is instructive because it shows the uneasy interaction between 
cost/benefit analysis and a tort system.  In the US fault-based tort system, 
cost/benefit analysis in inherent in the very concepts of "negligence," "design 
defect," "product liabillity, etc.," and the case law is explicit that 
cost/benefit analysis is necessary in order to determine whether a product is 
negligent, defective, etc.  However, when you end up in front of a jury acting 
in hindsight, and you have a "fault-free" victim sitting in the courtroom, it 
is all but impossible for the judicial system to tell the victim that precisely 
because the injury was predictable but outweighed by theoretical benefit, he 
should receive nothing. 

David Shemano



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