Copilot commented on code in PR #4596:
URL: https://github.com/apache/cassandra/pull/4596#discussion_r2886100770


##########
test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/config/DatabaseDescriptorTest.java:
##########
@@ -781,6 +781,27 @@ public void testRowIndexSizeWarnEqAbort()
         DatabaseDescriptor.applyReadThresholdsValidations(conf);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled() {
+        boolean originalValue = 
DatabaseDescriptor.getPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled();
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.assertFalse("Default value of prepared_statement_enabled 
must be false", originalValue);

Review Comment:
   The assertion message says "prepared_statement_enabled" but the 
config/property name is `prepared_statements_require_parameters_enabled`. 
Updating the message will make failures easier to interpret.
   ```suggestion
               Assert.assertFalse("Default value of 
prepared_statements_require_parameters_enabled must be false", originalValue);
   ```



##########
test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/tools/nodetool/GuardrailsConfigCommandsTest.java:
##########
@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@ private Set<String> getConfigFieldNames()
     "group_by_enabled                                 true\n"  +
     "intersect_filtering_query_enabled                true\n"  +
     "intersect_filtering_query_warned                 true\n"  +
+    "prepared_statements_require_parameters_enabled   false\n"  +
     "non_partition_restricted_index_query_enabled     true\n"  +

Review Comment:
   `ALL_FLAGS_GETTER_OUTPUT` includes 
`prepared_statements_require_parameters_enabled`, but the current 
GuardrailsMBean accessor names would generate `misprepared_statements_enabled` 
in nodetool output. Additionally, the inserted line is out of sort order 
(nodetool output is sorted by guardrail name, so `non_partition...` should 
appear before `prepared...`). Update the expected output (and/or rename the 
MBean methods) so the printed flag names and ordering match what 
`GuardrailsConfigCommand` produces.
   ```suggestion
       "non_partition_restricted_index_query_enabled     true\n"  +
       "misprepared_statements_enabled                   false\n"  +
   ```



##########
conf/cassandra.yaml:
##########
@@ -2536,6 +2536,14 @@ drop_compact_storage_enabled: false
 # This would also apply to system keyspaces.
 # maximum_replication_factor_warn_threshold: -1
 # maximum_replication_factor_fail_threshold: -1
+#
+# Guardrail to warn or fail when a statement is prepared without bind markers 
(parameters).
+# This prevents the Prepared Statement Cache from being flooded with unique 
entries caused
+# by hardcoded literals.
+# When true, the server rejects the preparation of any statement that does not 
contain at least one parameter.
+# When false, the server only emits a warning.
+# Defaults to false.
+# prepared_statements_require_parameters_enabled: false

Review Comment:
   PR description mentions the new flag defaults to true for backward 
compatibility, but the added config field 
(`prepared_statements_require_parameters_enabled`) defaults to `false` in both 
Config and cassandra.yaml comments/tests. Please align the PR description (or 
the default) so operators know the real default behavior.



##########
src/java/org/apache/cassandra/service/StorageServiceMBean.java:
##########
@@ -1097,6 +1097,16 @@ default int upgradeSSTables(String keyspaceName, boolean 
excludeCurrentVersion,
     @Deprecated(since = "5.0")
     public void setColumnIndexCacheSize(int cacheSizeInKB);
 
+    /**
+     * Returns whether use of misprepared statements is enabled
+     */
+    public boolean getPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether use of misprepared statements is enabled

Review Comment:
   These JMX method docs are ambiguous: the config controls whether misprepared 
statements are *rejected* vs only *warned*, not simply whether they are 
"enabled". Consider clarifying the Javadoc to reflect the true/false semantics 
(reject vs warn) so operators understand what toggling does at runtime.
   ```suggestion
        * Returns whether prepared statements that are missing required bound 
parameter values
        * are rejected instead of only generating a warning.
        *
        * @return {@code true} if misprepared statements are rejected, {@code 
false} if they are only
        *         warned about and still executed.
        */
       public boolean getPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled();
   
       /**
        * Controls whether prepared statements that are missing required bound 
parameter values
        * are rejected instead of only generating a warning.
        *
        * @param enabled {@code true} to reject misprepared statements, {@code 
false} to only log a
        *                warning and still execute them.
   ```



