The Political Economy of Global Government
Excerpt from "The Global Economic Crisis: The
Great Depression of the XXI Century"
by Andrew Gavin Marshall
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=23057
Global Research, February 2, 2011
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Capitalism has always changed and morphed; it has
adapted to changes in the world and has forced
the world to adapt to its changes. Capitalism has
never, and never will be, entirely consistent in
its structure and institutions. The global
economic crisis has sped up developments that
have been underway for a long time, specifically
within the last century. In the midst of a global
crisis, these changes, which have been slow and
evolutionary, are being rapidly sped up and accelerated.
Introduction
The global political economy is being transformed
into a global government structure at the
crossroads of a major financial crisis. However,
far from the assumptions of many students of
Capitalism and the global political economy,
these changes are not natural and inevitable;
these changes are planned, organized, socialized
and institutionalized. The process towards
creating a global government is not a new one;
several institutions and organizations throughout
the world have slowly been directing the world down this path.
This chapter examines the process of constructing
a global government, with a particular focus on
the major organizations that have and are
currently shaping this transformation. What is
being undertaken is the deconstruction of the
global economy and national polity in order to
rebuild the global political economy into a
singular governance structure. Thus, destruction
becomes a form of creation; the global economic
crisis must be viewed in this context.
The Council on Foreign Relations
Nearing the end of the 19th century, American
bankers and industrialists, specifically J.P.
Morgan, were gaining close connections with major
European banking interests. On the European side,
specifically in Britain, the elite was largely
involved in the Scramble for Africa at this time.
Infamous among them was Cecil Rhodes, who made
his fortune in diamond and gold mining in Africa,
monopolizing the gold mines with financial help
from Lord Rothschild.[1] Interestingly, "Rhodes
could not have won his near-monopoly over South
African diamond production without the assistance
of his friends in the City of London: in
particular, the Rothschild bank, at that time the
biggest concentration of financial capital in the
world."[2] As historian Niall Ferguson explained,
"It is usually assumed that Rhodes owned De
Beers, but this was not the case. Nathaniel de
Rothschild was a bigger shareholder than Rhodes
himself; indeed, by 1899 the Rothschilds’ stake was twice that of Rhodes."[3]
Cecil Rhodes was also known for his radical views
regarding America, particularly in that he would
"talk with total seriousness of ‘the ultimate
recovery of the United States of America as an
integral part of the British Empire’."[4] Rhodes
saw himself not simply as a moneymaker, but even
more so as an "empire builder." As historian
Carroll Quigley explained, in 1891, three British
elites met with the intent to create a secret
society. The three men were Cecil Rhodes, William
T. Stead, a prominent journalist of the day, and
Reginald Baliol Brett, a "friend and confidant of
Queen Victoria, and later to be the most
influential adviser of King Edward VII and King
George V." Within this secret society, "real
power was to be exercised by the leader, and a
‘Junta of Three.’ The leader was to be Rhodes,
and the Junta was to be Stead, Brett, and Alfred Milner."[5]
In 1901, Rhodes chose Milner as his successor
within the society, of which the purpose was:
The extension of British rule throughout the
world, the perfecting of a system of emigration
from the United Kingdom and of colonization by
British subjects of all lands wherein the means
of livelihood are attainable by energy, labor,
and enterprise... [with] the ultimate recovery of
the United States of America as an integral part
of a British Empire, the consolidation of the
whole Empire, the inauguration of a system of
Colonial Representation in the Imperial
Parliament which may tend to weld together the
disjointed members of the Empire, and finally the
foundation of so great a power as to hereafter
render wars impossible and promote the best interests of humanity.[6]
Essentially, it outlined a British-led
cosmopolitical world order, one global system of
governance under British hegemony. Among key
players within this group were the Rothschilds
and other leading banking interests.[7]
The creation of the Federal Reserve in the United
States in 1913, cemented the connection between
European and American banking interests, as the
Fed created a very distinct alliance between New York and London bankers.[8]
In the midst of World War I, a group of American
scholars were tasked with briefing "Woodrow
Wilson about options for the postwar world once
the Kaiser and imperial Germany fell to defeat."
