Dua tahun setelah Pak Harto naik panggung kekuasaan kontrak Freeport ditandatangani untuk penambangan tembaga di Gunung Ertsberg di Papua Barat. Kontrak ini tentunya sejalan dengan nafas Undang-undang Penaman Modal Asing [UUPMA] tahun 1967. Seingat saya isi dari UUPMA tsb antara lain mengadung klausul, (a) bebas pajak perusahaan untuk 5 tahun dengan kemungkinan bisa diperpanjang jangka waktunya, (b) bebas transfer keuntungan, (c) tidak boleh ada serikat buruh (d) tidak boleh ada pemogokan buruh, [e] Kestabilan keamanan, dsbnya.
Berapa besar andil Indonesia dalam proyek Freeport tidak jelas, tetapi pernah ada berita koran bahwa 10% dan hanya 3% milik negara Indonesia. Siapa pemilik sisa andil yang 7 %? Tentu dengan mudah bisa diterka jawab dari pertanyaan tsb ialah bahwa pemiliknya adalah mereka di kalangan berkuasa berkuasa dan berpengaruh. Sebagai mana bisanya dari biji tembaga yang diolah bukan saja tembaga, tetapi juga emas dan perak. Diberitakan bahwa dari 100.000 ton biji tembaga kotor asal Freeport yang diolah didapati 20.000 ton tembaga, 2000 ton perak dan 400 kg emas murni. Beberapa tahun kemudian ditemukan deposit emas, yang diperkirakan akan memberikan pendapatan bagi perusahaan sebesar antara 50 dan 60 milyar US Dollar dan pada tahun 1988 kontrak penambangan diperpanjang untuk jangka waktu 30 tahun. Deposit emas yang ditemukan ini menempatkan Freeport di Papua Barat sebagai tambang emas terbesar di dunia. Tambang tembaga mendapat urutan nomor 3. Untuk mengetahui berapa besar pendapatan yang diperoleh pemerintah Indonesia dari Freeport agak sulit, sebab rupanya menjadi rahasia negara. Tetapi pada interpelasi di DPR tahun 2005 diberitahukan bahwa pajak yang terima adalah US$ 297 juta [Suara Pembaruan 16 Feb 2005]. Sesuai Jakarta Post 3 Maret 2005, Freeport menbayar kepada pemerintah Indonesia untuk keamanan perusahaan US$ 4,7 milyun untuk tahun 2001 dan US$ 5,7 untuk tahun 2002. Inter Press News Service, March 2, 2006 melaporkan sbb: "An investigation by the London-based NGO, 'Global Witness' has revealed names of military and police officers who personally received money from Freeport in what the company calls 'pay for protection'. Brig Gen Ramizan Tarigan admitted he received 14,000 US dollars during 2002. In April 2002, Freeport gave the then Papua military chief Maj Gen Mahidin Simbolon 64,000 dollars in what the company dubbed as 'fund for 2002 military project'. In December of that year, Simbolon received another 67,000 dollars for 'humanitarian civic project', according to Global Witness. Simbolon is now the inspector general of the Indonesian Army. In 2003, as the U.S. government imposed stricter assessment on companies, Freeport switched to paying police and military units instead of persons. During that year, the company paid Indonesia's military police and paramilitary 200,000 dollars. Freeport has spent at least 20 million dollars from 1998- May 2004 on military and police officers in Papua, according to the Global Witness investigation. Several former managers interviewed by Global Witness said at least 10 million dollars more were paid after 2004." Sesuai surat Direktur Freeport Richard C. Adkerson ttg 11 Januari 2006 kepada New York Times, berhubung dengan artikel yang mereka terbitkan, Adkerson menyatakan bahwa untuk tahun 2005, Freeport membayar US$ 1 milyar dollar berupa pajak dan deviden kepada pemerintah Indonesia, dalam mana juga ditambahkan bahwa diberikan US$ 40 juta untuk progam pembangunan masyarakat di Papua dan sejak tahun 1998 hingga kini jumlah uang diberikan untuk maksud tsb sebanyak US$ 200,-- juta. Penduduk di Papua Barat sesuai Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta pada tahun 1990 adalah 1.630.000. Tahun 2000 naik 2.214.000 dan tahun 2.003 sampai bulan Juni menjadi 2.360.000. Angka-angka ini tentunya termasuk transmigran yang dikirim ke Papua Barat. Membandingkan jumlah pendapatan yang begitu begitu dan jumlah penduduk Papua Barat yang begitu sedikit [mungkin 1/5 penduduk Jakarta] tentu kalau orang di luar Papua Barat akan berpendapat, bahawa pasti penduduk di Papua Barat hidup memada sebagai manusia merdeka dan sehat". Tetapi pada kenyataannya 80% dari penduduk Papua Barat [ Sinar Kompas 22 Maret 2005] hidup dibawah garis kemiskinan. Menteri kesehatan Dr Siti Fadi Supari menyatakan bahwa busung lapar adalah yang terburuk dari seluruh propinsi di Indonesia. Melihat angka-angka seperti disebutkan mungkin timbul pertanyaan pikiran sehat: Mestikah rakyat Papua Barat hidup demikian dan harus duduk diam berlipat tangan melihat maut berdendang di ujung hidung? Hak apa yang mereka miliki dibawah naungan NKRI? Hak hidup miskin melarat? Wassalam, ----- Original Message ----- From: "Mohamad Ikhsan" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, April 11, 2006 7:55 AM Subject: [ppiindia] Re: West Papuans are happy to be