Hi, I've spent quite a bit of time trying to identify cases where having more fast-path lock slots could be harmful, without any luck. I started with the EPYC machine I used for the earlier tests, but found nothing, except for a couple cases unrelated to this patch, because it affects even cases without the patch applied at all. More like random noise or maybe some issue with the VM (or differences to the VM used earlier). I pushed the results to githus [1] anyway, if anyone wants to look.
So I switched to my smaller machines, and ran a simple test on master,
with the hard-coded arrays, and with the arrays moves out of PGPROC (and
sized per max_locks_per_transaction).
I was looking for regressions, so I wanted to test a case that can't
benefit from fast-path locking, while paying the costs. So I decided to
do pgbench -S with 4 partitions, because that fits into the 16 slots we
had before, and scale 1 to keep everything in memory. And then did a
couple read-only runs, first with 64 locks/transaction (default), then
with 1024 locks/transaction.
Attached is a shell script I used to collect this - it creates and
removes clusters, so be careful. Should be fairly obvious what it tests
and how.
The results for max_locks_per_transaction=64 look like this (the numbers
are throughput):
machine mode clients master built-in with-guc
---------------------------------------------------------
i5 prepared 1 14970 14991 14981
4 51638 51615 51388
simple 1 14042 14136 14008
4 48705 48572 48457
------------------------------------------------------
xeon prepared 1 13213 13330 13170
4 49280 49191 49263
16 151413 152268 151560
simple 1 12250 12291 12316
4 45910 46148 45843
16 141774 142165 142310
And compared to master
machine mode clients built-in with-guc
-------------------------------------------------
i5 prepared 1 100.14% 100.08%
4 99.95% 99.51%
simple 1 100.67% 99.76%
4 99.73% 99.49%
----------------------------------------------
xeon prepared 1 100.89% 99.68%
4 99.82% 99.97%
16 100.56% 100.10%
simple 1 100.34% 100.54%
4 100.52% 99.85%
16 100.28% 100.38%
So, no difference whatsoever - it's +/- 0.5%, well within random noise.
And with max_locks_per_transaction=1024 the story is exactly the same:
machine mode clients master built-in with-guc
---------------------------------------------------------
i5 prepared 1 15000 14928 14948
4 51498 51351 51504
simple 1 14124 14092 14065
4 48531 48517 48351
xeon prepared 1 13384 13325 13290
4 49257 49309 49345
16 151668 151940 152201
simple 1 12357 12351 12363
4 46039 46126 46201
16 141851 142402 142427
machine mode clients built-in with-guc
-------------------------------------------------
i5 prepared 1 99.52% 99.65%
4 99.71% 100.01%
simple 1 99.77% 99.58%
4 99.97% 99.63%
xeon prepared 1 99.56% 99.30%
4 100.11% 100.18%
16 100.18% 100.35%
simple 1 99.96% 100.05%
4 100.19% 100.35%
16 100.39% 100.41%
with max_locks_per_transaction=1024, it's fair to expect the fast-path
locking to be quite beneficial. Of course, it's possible the GUC is set
this high because of some rare issue (say, to run pg_dump, which needs
to lock everything).
I did look at docs if anything needs updating, but I don't think so. The
SGML docs only talk about fast-path locking at fairly high level, not
about how many we have etc. Same for src/backend/storage/lmgr/README,
which is focusing on the correctness of fast-path locking, and that's
not changed by this patch.
I also cleaned up (removed) some of the Asserts checking that we got a
valid group / slot index. I don't think this really helped in practice,
once I added asserts to the macros.
Anyway, at this point I'm quite happy with this improvement. I didn't
have any clear plan when to commit this, but I'm considering doing so
sometime next week, unless someone objects or asks for some additional
benchmarks etc.
One thing I'm not quite sure about yet is whether to commit this as a
single change, or the way the attached patches do that, with the first
patch keeping the larger array in PGPROC and the second patch making it
separate and sized on max_locks_per_transaction ... Opinions?
regards
[1] https://github.com/tvondra/pg-lock-scalability-results
--
Tomas VondraFrom 7ae67a162fdcb80746bed45260fa937fc025b08b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tomas Vondra <to...@vondra.me>
Date: Thu, 12 Sep 2024 23:09:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH v20240912 1/2] Increase the number of fast-path lock slots
The fast-path locking introduced in 9.2 allowed each backend to acquire
up to 16 relation locks cheaply, provided the lock level allows that.
If a backend needs to hold more locks, it has to insert them into the
regular lock table in shared memory. This is considerably more
expensive, and on many-core systems may be subject to contention.
The limit of 16 entries was always rather low, even with simple queries
and schemas with only a few tables. We have to lock all relations - not
just tables, but also indexes, views, etc. Moreover, for planning we
need to lock all relations that might be used in the plan, not just
those that actually get used in the final plan. It only takes a couple
tables with multiple indexes to need more than 16 locks. It was quite
common to fill all fast-path slots.
As partitioning gets used more widely, with more and more partitions,
this limit is trivial to hit, with complex queries easily using hundreds
or even thousands of locks. For workloads doing a lot of I/O this is not
noticeable, but on large machines with enough RAM to keep the data in
memory, the access to the shared lock table may be a serious issue.
This patch improves this by increasing the number of fast-path slots
from 16 to 1024. The slots remain in PGPROC, and are organized as an
array of 16-slot groups (each group being effectively a clone of the
original fast-path approach). Instead of accessing this as a big hash
table with open addressing, we treat this as a 16-way set associative
cache. Each relation (identified by a "relid" OID) is mapped to a
particular 16-slot group by calculating a hash
h(relid) = ((relid * P) mod N)
where P is a hard-coded prime, and N is the number of groups. This is
not a great hash function, but it works well enough - the main purpose
is to prevent "hot groups" with runs of consecutive OIDs, which might
fill some of the fast-path groups. The multiplication by P ensures that.
If the OIDs are already spread out, the hash should not group them.
The groups are processed by linear search. With only 16 entries this is
cheap, and the groups have very good locality.
Treating this as a simple hash table with open addressing would not be
efficient, especially once the hash table is getting almost full. The
usual solution is to grow the table, but for hash tables in shared
memory that's not trivial. It would also have worse locality, due to
more random access.
Luckily, fast-path locking already has a simple solution to deal with a
full hash table. The lock can be simply inserted into the shared lock
table, just like before. Of course, if this happens too often, that
reduces the benefit of fast-path locking.
This patch hard-codes the number of groups to 64, which means 1024
fast-path locks. As all the information is still stored in PGPROC, this
grows PGPROC by about 4.5kB (from ~840B to ~5kB). This is a trade off
exchanging memory for cheaper locking.
