Fix crash when describing a FETCH statement whose cursor is gone

FetchStatementTargetList() dereferenced the portal named by a
FetchStmt without checking that it still exists.  With the extended
query protocol, a client can sent a Parse "FETCH n FROM c" while cursor
"c" is open (which caches a result's TupleDesc), issue a CLOSE on cursor
"c", and then Describe the prepared statement or a portal bound to it.

Describe would re-resolve the target list through the named cursor, and
crash.  In a non-assert builds, this causes a NULL pointer dereference.
An assertion was triggered in assert builds slightly before the pointer
dereference.

This commit changes the describe of a FetchStmt to match with the
ExecuteStmt case: if the named cursor's portal is invalid, fail rather
than assume that the portal should always exist.

A test case is added to libpq_pipeline, backpatchable all the way down.

Author: Dirkjan Bussink <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/[email protected]
Backpatch-through: 14

Branch
------
REL_17_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/2affc196466b46f6ad51245300f47f101c9d1922

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/tcop/pquery.c                        |  6 ++-
src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

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