Indonesians > Bung Ambon kalau masalah Freeport saya kurang tau juga tuh. Ngeri juga > kasih komen ngak ndak tau masalah. > > Salam damai, > > > --- In [email protected], "Ambon" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: >> >> Pegolahan kekayaa alam mendatangkan pendapatan yang besar, sebagai > contoh >> hanya pajak dan deviden yang diterima dari Freeport untuk tahun > 2005 adalah >> US$ 1 milyar + US$ 40 juta untuk pembangunan masyarakat. Sekalipun >> pendapatan yang begitu besar, tetapi 80% dari penduduk Papua hidup > dibawah >> garis kemiskinan, rata-rata anak dibawah umur 10 tahun mengalami > penyakit >> Hepatit A. Benarkah bisa happy dengan perut lapar melihat pencuri, > perampok >> dan bandit mengambil harta kekayaan dari rumahnya? >> >> >> ----- Original Message ----- >> From: "M Ikhsan Modjo" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> >> To: <[email protected]>; <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>; >> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> >> Sent: Tuesday, April 11, 2006 4:11 AM >> Subject: [ppiindia] West Papuans are happy to be Indonesians >> >> >> > Satu artikel dari Harian The Age Australian yang ditulis oleh Wahid >> > Supriyadi, Konjen Indonesia di Melbourne. Sekaligus Duta Besar >> > Australia dan Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia masa depan. Pak Wahid ini >> > seorang diplomat karir dan satu saja dari segelintir diplomat kita >> > yang cakap menulis dan luwes masuk ke setiap golongan masyarakat. >> > >> > http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/04/09/1144521206369.html >> > >> > West Papuans are happy to be Indonesians >> > >> > >> > By M. Wahid Supriyadi >> > April 10, 2006 >> > >> > THE granting of temporary protection visas to 42 West Papuans has >> > given new ammunition to anti-Indonesian activists. Old issues such as >> > genocide, human rights abuse and the legitimacy of the Act of Free >> > Choice (whereby West Papua became a part of Indonesia) have once again >> > reared their heads thanks to the arrival of 43 Papuan asylum seekers >> > in Australia. Let me set the record straight. >> > >> > In 1935, the population of West Papua was about 700,000. By 2000, >> > however, the population was 2,220,034. Between 1980 and 1990 the >> > average population growth was 3.34 per cent, well above the national >> > level of 1.74 per cent. From 1990 to 2000, population growth of 3.22 >> > per cent was recorded in West Papua, still well above the national >> > level of 1.49 per cent for the period. It is true that migrants >> > account for a significant slice of this increase in population, but >> > that is the national trend throughout Indonesia. >> > >> > How can anyone accept claims that genocide has been occurring when the >> > facts so obviously indicate otherwise? Let alone when we remember that >> > we are living in the 21st century, in an age of global communications, >> > when not a single untoward death in West Papua could possibly go >> > unnoticed by the world's media. >> > >> > The recent general election in West Papua province was relatively >> > peaceful. About 1.1 million people, or more than 90 per cent of those >> > eligible to vote, took part in the election that saw Barnabas Saebu >> > become Governor-elect with roughly 30 per cent of the vote. This >> > result indicates that, despite allegations to the contrary, the vast >> > majority of West Papuans independently choose to exercise their right >> > to vote without any government or military pressure. >> > >> > Since the downfall of Soeharto in 1998, Indonesia has been steadily >> > transforming itself into the world's third-biggest democracy. In 2004 >> > general elections were held in a peaceful and democratic fashion and, >> > for the first time, the nation directly elected its president. Since >> > its democratic transformation, Indonesia has established its own >> > Commission for Human Rights, empowered to ensure that human rights are >> > upheld throughout Indonesia. Any claims of human rights abuses by the >> > 43 Papuans recently landed in Australia could be addressed through >> > this independent body. >> > >> > Allegations that the "Act of Free Choice", by which West Papua became >> > part of the Indonesian nation, was somehow illegitimate are also >> > without merit. The act was a historic political exercise, involving a >> > series of consultations with tribal councils over a period of several >> > months during 1969, whereby 1025 Papuan tribal chiefs voted for their >> > territory to be reintegrated into Indonesia. This approach was >> > selected as being the most appropriate given the logistical >> > difficulties created by the region's geography, and local political >> > circumstances that dictated that tribal chiefs spoke for and expressed >> > the will of their native communities. The