Ultimately, the number of fast-path slots should not be hard coded, but
adjustable based on what the workload does, perhaps using a GUC. That
however means it can't be stored in PGPROC directly.
---
src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c | 118 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
src/include/storage/proc.h | 8 ++-
2 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c
index 83b99a98f08..d053ae0c409 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ typedef struct TwoPhaseLockRecord
* our locks to the primary lock table, but it can never be lower than the
* real value, since only we can acquire locks on our own behalf.
*/
-static int FastPathLocalUseCount = 0;
+static int FastPathLocalUseCounts[FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND];
/*
* Flag to indicate if the relation extension lock is held by this backend.
@@ -184,23 +184,53 @@ static int FastPathLocalUseCount = 0;
*/
static bool IsRelationExtensionLockHeld PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = false;
+/*
+ * Macros to calculate the group and index for a relation.
+ *
+ * The formula is a simple hash function, designed to spread the OIDs a bit,
+ * so that even contiguous values end up in different groups. In most cases
+ * there will be gaps anyway, but the multiplication should help a bit.
+ *
+ * The selected value (49157) is a prime not too close to 2^k, and it's
+ * small enough to not cause overflows (in 64-bit).
+ */
+#define FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(rel) \
+ (((uint64) (rel) * 49157) % FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND)
+
+/* Calculate index in the whole per-backend array of lock slots. */
+#define FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX(group, index) \
+ (AssertMacro(((group) >= 0) && ((group) < FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND)), \
+ AssertMacro(((index) >= 0) && ((index) < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP)), \
+ ((group) * FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP + (index)))
+
+/*
+ * Given a lock index (into the per-backend array), calculated using the
+ * FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX macro, calculate group and index (within the group).
+ */
+#define FAST_PATH_LOCK_GROUP(index) \
+ (AssertMacro(((index) >= 0) && ((index) < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND)), \
+ ((index) / FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP))
+#define FAST_PATH_LOCK_INDEX(index) \
+ (AssertMacro(((index) >= 0) && ((index) < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND)), \
+ ((index) % FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP))
+
/* Macros for manipulating proc->fpLockBits */
#define FAST_PATH_BITS_PER_SLOT 3
#define FAST_PATH_LOCKNUMBER_OFFSET 1
#define FAST_PATH_MASK ((1 << FAST_PATH_BITS_PER_SLOT) - 1)
#define FAST_PATH_GET_BITS(proc, n) \
- (((proc)->fpLockBits >> (FAST_PATH_BITS_PER_SLOT * n)) & FAST_PATH_MASK)
+ (((proc)->fpLockBits[(n)/16] >> (FAST_PATH_BITS_PER_SLOT * FAST_PATH_LOCK_INDEX(n))) & FAST_PATH_MASK)
#define FAST_PATH_BIT_POSITION(n, l) \
(AssertMacro((l) >= FAST_PATH_LOCKNUMBER_OFFSET), \
AssertMacro((l) < FAST_PATH_BITS_PER_SLOT+FAST_PATH_LOCKNUMBER_OFFSET), \
AssertMacro((n) < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND), \
- ((l) - FAST_PATH_LOCKNUMBER_OFFSET + FAST_PATH_BITS_PER_SLOT * (n)))
+ ((l) - FAST_PATH_LOCKNUMBER_OFFSET + FAST_PATH_BITS_PER_SLOT * (FAST_PATH_LOCK_INDEX(n))))
#define FAST_PATH_SET_LOCKMODE(proc, n, l) \
- (proc)->fpLockBits |= UINT64CONST(1) << FAST_PATH_BIT_POSITION(n, l)
+ (proc)->fpLockBits[FAST_PATH_LOCK_GROUP(n)] |= UINT64CONST(1) << FAST_PATH_BIT_POSITION(n, l)
#define FAST_PATH_CLEAR_LOCKMODE(proc, n, l) \
- (proc)->fpLockBits &= ~(UINT64CONST(1) << FAST_PATH_BIT_POSITION(n, l))
+ (proc)->fpLockBits[FAST_PATH_LOCK_GROUP(n)] &= ~(UINT64CONST(1) << FAST_PATH_BIT_POSITION(n, l))
#define FAST_PATH_CHECK_LOCKMODE(proc, n, l) \
- ((proc)->fpLockBits & (UINT64CONST(1) << FAST_PATH_BIT_POSITION(n, l)))
+ ((proc)->fpLockBits[FAST_PATH_LOCK_GROUP(n)] & (UINT64CONST(1) << FAST_PATH_BIT_POSITION(n, l)))
/*
* The fast-path lock mechanism is concerned only with relation locks on
@@ -926,7 +956,7 @@ LockAcquireExtended(const LOCKTAG *locktag,
* for now we don't worry about that case either.