This group was called, "The Inquiry." The group
advised Wilson mostly through his trusted aide,
Col. Edward M. House, who was Wilson’s
"unofficial envoy to Europe during the period
between the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and
the intervention by the United States in 1917,"
and was the prime driving force in the Wilson
administration behind the establishment of the Federal Reserve System.[9]
"The Inquiry" laid the foundations for the
creation of the Council on Foreign Relations
(CFR), the most powerful think tank in the U.S.,
and "the scholars of the Inquiry helped draw the
borders of post World War I central Europe." On
May 30, 1919, a group of scholars and diplomats
from Britain and the U.S. met at the Hotel
Majestic, where they "proposed a permanent
Anglo-American Institute of International
Affairs, with one branch in London, the other in
New York." When the scholars returned from Paris,
they were welcomed by New York lawyers and
financiers, and together they formed the Council
on Foreign Relations in 1921. The "British
diplomats returning from Paris had made great
headway in founding their Royal Institute of
International Affairs." The Anglo-American
Institute envisioned in Paris, with two branches
and combined membership was not feasible, so both
the British and American branches retained
national membership, however, they would
cooperate closely with one another.[10] They were
referred to, and still are, as "Sister Institutes."[11]
The Milner Group, the secret society formed by
Cecil Rhodes, "dominated the British delegation
to the Peace Conference of 1919; it had a great
deal to do with the formation and management of
the League of Nations and of the system of
mandates; it founded the Royal Institute of
International Affairs in 1919 and still controls
it."[12] There were other groups founded in many
countries representing the same interests of the
secret Milner Group, and they came to be known as
the Round Table Groups, preeminent among them
were the Royal Institute of International Affairs
(Chatham House), the Council on Foreign Relations
in the United States, and parallel groups in
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and
India.[13] This had the effect of establishing a
socializing institution for the elites of each
nation, from which they would exert political,
economic, academic and social influence.
The CFR, established less than ten years after
the creation of the Federal Reserve, worked to
promote an internationalist agenda on behalf of
the international banking elite. It was to alter
America’s conceptualization of its place within
the world from an isolationist industrial nation
to an engine of empire working for international
banking and corporate interests. Where the Fed
took control of money and debt, the CFR took
control of the ideological foundations of such an
empire, encompassing the corporate, banking,
political, foreign policy, military, media and
academic elite of the nation into a generally
cohesive overall world view. By altering one’s
ideology to that of promoting such an
internationalist agenda, the big money that was
behind it would ensure one’s rise through
government, industry, academia and media. The
other major think tanks and policy institutions
in the United States are also represented at the CFR.
Before America even entered World War II in late
1941, the Council began a "strictly confidential"
project called the War and Peace Studies, in
which top CFR members collaborated with the U.S.
State Department in determining U.S. policy, and
the project was entirely financed by the
Rockefeller Foundation.[14] The post-War world
was already being designed by members of the
Council who would then go into government in
order to make those designs into a reality.
The policy of "containment" towards the Soviet
Union that would defined American foreign policy
for nearly half a century was envisaged in a 1947
edition of Foreign Affairs, the academic journal
of the Council on Foreign Relations. So too were
the ideological foundations for the Marshall Plan
and NATO envisaged at the Council on Foreign
Relations, with members of the Council recruited
to enact, implement and lead these
institutions.[15] The Council also played a role
in the establishment and promotion of the United
Nations,[16] which was subsequently built on land
bought from John D. Rockefeller, Jr.[17]
In 1944, representatives of the 44 Allied nations
met for the Bretton Woods conference (the United
Nations Monetary and Financial Conference) in New
Hampshire, in an effort to reorganize and
regulate the international financial and monetary
order following the war. The UK was represented
by John Maynard Keynes; the American contingent
was represented by Harry Dexter White, an
American economist and senior U.S. Treasury
department official. It was out of this
conference that the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD), now part of the World
Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT), now institutionalized in the World
Trade Organization (WTO), originated. They were
designed to be the institutionalized economic
foundations of exerting American hegemony across
the globe; they were, in essence, engines of economic empire.
In 1947, President Harry Truman signed the
National Security Act, which created the position
of Secretary of Defense overseeing the entire
military establishment, and the Joint Chiefs of
Staff; it created the CIA modeled on its war time
incarnation of the Office of Strategic Services
(OSS); the Act also created the National Security
Council, headed by a National Security Adviser,
designed to give the President further advice on
foreign affairs issues separate from the State
Department. Essentially, the Act created the
basis for the national security state apparatus for empire building.
