Macmillan backed Syria assassination plot
Documents show White House and No 10 conspired over oil-fuelled
invasion plan
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/27/uk.syria1
Ben Fenton
Saturday 27 September 2003 02.35 BST
http://www.911forum.org.uk/board/viewtopic.php?p=170534#170534
Nearly 50 years before the war in Iraq, Britain and America sought
a secretive "regime change" in another Arab country they accused of
spreading terror and threatening the west's oil supplies, by planning
the invasion of Syria and the assassination of leading figures.
Newly discovered documents show how in 1957 Harold Macmillan and
President Dwight Eisenhower approved a CIA-MI6 plan to stage fake
border incidents as an excuse for an invasion by Syria's pro-western
neighbours, and then to "eliminate" the most influential triumvirate
in Damascus.
The plans, frighteningly frank in their discussion, were discovered
in the private papers of Duncan Sandys, Mr Macmillan's defence
secretary, by Matthew Jones, a reader in international history at
Royal Holloway, University of London.
Although historians know that intelligence services had sought to
topple the Syrian regime in the autumn of 1957, this is the first
time any document has been found showing that the assassination of
three leading figures was at the heart of the scheme. In the document
drawn up by a top secret and high-level working group that met in
Washington in September 1957, Mr Macmillan and President Eisenhower
were left in no doubt about the need to assassinate the top men in Damascus.
Part of the "preferred plan" reads: "In order to facilitate the
action of liberative forces, reduce the capabilities of the Syrian
regime to organise and direct its military actions, to hold losses
and destruction to a minimum, and to bring about desired results in
the shortest possible time, a special effort should be made to
eliminate certain key individuals. Their removal should be
accomplished early in the course of the uprising and intervention and
in the light of circumstances existing at the time."
The document, approved by London and Washington, named three men: Abd
al-Hamid Sarraj, head of Syrian military intelligence; Afif al-Bizri,
chief of the Syrian general staff; and Khalid Bakdash, leader of the
Syrian Communist party.
For a prime minister who had largely come to power on the back of
Anthony Eden's disastrous antics in Suez just a year before, Mr
Macmillan was remarkably bellicose. He described it in his diary as
"a most formidable report". Secrecy was so great, Mr Macmillan
ordered the plan withheld even from British chiefs of staff, because
of their tendency "to chatter".
Concern about the increasingly anti-western and pro-Soviet sympathies
of Syria had been growing in Downing Street and the White House since
the overthrow of the conservative military regime of Colonel Adib
Shishakli by an alliance of Ba'ath party and Communist party
politicians and their allies in the Syrian army, in 1954.
Driving the call for action was the CIA's Middle East chief Kermit
Roosevelt, grandson of former president Theodore Roosevelt. He
identified Colonel Sarraj, General al-Bizri and Mr Bakdash as the
real power behind a figurehead president. The triumvirate had moved
even closer to Nikita Khrushchev's orbit after the previous year's
disastrous attempt by Britain and France, in collusion with Israel,
to reverse the nationalisation of the Suez canal.
By 1957, despite America's opposition to the Suez move, President
Eisenhower felt he could no longer ignore the danger of Syria
becoming a centre for Moscow to spread communism throughout the
Middle East. He and Mr Macmillan feared Syria would destabilise
pro-western neighbours by exporting terrorism and encouraging
internal dissent. More importantly, Syria also had control of one of
the main oil arteries of the Middle East, the pipeline which
connected pro-western Iraq's oilfields to Turkey.
The "preferred plan"adds: "Once a political decision is reached to
proceed with internal disturbances in Syria, CIA is prepared, and SIS
[MI6] will attempt, to mount minor sabotage and coup de main
incidents within Syria, working through contacts with individuals.
"The two services should consult, as appropriate, to avoid any
overlapping or interference with each other's activities... Incidents
should not be concentrated in Damascus; the operation should not be
overdone; and to the extent possible care should be taken to avoid
causing key leaders of the Syrian regime to take additional personal
protection measures."
Sabotage
The report said that once the necessary degree of fear had been
created, frontier incidents and border clashes would be staged to
provide a pretext for Iraqi and Jordanian military intervention.
Syria had to be "made to appear as the sponsor of plots, sabotage and
violence directed against neighbouring governments," the report says.
"CIA and SIS should use their capabilities in both the psychological
and action fields to augment tension." That meant operations in
Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon, taking the form of "sabotage, national
conspiracies and various strong-arm activities" to be blamed on Damascus.
The plan called for funding of a "Free Syria Committee", and the
arming of "political factions with paramilitary or other actionist
capabilities" within Syria. The CIA and MI6 would instigate internal
uprisings, for instance by the Druze in the south, help to free
political prisoners held in the Mezze prison, and stir up the Muslim
Brotherhood in Damascus.
The planners envisaged replacing the Ba'ath/Communist regime with one
that was firmly anti-Soviet, but they conceded that this would not be
popular and "would probably need to rely first upon repressive
measures and arbitrary exercise of power".
The plan was never used, chiefly because Syria's Arab neighbours
could not be persuaded to take action and an attack from Turkey alone
was thought to be unacceptable. The following year, the Ba'athists
moved against their Communist former allies and took Syria into a
federation with Gen Nasser's Egypt, which lasted until 1963.
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