*/
if (EligibleForRelationFastPath(locktag, lockmode) &&
- FastPathLocalUseCount < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND)
+ FastPathLocalUseCounts[FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(locktag->locktag_field2)] < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP)
{
uint32 fasthashcode = FastPathStrongLockHashPartition(hashcode);
bool acquired;
@@ -1970,6 +2000,7 @@ LockRelease(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, bool sessionLock)
PROCLOCK *proclock;
LWLock *partitionLock;
bool wakeupNeeded;
+ int group;
if (lockmethodid <= 0 || lockmethodid >= lengthof(LockMethods))
elog(ERROR, "unrecognized lock method: %d", lockmethodid);
@@ -2063,9 +2094,12 @@ LockRelease(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, bool sessionLock)
*/
locallock->lockCleared = false;
+ /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
+ group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(locktag->locktag_field2);
+
/* Attempt fast release of any lock eligible for the fast path. */
if (EligibleForRelationFastPath(locktag, lockmode) &&
- FastPathLocalUseCount > 0)
+ FastPathLocalUseCounts[group] > 0)
{
bool released;
@@ -2633,12 +2667,21 @@ LockReassignOwner(LOCALLOCK *locallock, ResourceOwner parent)
static bool
FastPathGrantRelationLock(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
- uint32 f;
uint32 unused_slot = FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND;
+ uint32 i,
+ group;
+
+ /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
+ group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(relid);
/* Scan for existing entry for this relid, remembering empty slot. */
- for (f = 0; f < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND; f++)
+ for (i = 0; i < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP; i++)
{
+ uint32 f;
+
+ /* index into the whole per-backend array */
+ f = FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX(group, i);
+
if (FAST_PATH_GET_BITS(MyProc, f) == 0)
unused_slot = f;
else if (MyProc->fpRelId[f] == relid)
@@ -2654,7 +2697,7 @@ FastPathGrantRelationLock(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
MyProc->fpRelId[unused_slot] = relid;
FAST_PATH_SET_LOCKMODE(MyProc, unused_slot, lockmode);
- ++FastPathLocalUseCount;
+ ++FastPathLocalUseCounts[group];
return true;
}
@@ -2670,12 +2713,21 @@ FastPathGrantRelationLock(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
static bool
FastPathUnGrantRelationLock(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
- uint32 f;
bool result = false;
+ uint32 i,
+ group;
- FastPathLocalUseCount = 0;
- for (f = 0; f < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND; f++)
+ /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
+ group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(relid);
+
+ FastPathLocalUseCounts[group] = 0;
+ for (i = 0; i < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP; i++)
{
+ uint32 f;
+
+ /* index into the whole per-backend array */
+ f = FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX(group, i);
+
if (MyProc->fpRelId[f] == relid
&& FAST_PATH_CHECK_LOCKMODE(MyProc, f, lockmode))
{
@@ -2685,7 +2737,7 @@ FastPathUnGrantRelationLock(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
/* we continue iterating so as to update FastPathLocalUseCount */
}
if (FAST_PATH_GET_BITS(MyProc, f) != 0)
- ++FastPathLocalUseCount;
+ ++FastPathLocalUseCounts[group];
}
return result;
}
@@ -2714,7 +2766,8 @@ FastPathTransferRelationLocks(LockMethod lockMethodTable, const LOCKTAG *locktag
for (i = 0; i < ProcGlobal->allProcCount; i++)
{
PGPROC *proc = &ProcGlobal->allProcs[i];
- uint32 f;
+ uint32 j,
+ group;
LWLockAcquire(&proc->fpInfoLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
@@ -2739,9 +2792,16 @@ FastPathTransferRelationLocks(LockMethod lockMethodTable, const LOCKTAG *locktag
continue;
}
- for (f = 0; f < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND; f++)
+ /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
+ group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(relid);
+
+ for (j = 0; j < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP; j++)
{
uint32 lockmode;
+ uint32 f;
+
+ /* index into the whole per-backend array */
+ f = FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX(group, j);
/* Look for an allocated slot matching the given relid. */
if (relid != proc->fpRelId[f] || FAST_PATH_GET_BITS(proc, f) == 0)
@@ -2793,13 +2853,21 @@ FastPathGetRelationLockEntry(LOCALLOCK *locallock)
PROCLOCK *proclock = NULL;
LWLock *partitionLock = LockHashPartitionLock(locallock->hashcode);
Oid relid = locktag->locktag_field2;
- uint32 f;
+ uint32 i,
+ group;
+
+ /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
+ group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(relid);
LWLockAcquire(&MyProc->fpInfoLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
- for (f = 0; f < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND; f++)
+ for (i = 0; i < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP; i++)
{
uint32 lockmode;
+ uint32 f;
+
+ /* index into the whole per-backend array */
+ f = FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX(group, i);
/* Look for an allocated slot matching the given relid. */
if (relid != MyProc->fpRelId[f] || FAST_PATH_GET_BITS(MyProc, f) == 0)
@@ -2903,6 +2971,10 @@ GetLockConflicts(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, int *countp)
LWLock *partitionLock;
int count = 0;
int fast_count = 0;
+ uint32 group;
+
+ /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
+ group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(locktag->locktag_field2);
if (lockmethodid <= 0 || lockmethodid >= lengthof(LockMethods))
elog(ERROR, "unrecognized lock method: %d", lockmethodid);
@@ -2957,7 +3029,7 @@ GetLockConflicts(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, int *countp)
for (i = 0; i < ProcGlobal->allProcCount; i++)
{
PGPROC *proc = &ProcGlobal->allProcs[i];
- uint32 f;
+ uint32 j;
/* A backend never blocks itself */
if (proc == MyProc)
@@ -2979,9 +3051,13 @@ GetLockConflicts(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, int *countp)
continue;
}
- for (f = 0; f < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND; f++)
+ for (j = 0; j < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP; j++)
{
uint32 lockmask;
+ uint32 f;
+
+ /* index into the whole per-backend array */
+ f = FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX(group, j);
/* Look for an allocated slot matching the given relid. */
if (relid != proc->fpRelId[f])
diff --git a/src/include/storage/proc.h b/src/include/storage/proc.h
index deeb06c9e01..845058da9fa 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/proc.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/proc.h
@@ -83,8 +83,9 @@ struct XidCache
* rather than the main lock table. This eases contention on the lock
* manager LWLocks. See storage/lmgr/README for additional details.
*/
-#define FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND 16
-
+#define FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND 64
+#define FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP 16 /* don't change */
+#define FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND (FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP * FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND)
/*
* Flags for PGPROC.delayChkptFlags
*
@@ -292,7 +293,8 @@ struct PGPROC
/* Lock manager data, recording fast-path locks taken by this backend. */
LWLock fpInfoLock; /* protects per-backend fast-path state */
- uint64 fpLockBits; /* lock modes held for each fast-path slot */
+ uint64 fpLockBits[FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND]; /* lock modes held for
+ * each fast-path slot */
Oid fpRelId[FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND]; /* slots for rel oids */
bool fpVXIDLock; /* are we holding a fast-path VXID lock? */
LocalTransactionId fpLocalTransactionId; /* lxid for fast-path VXID
--
2.46.0
From 1e3be15e39aadc58db4c9be86cfee64f0395dfd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tomas Vondra <to...@vondra.me>
Date: Thu, 12 Sep 2024 23:09:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH v20240912 2/2] Set fast-path slots using
max_locks_per_transaction
Instead of using a hard-coded value of 64 groups (1024 fast-path slots),
determine the value based on max_locks_per_transaction GUC. This size
is calculated at startup, before allocating shared memory.
The default value of max_locks_per_transaction value is 64, which means
4 groups of fast-path locks.
The purpose of the max_locks_per_transaction GUC is to size the shared
lock table, but it's the best information about the expected number of
locks available. It is often set to an average number of locks needed by
a backend, but some backends may need substantially fewer/more locks.
This means fast-path capacity calculated from max_locks_per_transaction
may not be sufficient for some backends, forcing use of the shared lock
table. The assumption is this is not a major issue - there can't be too
many of such backends, otherwise the max_locks_per_transaction would
need to be higher anyway (resolving the fast-path issue too).
