Add pg_add_size_overflow() and friends

Commit 600086f47 added (several bespoke copies of) size_t addition with
overflow checks to libpq. Move this to common/int.h, along with
its subtraction and multiplication counterparts.

pg_neg_size_overflow() is intentionally omitted; I'm not sure we should
add SSIZE_MAX to win32_port.h for the sake of a function with no
callers.

Back-patch of commit 8934f2136, done now because pg_add_size_overflow()
and friends are needed more widely for security fixes.

Author: Jacob Champion <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Chao Li <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <[email protected]>
Discussion: 
https://postgr.es/m/CAOYmi%2B%3D%2BpqUd2MUitvgW1pAJuXgG_TKCVc3_Ek7pe8z9nkf%2BAg%40mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 14-18
Security: CVE-2026-6473

Branch
------
REL_16_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/924b3e94390de04b0fbb55edce8a29873a5062e1
Author: Tom Lane <[email protected]>

Modified Files
--------------
src/include/common/int.h            | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c      | 44 +++++++-----------------
src/interfaces/libpq/fe-print.c     | 36 +++++---------------
src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c | 27 +++------------
4 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

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