The founding of the CIA was urged by the War and
Peace Studies Project of the Council on Foreign
Relations in the early 1940s. The architects of
the CIA, designing the shape and organization of
the Agency, as well as its functions were all
Wall Street lawyers, largely made up of members
of the Council on Foreign Relations. The Deputy
Directors of the CIA for the first two decades
were all "from the same New York legal and financial circles."[18]
The Bilderberg Group
In 1954, the Bilderberg Group was founded in the
Netherlands, holding secretive meeting once a
year, drawing roughly 130 of the
political-financial-military-academic-media
elites from North America and Western Europe as
"an informal network of influential people who
could consult each other privately and
confidentially."[19] Regular participants
included the CEOs of some of the largest
corporations in the world, oil companies such as
Royal Dutch Shell, British Petroleum, and Total
SA, as well as various European monarchs,
international bankers such as David Rockefeller,
major politicians, presidents, prime ministers
and central bankers of the world.[20]
Joseph Retinger, the founder of the Bilderberg
Group, was also one of the original architects of
the European Common Market and a leading
intellectual champion of European integration. In
1946, he told the Royal Institute of
International Affairs (the British counterpart
and sister organization of the Council on Foreign
Relations), that Europe needed to create a
federal union and for European countries to
"relinquish part of their sovereignty." Retinger
was a founder of the European Movement (EM), a
lobbying organization dedicated to creating a
federal Europe. Retinger secured financial
support for the European Movement from powerful
U.S. financial interests such as the Council on
Foreign Relations and the Rockefellers.[21]
However, it is hard to distinguish between the
CFR and the Rockefellers, as, especially
following World War II, the CFR’s main finances
came from the Carnegie Corporation, Ford
Foundation and most especially, the Rockefeller Foundation.[22]
The Bilderberg Group acts as a "secretive global
think-tank," with an original intent to "to link
governments and economies in Europe and North
America amid the Cold War."[23] One of the
Bilderberg Group’s main goals was unifying Europe
into a European Union. Apart from Retinger, the
founder of the Bilderberg Group and the European
Movement, another ideological founder of European
integration was Jean Monnet, who founded the
Action Committee for a United States of Europe,
an organization dedicated to promoting European
integration, and he was also the major promoter
and first president of the European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC), the precursor to the European Common Market.[24]
Declassified documents (released in 2001)
revealed that "the U.S. intelligence community
ran a campaign in the Fifties and Sixties to
build momentum for a united Europe. It funded and
directed the European federalist movement."[25] Furthermore:
America was working aggressively behind the
scenes to push Britain into a European state. One
memorandum, dated July 26, 1950, gives
instructions for a campaign to promote a
fully-fledged European parliament. It is signed
by Gen William J Donovan, head of the American
wartime Office of Strategic Services, precursor of the CIA...
Washington’s main tool for shaping the European
agenda was the American Committee for a United
Europe, created in 1948. The chairman was
Donovan, ostensibly a private lawyer by then. The
vice-chairman was Allen Dulles, the CIA director
in the Fifties. The board included Walter Bedell
Smith, the CIA’s first director, and a roster of
ex-OSS figures and officials who moved in and out
of the CIA. The documents show that ACUE financed
the European Movement, the most important
federalist organisation in the post-war years...
The leaders of the European Movement - Retinger,
the visionary Robert Schuman and the former
Belgian prime minister Paul-Henri Spaak - were
all treated as hired hands by their American
sponsors. The US role was handled as a covert
operation. ACUE’s funding came from the Ford and
Rockefeller foundations as well as business
groups with close ties to the US government.[26]
The European Coal and Steel Community was formed
in 1951, and signed by France, West Germany,
Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
Newly released documents from the 1955 Bilderberg
meeting show that a main topic of discussion was "European Unity":
The discussion affirmed complete support for the
idea of integration and unification from the
representatives of all the six nations of the
Coal and Steel Community present at the conference...
A European speaker expressed concern about the
need to achieve a common currency, and indicated
that in his view this necessarily implied the
creation of a central political authority...