If that happens to be a problem, the only solution is to increase the
GUC, even if the shared lock table had sufficient capacity. That is not
free, because each lock in the shared lock table requires about 500B.
With many backends this may be a substantial amount of memory, but then
again - that should only happen on machines with plenty of memory.
In the future we can consider a separate GUC for the number of fast-path
slots, but let's try without one first.
An alternative solution might be to size the fast-path arrays for a
multiple of max_locks_per_transaction. The cost of adding a fast-path
slot is much lower (only ~5B compared to ~500B per entry), so this would
be cheaper than increasing max_locks_per_transaction. But it's not clear
what multiple of max_locks_per_transaction to use.
---
src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c | 2 ++
src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c | 5 +++
src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c | 28 +++++++++++++----
src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/backend/tcop/postgres.c | 3 ++
src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++
src/include/miscadmin.h | 1 +
src/include/storage/proc.h | 11 ++++---
8 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
diff --git a/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c b/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
index 7637581a184..ed59dfce893 100644
--- a/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
+++ b/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
@@ -309,6 +309,8 @@ BootstrapModeMain(int argc, char *argv[], bool check_only)
InitializeMaxBackends();
+ InitializeFastPathLocks();
+
CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores();
/*
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
index 96bc1d1cfed..f4a16595d7f 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
@@ -903,6 +903,11 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
*/
InitializeMaxBackends();
+ /*
+ * Also calculate the size of the fast-path lock arrays in PGPROC.
+ */
+ InitializeFastPathLocks();
+
/*
* Give preloaded libraries a chance to request additional shared memory.
*/
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c
index d053ae0c409..505aa52668e 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c
@@ -166,8 +166,13 @@ typedef struct TwoPhaseLockRecord
* might be higher than the real number if another backend has transferred
* our locks to the primary lock table, but it can never be lower than the
* real value, since only we can acquire locks on our own behalf.
+ *
+ * XXX Allocate a static array of the maximum size. We could have a pointer
+ * and then allocate just the right size to save a couple kB, but that does
+ * not seem worth the extra complexity of having to initialize it etc. This
+ * way it gets initialized automaticaly.
*/
-static int FastPathLocalUseCounts[FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND];
+static int FastPathLocalUseCounts[FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND_MAX];
/*
* Flag to indicate if the relation extension lock is held by this backend.
@@ -184,6 +189,17 @@ static int FastPathLocalUseCounts[FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND];
*/
static bool IsRelationExtensionLockHeld PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = false;
+/*
+ * Number of fast-path locks per backend - size of the arrays in PGPROC.
+ * This is set only once during start, before initializing shared memory,
+ * and remains constant after that.
+ *
+ * We set the limit based on max_locks_per_transaction GUC, because that's
+ * the best information about expected number of locks per backend we have.
+ * See InitializeFastPathLocks for details.
+ */
+int FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend = 0;
+
/*
* Macros to calculate the group and index for a relation.
*
@@ -195,11 +211,11 @@ static bool IsRelationExtensionLockHeld PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = false;
* small enough to not cause overflows (in 64-bit).
*/
#define FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(rel) \
- (((uint64) (rel) * 49157) % FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND)
+ (((uint64) (rel) * 49157) % FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend)
/* Calculate index in the whole per-backend array of lock slots. */
#define FP_LOCK_SLOT_INDEX(group, index) \
- (AssertMacro(((group) >= 0) && ((group) < FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND)), \
+ (AssertMacro(((group) >= 0) && ((group) < FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend)), \
AssertMacro(((index) >= 0) && ((index) < FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP)), \
((group) * FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP + (index)))
@@ -2973,9 +2989,6 @@ GetLockConflicts(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, int *countp)
int fast_count = 0;
uint32 group;
- /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
- group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(locktag->locktag_field2);
-
if (lockmethodid <= 0 || lockmethodid >= lengthof(LockMethods))
elog(ERROR, "unrecognized lock method: %d", lockmethodid);
lockMethodTable = LockMethods[lockmethodid];
@@ -3005,6 +3018,9 @@ GetLockConflicts(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, int *countp)
partitionLock = LockHashPartitionLock(hashcode);
conflictMask = lockMethodTable->conflictTab[lockmode];
+ /* fast-path group the lock belongs to */
+ group = FAST_PATH_LOCK_REL_GROUP(locktag->locktag_field2);
+
/*
* Fast path locks might not have been entered in the primary lock table.
* If the lock we're dealing with could conflict with such a lock, we must
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c
index ac66da8638f..a91b6f8a6c0 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ ProcGlobalShmemSize(void)
Size size = 0;
Size TotalProcs =
add_size(MaxBackends, add_size(NUM_AUXILIARY_PROCS, max_prepared_xacts));
+ Size fpLockBitsSize,
+ fpRelIdSize;
/* ProcGlobal */
size = add_size(size, sizeof(PROC_HDR));
@@ -113,6 +115,18 @@ ProcGlobalShmemSize(void)
size = add_size(size, mul_size(TotalProcs, sizeof(*ProcGlobal->subxidStates)));
size = add_size(size, mul_size(TotalProcs, sizeof(*ProcGlobal->statusFlags)));
+ /*
+ * fast-path lock arrays
+ *
+ * XXX The explicit alignment may not be strictly necessary, as both
+ * values are already multiples of 8 bytes, which is what MAXALIGN does.
+ * But better to make that obvious.
+ */
+ fpLockBitsSize = MAXALIGN(FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend * sizeof(uint64));
+ fpRelIdSize = MAXALIGN(FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend * sizeof(Oid) * FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP);
+
+ size = add_size(size, mul_size(TotalProcs, (fpLockBitsSize + fpRelIdSize)));
+
return size;
}
@@ -162,6 +176,10 @@ InitProcGlobal(void)
j;
bool found;
uint32 TotalProcs = MaxBackends + NUM_AUXILIARY_PROCS + max_prepared_xacts;
+ char *fpPtr,
+ *fpEndPtr PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
+ Size fpLockBitsSize,
+ fpRelIdSize;
/* Create the ProcGlobal shared structure */
ProcGlobal = (PROC_HDR *)
@@ -211,12 +229,38 @@ InitProcGlobal(void)
ProcGlobal->statusFlags = (uint8 *) ShmemAlloc(TotalProcs * sizeof(*ProcGlobal->statusFlags));
MemSet(ProcGlobal->statusFlags, 0, TotalProcs * sizeof(*ProcGlobal->statusFlags));
+ /*
+ * Allocate arrays for fast-path locks. Those are variable-length, so
+ * can't be included in PGPROC. We allocate a separate piece of shared
+ * memory and then divide that between backends.