##########
test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/MispreparedStatementsTest.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.cassandra.cql3;
+
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.apache.cassandra.auth.AuthenticatedUser;
+import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.ConsistencyLevel;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.guardrails.GuardrailViolatedException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.guardrails.Guardrails;
+import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
+import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientWarn;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class MispreparedStatementsTest extends CQLTester
+{
+    private static final ClientState state = ClientState.forExternalCalls(new 
InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9042));
+    private static boolean originalValue;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setupGlobalConfig()
+    {
+        CQLTester.requireAuthentication();
+        originalValue = 
DatabaseDescriptor.getPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled();
+        DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(true);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void cleanUp()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(originalValue);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp()
+    {
+        AuthenticatedUser nonSuperUser = new AuthenticatedUser("regular-user")
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSuper()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSystem()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isAnonymous()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean canLogin()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+
+        state.login(nonSuperUser);
+        state.setKeyspace(KEYSPACE);
+        ClientWarn.instance.captureWarnings();
+        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int, description text, age int, name 
text, PRIMARY KEY (id, name, age))");
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown()
+    {
+        DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithClusteringKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name = 
'v1' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1 
AND name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithWhereNonPrimaryKeyColumn()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE 
description = 'foo' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithCompositeRestriction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT sum(id) from %s WHERE 
(name, age) = ('a', 1) ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFunction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT sum(id) from %s where 
name = 'v1' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithRangeRestriction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1 
AND name > 'a'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id IN 
(1, 2, 3)", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnClusteringKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name IN 
('a', 'b') ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id IN 
(1, 2, 3) AND name in ('a', 'b')", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDDLStatementsBypass()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS test_table (id INT 
PRIMARY KEY)");
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWhereLiteralWithLike()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name 
LIKE 'prefix%%' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertJsonGuardrail()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("INSERT INTO %s JSON '{\"id\": 
1, \"name\": \"v1\"}'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("UPDATE %s SET description = 
'new' WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'name' AND age = 1", KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithIfCondition()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("UPDATE %s SET description = 
'v2' WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'v1' AND age = 1 IF description = 'v0'", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteWithFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("DELETE FROM %s WHERE id = 1 AND 
name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiTableBatchGuardrailAllLiteral()
+    {
+        String table1 = currentTable();
+        String table2 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int PRIMARY KEY, val 
text)");
+        String query = String.format("BEGIN BATCH " +
+                                     "UPDATE %s.%s SET description = 'v1' 
WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'n1' AND age = 1; " +
+                                     "INSERT INTO %s.%s (id, val) VALUES (2, 
'v2'); " +
+                                     "APPLY BATCH",
+                                     KEYSPACE, table1, KEYSPACE, table2);
+
+        assertGuardrailViolated(query);
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSucceedWithOnlyBindMarkers()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = ? AND 
name = ?", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSucceedWithOneBindMarkerOneLiteral()
+    {
+
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = ? AND 
name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAllPasses()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLiteralInProjectionIsAllowed()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT id, (text)'const_val' FROM 
%s WHERE id = ?", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInternalBypass()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM " + KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable() + " WHERE id = 1", ClientState.forInternalCalls());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSuperUserBypass()
+    {
+        AuthenticatedUser superUser = new AuthenticatedUser("super-user")
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSuper()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSystem()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isAnonymous()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean canLogin()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+        ClientState superUserState = ClientState.forExternalCalls(new 
InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9042));
+        superUserState.login(superUser);
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM " + KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable() + " WHERE id = 1", superUserState);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailBypassesNonPrepareStatements()
+    {
+        String tableName = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int PRIMARY KEY, 
name text)");
+
+        try
+        {
+            String query = String.format("SELECT * FROM %s.%s WHERE id = 1 and 
name = 'v1' ALLOW FILTERING",
+                                         KEYSPACE, tableName);
+
+            QueryProcessor.process(query, ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
+            assertNoWarnings();
+        }
+        catch (GuardrailViolatedException e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail("Non Prepare statement also checked for prepared 
constraints");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailDoesNotAppliesToNonPreparableStatements()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("ALTER TABLE %s add mime text", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }

Review Comment:
   Method name grammar: `testGuardrailDoesNotAppliesToNonPreparableStatements` 
should be `...DoesNotApply...` for readability and consistency.