A United States participant confirmed that the
United States had not weakened in its
enthusiastic support for the idea of integration,
although there was considerable diffidence in
America as to how this enthusiasm should be
manifested. Another United States participant
urged his European friends to go ahead with the
unification of Europe with less emphasis upon
ideological considerations and, above all, to be practical and work fast.[27]
Thus, at the 1955 Bilderberg Group meeting, they
set as a primary agenda, the creation of a European common market.[28]
In 1957, two years later, the Treaty of Rome was
signed, which created the European Economic
Community (EEC), also known as the European
Community. Over the decades, various other
treaties were signed, and more countries joined
the European Community. In 1992, the Maastricht
Treaty was signed, which created the European
Union and led to the creation of the Euro. The
European Monetary Institute was created in 1994,
the European Central Bank was founded in 1998,
and the Euro was launched in 1999. Etienne
Davignon, Chairman of the Bilderberg Group and
former EU Commissioner, revealed in March of 2009
that the Euro was debated and planned at Bilderberg conferences.[29]
To read the rest of this chapter, click here.
Notes
[1] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History
of the World in Our Time, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1966, p. 130.
[2] Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise
of the British World Order and the Lessons for
Global Power, New York, Basic Books, 2004, p. 186.
[3] Ibid., p. 186-187.
[4] Ibid., p. 190
[5] Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American
Establishment, GSG & Associates, 1981, p. 3.
[6] Ibid., p. 33.
[7] Ibid., p. 34.
[8] William Engdahl, A Century of War:
Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World
Order, London, Pluto Press, 2004, p. 51.
[9] H.W. Brands, "He Is My Independent Self", The
Washington Post,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060801104.html,
11 June 2006.
[10] CFR, "Continuing the Inquiry", History of
CFR, http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/inquiry.html.
[11] Chatham House, "Chatham House (The Royal
Institute of International Affairs)", Background.
Chatham House History, http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/.
[12] Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, op. cit., p. 5.
[13] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History
of the World in Our Time, op. cit., p. 132-133.
[14] CFR, "War and Peace", CFR History,
http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/war_peace.html.
[15] William P. Bundy, "The History of Foreign
Affairs", The Council on Foreign Relations,
http://www.cfr.org/about/history/foreign_affairs.html, 1994.
[16] CFR, "War and Peace", CFR History,
http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/war_peace.html.
[17] UN, "1945-1949", Sixty Years: A Pictorial
History of the United Nations,
http://www.un.org/issues/gallery/history/1940s.htm.
[18] Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth,
Empire, and the Future of America, Berkeley,
University of California Press, 2007, p. 12.
[19] CBC, "Informal Forum or Global Conspiracy?",
CBC News Online,
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bilderberg-group/, 13 June 2006.
[20] Holly Sklar (ed.), Trilateralism: The
Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for
World Management, South End Press, 1980, p. 161-171.
[21] Ibid., p. 161-162.
[22] CFR, "The First Transformation", CFR
History, http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/first_transformation.html.
[23] Glen McGregor, "Secretive Power Brokers
Meeting Coming to Ottawa?", Ottawa Citizen,
http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=ff614eb8-02cc-41a3-a42d-30642def1421
&k=62840, 24 May 2006.
[24] William F. Jasper, "Rogues’ Gallery of EU
Founders", The New American,
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JZS/is_14_20
/ai_n25093084/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1, 12 July 2004.
[25] Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, "Euro-Federalists
Financed by US Spy Chiefs", The Telegraph,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1356047/Euro-federalists-financed-by-US-spy-chiefs.html,
19 June 2001.
[26] Ibid.
[27] Bilderberg Group, "Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Conference", The Bilderberg Group, p. 7,
http://wikileaks.org/leak/bilderberg-meetings-report-1955.pdf,
23-25 September 1955.
[28] The Sunday Herald, "Who are These
Bilderbergers and What Do They Do?", The Sunday
Herald,
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_19990
530/ai_n13939252, 30 May 1999.
[29] Andrew Rettman, "‘Jury’s out’ on Future of
Europe, EU Doyen says", EUobserver,
http://euobserver.com/9/27778, 16 March 2009.
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"Capitalism is institutionalised bribery."
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--
Please consider seriously the reason why these elite institutions are not discussed in the mainstream press despite the immense financial and political power they wield?
There are sick and evil occultists running the Western World. They are power mad lunatics like something from a kids cartoon with their fingers on the nuclear button! Armageddon is closer than you thought. Only God can save our souls from their clutches, at least that's my considered opinion - Tony
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