+ */
+ fpLockBitsSize = MAXALIGN(FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend * sizeof(uint64));
+ fpRelIdSize = MAXALIGN(FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend * sizeof(Oid) * FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP);
+
+ fpPtr = ShmemAlloc(TotalProcs * (fpLockBitsSize + fpRelIdSize));
+ MemSet(fpPtr, 0, TotalProcs * (fpLockBitsSize + fpRelIdSize));
+
+ /* For asserts checking we did not overflow. */
+ fpEndPtr = fpPtr + (TotalProcs * (fpLockBitsSize + fpRelIdSize));
+
for (i = 0; i < TotalProcs; i++)
{
PGPROC *proc = &procs[i];
/* Common initialization for all PGPROCs, regardless of type. */
+ /*
+ * Set the fast-path lock arrays, and move the pointer. We interleave
+ * the two arrays, to keep at least some locality.
+ */
+ proc->fpLockBits = (uint64 *) fpPtr;
+ fpPtr += fpLockBitsSize;
+
+ proc->fpRelId = (Oid *) fpPtr;
+ fpPtr += fpRelIdSize;
+
+ Assert(fpPtr <= fpEndPtr);
+
/*
* Set up per-PGPROC semaphore, latch, and fpInfoLock. Prepared xact
* dummy PGPROCs don't need these though - they're never associated
@@ -278,6 +322,9 @@ InitProcGlobal(void)
pg_atomic_init_u64(&(proc->waitStart), 0);
}
+ /* We expect to consume exactly the expected amount of data. */
+ Assert(fpPtr = fpEndPtr);
+
/*
* Save pointers to the blocks of PGPROC structures reserved for auxiliary
* processes and prepared transactions.
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 8bc6bea1135..f54ae00abca 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -4166,6 +4166,9 @@ PostgresSingleUserMain(int argc, char *argv[],
/* Initialize MaxBackends */
InitializeMaxBackends();
+ /* Initialize size of fast-path lock cache. */
+ InitializeFastPathLocks();
+
/*
* Give preloaded libraries a chance to request additional shared memory.
*/
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 3b50ce19a2c..1faf756c8d8 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -557,6 +557,40 @@ InitializeMaxBackends(void)
MAX_BACKENDS)));
}
+/*
+ * Initialize the number of fast-path lock slots in PGPROC.
+ *
+ * This must be called after modules have had the chance to alter GUCs in
+ * shared_preload_libraries and before shared memory size is determined.
+ *
+ * The default max_locks_per_xact=64 means 4 groups by default.
+ *
+ * We allow anything between 1 and 1024 groups, with the usual power-of-2
+ * logic. The 1 is the "old" value before allowing multiple groups, 1024
+ * is an arbitrary limit (matching max_locks_per_xact = 16k). Values over
+ * 1024 are unlikely to be beneficial - we're likely to hit other
+ * bottlenecks long before that.
+ */
+void
+InitializeFastPathLocks(void)
+{
+ Assert(FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend == 0);
+
+ /* we need at least one group */
+ FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend = 1;
+
+ while (FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend < FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND_MAX)
+ {
+ /* stop once we exceed max_locks_per_xact */
+ if (FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend * FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP >= max_locks_per_xact)
+ break;
+
+ FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend *= 2;
+ }
+
+ Assert(FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend <= FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND_MAX);
+}
+
/*
* Early initialization of a backend (either standalone or under postmaster).
* This happens even before InitPostgres.
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 25348e71eb9..e26d108a470 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -475,6 +475,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT ProcessingMode Mode;
#define INIT_PG_OVERRIDE_ROLE_LOGIN 0x0004
extern void pg_split_opts(char **argv, int *argcp, const char *optstr);
extern void InitializeMaxBackends(void);
+extern void InitializeFastPathLocks(void);
extern void InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
const char *username, Oid useroid,
bits32 flags,
diff --git a/src/include/storage/proc.h b/src/include/storage/proc.h
index 845058da9fa..0e55c166529 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/proc.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/proc.h
@@ -83,9 +83,11 @@ struct XidCache
* rather than the main lock table. This eases contention on the lock
* manager LWLocks. See storage/lmgr/README for additional details.
*/
-#define FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND 64
+extern PGDLLIMPORT int FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend;
+#define FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND_MAX 1024
#define FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP 16 /* don't change */
-#define FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND (FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP * FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND)
+#define FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND (FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_GROUP * FastPathLockGroupsPerBackend)
+
/*
* Flags for PGPROC.delayChkptFlags
*
@@ -293,9 +295,8 @@ struct PGPROC
/* Lock manager data, recording fast-path locks taken by this backend. */
LWLock fpInfoLock; /* protects per-backend fast-path state */
- uint64 fpLockBits[FP_LOCK_GROUPS_PER_BACKEND]; /* lock modes held for