exercise drew extra >> > credibility from the fact that it was carried out in accordance with >> > the New York Agreement struck between Indonesia and the Netherlands. >> > The final seal of legitimacy, however, came from the United Nations' >> > decision, based on a report by the UN Secretary-General, to recognise >> > West Papua as a part of Indonesian territory. >> > >> > Accusations that the absence of a "one man, one vote" referendum on >> > decolonisation made this process of determination invalid are entirely >> > spurious. >> > >> > Finally, the inclusion of West Papua into Indonesia also accords with >> > the principle of international law "uti possidetis juris" that holds >> > that the boundaries of post-colonial states conform with their >> > pre-colonial borders. >> > >> > As to the argument that West Papua's Melanesian population makes it >> > intrinsically dissimilar to the rest of Indonesia, it is important to >> > recognise that Indonesia is home to about 12 million Melanesians, only >> > about 1.4 million of whom live in Papua. Indonesia in fact boasts the >> > largest Melanesian population of any country in the world. Moreover, >> > almost all of the world's nations are comprised of different ethnic >> > groups. Australia is home to people of more than 140 different >> > ethnicities, yet ethnic difference per se does not generally imply a >> > separate and distinct political identity either here or in Indonesia. >> > >> > In response to aspersions that West Papua is the target of a >> > deliberate policy of Javanisation or Islamisation, I feel it is >> > imperative to point out that the majority of Papuans still hold to >> > their traditional beliefs, while Christianity and Islam are both >> > embraced by significant numbers and have been since before the >> > republic was established. Religious life in Indonesia has long been >> > characterised by tolerance, despite the fact that 87 per cent of the >> > population are Muslim. It is true that West Papua has absorbed >> > significant numbers of transmigrants, as have other parts of Indonesia >> > such as Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. However not all these >> > transmigrants have been Javanese, with many originating from Bali and >> > Sulawesi. And there is nothing sinister about this policy; Java is a >> > tiny island about a quarter of the size of West Papua, yet it is home >> > to 140 million people, hence the pressure to move can be considerable. >> > To look at the question from a different perspective; significant >> > numbers of those living on Java are not Javanese, yet there's been no >> > talk of ethnic groups from other islands "invading" Java. >> > >> > Given all this information, claims that the people of West Papua are >> > subject to systematic oppression by the Indonesian Government are >> > clearly fundamentally without merit, reflecting in certain instances >> > the political designs of a small, self-serving minority. >> > >> > M. Wahid Supriyadi is consul-general for Indonesia. >> > >> > -- >> > "Moral behavior is not irrational. The challenge is to define >> > self-interest in a manner capacious enough to accommodate the real >> > motives for people's choices. (Robert H. Frank) >> > >> > ---------------------------- >> > M. Ikhsan Modjo >> > >> > Building H, Room 4.59 >> > Department of Economics >> > Monash University >> > Caufield - Campus >> > Ph. +61-3-990-34511 >> > Fax +61-3-990-31128 >> > >> > Email: >> > [EMAIL PROTECTED] >> > [EMAIL PROTECTED] >> > >> > > http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/depts/eco/research-and-publications/postgraduateresearch.php >> > >> > Personal Blog: >> > http://mimodjo.blogspot.com >> > >> > >> > > *************************************************************************** >> > Berdikusi dg Santun & Elegan, dg Semangat Persahabatan. Menuju > Indonesia >> > yg Lebih Baik, in Commonality & Shared Destiny. >> > http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ppiindia >> > > *************************************************************************** >> > > __________________________________________________________________________ >> > Mohon Perhatian: >> > >> > 1. Harap tdk. memposting/reply yg menyinggung SARA (kecuali sbg > otokritik) >> > 2. Pesan yg akan direply harap dihapus, kecuali yg akan dikomentari. >> > 3. Reading only, http://dear.to/ppi >> > 4. Satu email perhari: [EMAIL PROTECTED] >> > 5. No-email/web only: [EMAIL PROTECTED] >> > 6. kembali menerima email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] >> > >> > Yahoo! Groups Links >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > > > > > > > > *************************************************************************** > Berdikusi dg Santun & Elegan, dg Semangat Persahabatan. 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