This sounds a lot like FAQ item 3.2 on http://pginstaller.projects.postgresql.org/FAQ_windows.html. Check those instructions as a first step.
Maybe you're right that there's something installed on my computer that's bugging the postmaster. The only networking tool that I have installed is NetLimiter
This is a good example of a misleading error message, probably resulting from examining errno. Using GetLastError() on those socket calls might help reducing support requests.
Regards, Andreas
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