- * each fast-path slot */
- Oid fpRelId[FP_LOCK_SLOTS_PER_BACKEND]; /* slots for rel oids */
+ uint64 *fpLockBits; /* lock modes held for each fast-path slot */
+ Oid *fpRelId; /* slots for rel oids */
bool fpVXIDLock; /* are we holding a fast-path VXID lock? */
LocalTransactionId fpLocalTransactionId; /* lxid for fast-path VXID
* lock */
--
2.46.0
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built-in prepared 4 50489.4 51148.594980 xeon 9 built-in prepared 16 153587.8 154082.377096 xeon 9 built-in-guc simple 1 12200.7 12194.922957 xeon 9 built-in-guc simple 4 46444.3 46608.534778 xeon 9 built-in-guc simple 16 143248.9 143475.950349 xeon 9 built-in-guc prepared 1 13327.9 13536.522876 xeon 9 built-in-guc prepared 4 49420.3 49401.932784 xeon 9 built-in-guc prepared 16 151859.1 152166.819766 xeon 10 master simple 1 12611.0 12548.414937 xeon 10 master simple 4 46396.9 46359.341299 xeon 10 master simple 16 143053.6 143087.924347 xeon 10 master prepared 1 13099.8 13274.694777 xeon 10 master prepared 4 48372.9 48298.822079 xeon 10 master prepared 16 152667.6 152607.979638 xeon 10 built-in simple 1 12431.5 12603.897559 xeon 10 built-in simple 4 45702.3 45837.274823 xeon 10 built-in simple 16 141242.3 141321.486585 xeon 10 built-in prepared 1 13004.4 13017.309945 xeon 10 built-in prepared 4 48725.7 48660.610834 xeon 10 built-in prepared 16 150256.6 150440.615260 xeon 10 built-in-guc simple 1 12051.9 12046.154519 xeon 10 built-in-guc simple 4 45916.9 46139.911810 xeon 10 built-in-guc simple 16 141991.3 141968.515317 xeon 10 built-in-guc prepared 1 13003.6 13005.107633 xeon 10 built-in-guc prepared 4 48240.3 48390.738417 xeon 10 built-in-guc prepared 16 150663.0 151043.965473
run-lock-test.sh
Description: application/shellscript
i5 1 master simple 1 13945.4 13954.827492 i5 1 master simple 4 48711.9 48695.172011 i5 1 master prepared 1 14879.3 14881.711975 i5 1 master prepared 4 51852.1 51836.343646 i5 1 built-in simple 1 14096.7 14105.113451 i5 1 built-in simple 4 48051.5 48072.994414 i5 1 built-in prepared 1 15149.0 15109.503629 i5 1 built-in prepared 4 51799.7 51775.818023 i5 1 built-in-guc simple 1 14132.6 14099.290708 i5 1 built-in-guc simple 4 48341.8 48337.845499 i5 1 built-in-guc prepared 1 14991.3 14975.235724 i5 1 built-in-guc prepared 4 51385.2 51344.776611 i5 2 master simple 1 14058.6 14074.818176 i5 2 master simple 4 48833.5 48824.141424 i5 2 master prepared 1 15262.2 15235.351798 i5 2 master prepared 4 52125.2 52109.756349 i5 2 built-in simple 1 14115.5 14140.507070 i5 2 built-in simple 4 48600.6 48592.795749 i5 2 built-in prepared 1 14975.8 15005.122055 i5 2 built-in prepared 4 51855.1 51692.940208 i5 2 built-in-guc simple 1 14016.9 14005.032892 i5 2 built-in-guc simple 4 48132.1 48107.706786 i5 2 built-in-guc prepared 1 14806.7 14825.469178 i5 2 built-in-guc prepared 4 51070.6 51034.867739 i5 3 master simple 1 14011.1 13999.267172 i5 3 master simple 4 48052.7 48047.319336 i5 3 master prepared 1 14966.7 14952.474371 i5 3 master prepared 4 51242.4 51229.490027 i5 3 built-in simple 1 14110.7 14071.999292 i5 3 built-in simple 4 48247.2 48247.999507 i5 3 built-in prepared 1 14809.9 14810.312961 i5 3 built-in prepared 4 51448.7 51448.614480 i5 3 built-in-guc simple 1 14048.7 14031.975903 i5 3 built-in-guc simple 4 48604.6 48609.412321 i5 3 built-in-guc prepared 1 14945.1 14956.656108 i5 3 built-in-guc prepared 4 51254.7 51245.407622 i5 4 master simple 1 14142.2 14145.531400 i5 4 master simple 4 48863.5 48849.608202 i5 4 master prepared 1 15128.6 15116.696271 i5 4 master prepared 4 52158.8 52158.107937 i5 4 built-in simple 1 14062.3 14060.649800 i5 4 built-in simple 4 48637.5 48561.196135 i5 4 built-in prepared 1 14950.6 14976.974040 i5 4 built-in prepared 4 51651.1 51647.112204 i5 4 built-in-guc simple 1 14142.3 14130.775720 i5 4 built-in-guc simple 4 48436.2 48413.349946 i5 4 built-in-guc prepared 1 14996.1 14987.062213 i5 4 built-in-guc prepared 4 51418.0 51430.385529 i5 5 master simple 1 14162.4 14140.067055 i5 5 master simple 4 48716.0 48714.697662 i5 5 master prepared 1 14874.2 14893.955329 i5 5 master prepared 4 51642.8 51638.478382 i5 5 built-in simple 1 14327.9 14315.687315 i5 5 built-in simple 4 48575.2 48582.721717 i5 5 built-in prepared 1 15148.0 15126.616486 i5 5 built-in prepared 4 52061.0 52071.206161 i5 5 built-in-guc simple 1 13969.8 13935.066582 i5 5 built-in-guc simple 4 48706.3 48706.351805 i5 5 built-in-guc prepared 1 15022.9 15031.313980 i5 5 built-in-guc prepared 4 51507.2 51515.781386 i5 6 master simple 1 13993.3 13998.592314 i5 6 master simple 4 48385.4 48383.615463 i5 6 master prepared 1 14939.4 14949.108858 i5 6 master prepared 4 51351.5 51350.713986 i5 6 built-in simple 1 14189.5 14164.803513 i5 6 built-in simple 4 48431.3 48434.261393 i5 6 built-in prepared 1 15186.1 15153.718243 i5 6 built-in prepared 4 51595.1 51581.913299 i5 6 built-in-guc simple 1 13912.9 13921.266247 i5 6 built-in-guc simple 4 48354.3 48375.206008 i5 6 built-in-guc prepared 1 14868.7 14886.172519 i5 6 built-in-guc prepared 4 51305.5 51302.170437 i5 7 master simple 1 14189.8 14175.239368 i5 7 master simple 4 48911.2 48915.235044 i5 7 master prepared 1 15074.6 15073.194243 i5 7 master prepared 4 51887.9 51888.708951 i5 7 built-in simple 1 14133.7 14132.483737 i5 7 built-in simple 4 48609.2 48602.497604 i5 7 built-in prepared 1 