IEEE Spectrum has an article: 
The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy 
The Phoebus cartel engineered a shorter-lived lightbulb and gave birth to 
planned obsolescence 
By Markus Krajewski 
Posted 24 Sep 2014 | 19:00 GMT 


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Photo-illustration: Gluekit; Lightbulb: Fin Stewart 

On 23 December 1924 , a group of leading international businessmen gathered in 
Geneva for a meeting that would alter the world for decades to come. Present 
were top representatives from all the major lightbulb manufacturers, including 
Germany’s Osram , the Netherlands’ Philips , France’s Compagnie des Lampes, and 
the United States’ General Electric . As revelers hung Christmas lights 
elsewhere in the city, the group founded the Phoebus cartel, a supervisory body 
that would carve up the worldwide incandescent lightbulb market, with each 
national and regional zone assigned its own manufacturers and production 
quotas. It was the first cartel in history to enjoy a truly global reach. 
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