14903.9 14908.544561 i5 7 built-in prepared 4 51121.5 50992.647588 i5 7 built-in-guc simple 1 13984.7 13984.830373 i5 7 built-in-guc simple 4 48190.8 48180.152544 i5 7 built-in-guc prepared 1 14815.0 14824.572366 i5 7 built-in-guc prepared 4 51322.2 51310.995523 i5 8 master simple 1 14130.0 14121.928395 i5 8 master simple 4 48255.4 48276.713939 i5 8 master prepared 1 14918.2 14956.383950 i5 8 master prepared 4 51352.3 51346.184069 i5 8 built-in simple 1 14247.1 14216.424742 i5 8 built-in simple 4 48584.3 48581.328213 i5 8 built-in prepared 1 14912.3 14910.866013 i5 8 built-in prepared 4 50929.8 50939.532619 i5 8 built-in-guc simple 1 14076.1 14099.811859 i5 8 built-in-guc simple 4 48720.0 48728.435473 i5 8 built-in-guc prepared 1 15038.2 15048.531254 i5 8 built-in-guc prepared 4 51851.7 51853.129676 i5 9 master simple 1 13837.0 13844.483616 i5 9 master simple 4 48834.0 48845.416664 i5 9 master prepared 1 14972.0 14983.084695 i5 9 master prepared 4 51628.7 51637.828840 i5 9 built-in simple 1 14337.5 14294.360567 i5 9 built-in simple 4 49205.3 49158.109018 i5 9 built-in prepared 1 15122.1 15108.879391 i5 9 built-in prepared 4 52111.8 52108.582691 i5 9 built-in-guc simple 1 14010.9 14003.806280 i5 9 built-in-guc simple 4 48584.5 48539.174916 i5 9 built-in-guc prepared 1 15048.3 15027.601602 i5 9 built-in-guc prepared 4 51848.5 51843.800690 i5 10 master simple 1 14005.4 14009.837132 i5 10 master simple 4 48524.4 48508.366950 i5 10 master prepared 1 15028.8 14992.065530 i5 10 master prepared 4 51142.5 51146.001485 i5 10 built-in simple 1 14010.7 14041.493640 i5 10 built-in simple 4 48587.0 48562.210561 i5 10 built-in prepared 1 14957.6 14930.933240 i5 10 built-in prepared 4 51520.2 51504.606674 i5 10 built-in-guc simple 1 14002.5 14011.410482 i5 10 built-in-guc simple 4 48503.6 48501.130182 i5 10 built-in-guc prepared 1 14974.9 14992.937718 i5 10 built-in-guc prepared 4 51514.8 51507.047113 xeon 1 master simple 1 12457.3 12421.290207 xeon 1 master simple 4 45750.1 45985.332307 xeon 1 master simple 16 142636.6 143058.591697 xeon 1 master prepared 1 13095.7 13121.200090 xeon 1 master prepared 4 48766.5 48738.113161 xeon 1 master prepared 16 151395.1 151532.467550 xeon 1 built-in simple 1 11781.0 11870.365029 xeon 1 built-in simple 4 46707.2 46638.688006 xeon 1 built-in simple 16 143884.4 143688.011971 xeon 1 built-in prepared 1 13314.1 13397.399643 xeon 1 built-in prepared 4 51437.1 51211.051221 xeon 1 built-in prepared 16 152932.6 153579.846747 xeon 1 built-in-guc simple 1 12457.7 12323.612835 xeon 1 built-in-guc simple 4 45892.0 45767.443306 xeon 1 built-in-guc simple 16 141964.1 142164.895920 xeon 1 built-in-guc prepared 1 13356.8 13483.316673 xeon 1 built-in-guc prepared 4 49003.6 49190.649757 xeon 1 built-in-guc prepared 16 151446.4 151689.764377 xeon 2 master simple 1 12302.8 12305.818670 xeon 2 master simple 4 46321.0 46278.719217 xeon 2 master simple 16 143090.9 143378.881540 xeon 2 master prepared 1 13294.1 13455.504052 xeon 2 master prepared 4 49689.9 50305.283336 xeon 2 master prepared 16 152136.7 152457.693553 xeon 2 built-in simple 1 12213.1 12194.735753 xeon 2 built-in simple 4 45806.6 45686.671251 xeon 2 built-in simple 16 141558.5 141896.047974 xeon 2 built-in prepared 1 13077.4 12887.912351 xeon 2 built-in prepared 4 48903.0 48768.000806 xeon 2 built-in prepared 16 150655.6 150946.858640 xeon 2 built-in-guc simple 1 12487.6 12468.641761 xeon 2 built-in-guc simple 4 46317.5 46255.072475 xeon 2 built-in-guc simple 16 143521.1 143673.901901 xeon 2 built-in-guc prepared 1 13045.2 13210.098505 xeon 2 built-in-guc prepared 4 49633.9 49490.136535 xeon 2 built-in-guc prepared 16 151411.6 151514.530714 xeon 3 master simple 1 12316.2 12100.448108 xeon 3 master simple 4 45929.8 45835.654872 xeon 3 master simple 16 141676.4 141600.016349 xeon 3 master prepared 1 13094.3 13186.001217 xeon 3 master prepared 4 49108.5 49101.261003 xeon 3 master prepared 16 149193.8 149416.838439 xeon 3 built-in simple 1 12528.8 12533.810905 xeon 3 built-in simple 4 47031.9 47245.958915 xeon 3 built-in simple 16 142400.9 142435.321930 xeon 3 built-in prepared 1 13162.6 13134.417088 xeon 3 built-in prepared 4 49602.9 49676.601691 xeon 3 built-in prepared 16 153723.5 153708.057905 xeon 3 built-in-guc simple 1 12129.7 12185.239942 xeon 3 built-in-guc simple 4 45800.9 45693.622135 xeon 3 built-in-guc simple 16 142509.6 142465.767079 xeon 3 built-in-guc prepared 1 13227.2 13607.218542 xeon 3 built-in-guc prepared 4 49028.5 49285.997471 xeon 3 built-in-guc prepared 16 151986.1 152478.424781 xeon 4 master simple 1 12333.8 12321.136181 xeon 4 master simple 4 45371.7 45336.617238 xeon 4 master simple 16 141676.7 141718.240437 xeon 4 master prepared 1 13314.6 13780.305538 xeon 4 master prepared 4 49087.5 49302.928072 xeon 4 master prepared 16 150996.5 151294.186193 xeon 4 built-in simple 1 12336.0 12347.926660 xeon 4 built-in simple 4 44687.6 44768.275156 xeon 4 built-in simple 16 140751.7 140824.416046 xeon 4 built-in prepared 1 15233.8 14543.205055 xeon 4 built-in prepared 4 48716.1 48493.310586 xeon 4 built-in prepared 16 150966.4 151106.085111 xeon 4 built-in-guc simple 1 11949.3 12113.777423 xeon 4 built-in-guc simple 4 46232.3 46653.438592 xeon 4 built-in-guc simple 16 144307.6 144449.248169 xeon 4 built-in-guc prepared 1 13352.0 13355.108998 xeon 4 built-in-guc prepared 4 49241.4 49871.496891 xeon 4 built-in-guc prepared 16 152192.8 152428.348687 xeon 5 master simple 1 12143.7 12137.206377 xeon 5 master simple 4 45646.7 45689.169637 xeon 5 master simple 16 140830.4 140964.059442 xeon 5 master prepared 1 13020.8 13061.404227 xeon 5 master prepared 4 48762.8 48880.741440 xeon 5 master prepared 16 148939.3 149180.893231 xeon 5 built-in simple 1 12308.7 12375.878776 xeon 5 built-in simple 4 48135.4 47906.733000 xeon 5 built-in simple 16 142287.0 142433.458336 xeon 5 built-in prepared 1 12651.6 12984.675023 xeon 5 built-in prepared 4 49673.3 49636.365588 xeon 5 built-in prepared 16 153120.1 153425.535499 xeon 5 built-in-guc simple 1 12167.2 12158.948171 xeon 5 built-in-guc simple 4 44843.9 44861.932622 xeon 5 built-in-guc simple 16 139334.8 139418.873059 xeon 5 built-in-guc prepared 1 12762.6 12840.172116 xeon 5 built-in-guc prepared 4 48052.8 47924.203840 xeon 5 built-in-guc prepared 16 149338.3 149466.926784 xeon 6 master simple 1 12241.1 12192.157982 xeon 6 master simple 4 45504.8 45693.083022 xeon 6 master simple 16 140357.7 140600.608013 xeon 6 master prepared 1 13116.9 13118.097681 xeon 6 master prepared 4 49025.9 49256.292629 xeon 6 master prepared 16 150550.5 150911.350990 xeon 6 built-in simple 1 12117.0 12108.009794 xeon 6 built-in simple 4 45597.7 45482.468376 xeon 6 built-in simple 16 141024.5 141171.196029 xeon 6 built-in prepared 1 13093.8 13136.873564 xeon 6 built-in prepared 4 48407.0 48527.049175 xeon 6 built-in prepared 16 148928.5 149220.865379 xeon 6 built-in-guc simple 1 12340.7 12327.756912 xeon 6 built-in-guc simple 4 45639.1 45732.258877 xeon 6 built-in-guc simple 16 142188.2 142427.113552 xeon 6 built-in-guc prepared 1 13074.3 13130.758414 xeon 6 built-in-guc prepared 4 48054.2 47823.130155 xeon 6 built-in-guc prepared 16 151366.0 151468.465086 xeon 7 master simple 1 12458.5 12232.251979 xeon 7 master simple 4 46191.9 46080.753175 xeon 7 master simple 16 141907.8 142220.544197 xeon 7 master prepared 1 13252.3 13220.871104 xeon 7 master prepared 4 49208.6 49182.524739 xeon 7 master prepared 16 150538.2 150778.213068 xeon 7 built-in simple 1 12324.4 12312.734561 xeon 7 built-in simple 4 45571.9 45875.664935 xeon 7 built-in simple 16 143000.3 142999.611306 xeon 7 built-in prepared 1 13399.6 13431.484674 xeon 7 built-in prepared 4 49044.2 48962.880915 xeon 7 built-in prepared 16 152351.2 152374.973553 xeon 7 built-in-guc simple 1 12399.3 12377.823017 xeon 7 built-in-guc simple 4 45771.1 45918.148541 xeon 7 built-in-guc simple 16 141652.0 141589.891651 xeon 7 built-in-guc prepared 1 12806.4 13021.277447 xeon 7 built-in-guc prepared 4 48281.9 48684.758960 xeon 7 built-in-guc prepared 16 149714.0 149723.274031 xeon 8 master simple 1 12294.3 12267.598950 xeon 8 master simple 4 46191.3 46342.282529 xeon 8 master simple 16 141555.7 141828.810606 xeon 8 master prepared 1 13254.4 13204.673608 xeon 8 master prepared 4 49142.2 49378.568856 xeon 8 master prepared 16 151609.9 151928.266387 xeon 8 built-in simple 1 12413.6 12418.544828 xeon 8 built-in simple 4 46309.4 46420.900468 xeon 8 built-in simple 16 143031.0 143077.940248 xeon 8 built-in prepared 1 13369.4 13774.173143 xeon 8 built-in prepared 4 49453.1 49808.404341 xeon 8 built-in prepared 16 152665.6 152766.604680 xeon 8 built-in-guc simple 1 12270.1 12300.554079 xeon 8 built-in-guc simple 4 44816.1 44896.275741 xeon 8 built-in-guc simple 16 141102.9 141277.727653 xeon 8 built-in-guc prepared 1 12853.7 13006.582353 xeon 8 built-in-guc prepared 4 49189.6 50183.986276 xeon 8 built-in-guc prepared 16 151390.5 151689.193537 xeon 9 master simple 1 12358.6 12148.798480 xeon 9 master simple 4 45615.5 45732.570486 xeon 9 master simple 16 140979.9 141155.846623 xeon 9 master prepared 1 13212.6 13295.050385 xeon 9 master prepared 4 49197.9 49359.670203 xeon 9 master prepared 16 151773.4 151696.645348 xeon 9 built-in simple 1 12387.7 12269.813490 xeon 9 built-in simple 4 45420.7 45559.355159 xeon 9 built-in simple 16 141837.4 141882.647996 xeon 9 built-in prepared 1 13218.3 13262.212145 xeon 9 built-in prepared 4 49217.0 49419.717080 xeon 9 built-in prepared 16 152184.0 152161.183441 xeon 9 built-in-guc simple 1 12614.1 12607.549642 xeon 9 built-in-guc simple 4 46348.9 46732.498833 xeon 9 built-in-guc simple 16 142539.9 142833.568163 xeon 9 built-in-guc prepared 1 13127.4 13224.211389 xeon 9 built-in-guc prepared 4 49220.9 49240.426636 xeon 9 built-in-guc prepared 16 151345.9 151606.285005 xeon 10 master simple 1 12446.2 12473.293384 xeon 10 master simple 4 46430.7 46283.409941 xeon 10 master simple 16 143257.9 143243.023035 xeon 10 master prepared 1 13327.4 13420.132901 xeon 10 master prepared 4 49578.8 49413.363053 xeon 10 master prepared 16 151985.1 152466.368236 xeon 10 built-in simple 1 11670.0 11894.832095 xeon 10 built-in simple 4 46441.1 46485.108513 xeon 10 built-in simple 16 141231.1 141444.233496 xeon 10 built-in prepared 1 13175.4 13404.120931 xeon 10 built-in prepared 4 48438.3 48750.527722 xeon 10 built-in prepared 16 151364.4 151808.579775 xeon 10 built-in-guc simple 1 12306.6 12308.366084 xeon 10 built-in-guc simple 4 46403.4 46508.962630 xeon 10 built-in-guc simple 16 142039.9 142192.078044 xeon 10 built-in-guc prepared 1 12561.5 12902.873643 xeon 10 built-in-guc prepared 4 49244.9 49350.436567 xeon 10 built-in-guc prepared 16 151447.2 151412.039990