##########
test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/MispreparedStatementsTest.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.cassandra.cql3;
+
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.apache.cassandra.auth.AuthenticatedUser;
+import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.ConsistencyLevel;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.guardrails.GuardrailViolatedException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.guardrails.Guardrails;
+import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
+import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientWarn;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class MispreparedStatementsTest extends CQLTester
+{
+    private static final ClientState state = ClientState.forExternalCalls(new 
InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9042));
+    private static boolean originalValue;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setupGlobalConfig()
+    {
+        CQLTester.requireAuthentication();
+        originalValue = 
DatabaseDescriptor.getPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled();
+        DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(true);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void cleanUp()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(originalValue);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp()
+    {
+        AuthenticatedUser nonSuperUser = new AuthenticatedUser("regular-user")
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSuper()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSystem()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isAnonymous()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean canLogin()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+
+        state.login(nonSuperUser);
+        state.setKeyspace(KEYSPACE);
+        ClientWarn.instance.captureWarnings();
+        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int, description text, age int, name 
text, PRIMARY KEY (id, name, age))");
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown()
+    {
+        DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithClusteringKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name = 
'v1' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1 
AND name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithWhereNonPrimaryKeyColumn()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE 
description = 'foo' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithCompositeRestriction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT sum(id) from %s WHERE 
(name, age) = ('a', 1) ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFunction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT sum(id) from %s where 
name = 'v1' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithRangeRestriction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1 
AND name > 'a'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id IN 
(1, 2, 3)", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnClusteringKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name IN 
('a', 'b') ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id IN 
(1, 2, 3) AND name in ('a', 'b')", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDDLStatementsBypass()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS test_table (id INT 
PRIMARY KEY)");
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWhereLiteralWithLike()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name 
LIKE 'prefix%%' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertJsonGuardrail()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("INSERT INTO %s JSON '{\"id\": 
1, \"name\": \"v1\"}'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("UPDATE %s SET description = 
'new' WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'name' AND age = 1", KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithIfCondition()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("UPDATE %s SET description = 
'v2' WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'v1' AND age = 1 IF description = 'v0'", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteWithFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("DELETE FROM %s WHERE id = 1 AND 
name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiTableBatchGuardrailAllLiteral()
+    {
+        String table1 = currentTable();
+        String table2 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int PRIMARY KEY, val 
text)");
+        String query = String.format("BEGIN BATCH " +
+                                     "UPDATE %s.%s SET description = 'v1' 
WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'n1' AND age = 1; " +
+                                     "INSERT INTO %s.%s (id, val) VALUES (2, 
'v2'); " +
+                                     "APPLY BATCH",
+                                     KEYSPACE, table1, KEYSPACE, table2);
+
+        assertGuardrailViolated(query);
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSucceedWithOnlyBindMarkers()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = ? AND 
name = ?", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSucceedWithOneBindMarkerOneLiteral()
+    {
+
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = ? AND 
name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAllPasses()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLiteralInProjectionIsAllowed()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT id, (text)'const_val' FROM 
%s WHERE id = ?", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInternalBypass()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM " + KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable() + " WHERE id = 1", ClientState.forInternalCalls());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSuperUserBypass()
+    {
+        AuthenticatedUser superUser = new AuthenticatedUser("super-user")
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSuper()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSystem()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isAnonymous()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean canLogin()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+        ClientState superUserState = ClientState.forExternalCalls(new 
InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9042));
+        superUserState.login(superUser);
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM " + KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable() + " WHERE id = 1", superUserState);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailBypassesNonPrepareStatements()
+    {
+        String tableName = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int PRIMARY KEY, 
name text)");
+
+        try
+        {
+            String query = String.format("SELECT * FROM %s.%s WHERE id = 1 and 
name = 'v1' ALLOW FILTERING",
+                                         KEYSPACE, tableName);
+
+            QueryProcessor.process(query, ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
+            assertNoWarnings();
+        }
+        catch (GuardrailViolatedException e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail("Non Prepare statement also checked for prepared 
constraints");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailDoesNotAppliesToNonPreparableStatements()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("ALTER TABLE %s add mime text", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSystemKeyspaceBypassForRegularUser()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM system.local WHERE key = 
'local'");
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailDisabledAllowsLiterals()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(false);
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1", 
currentTable()));
+        assertWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWarningIsIssuedWhenGuardrailIsAllowed()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(false);
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1", 
currentTable()));
+        assertWarnings();
+
+    }
+
+    @Test

Review Comment:
   `testGuardrailDisabledAllowsLiterals` and 
`testWarningIsIssuedWhenGuardrailIsAllowed` are currently testing the same 
behavior (both set the flag false, prepare the same literal query, and assert 
warnings). Consider removing one or making them cover distinct scenarios; also, 
the name "Disabled" is confusing because the flag=false path still emits 
warnings (it isn't truly disabled).
   ```suggestion
   
   ```



##########
test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/MispreparedStatementsTest.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.cassandra.cql3;
+
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.apache.cassandra.auth.AuthenticatedUser;
+import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.ConsistencyLevel;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.guardrails.GuardrailViolatedException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.guardrails.Guardrails;
+import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
+import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientWarn;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class MispreparedStatementsTest extends CQLTester
+{
+    private static final ClientState state = ClientState.forExternalCalls(new 
InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9042));
+    private static boolean originalValue;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setupGlobalConfig()
+    {
+        CQLTester.requireAuthentication();
+        originalValue = 
DatabaseDescriptor.getPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled();
+        DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(true);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void cleanUp()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(originalValue);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp()
+    {
+        AuthenticatedUser nonSuperUser = new AuthenticatedUser("regular-user")
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSuper()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSystem()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isAnonymous()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean canLogin()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+
+        state.login(nonSuperUser);
+        state.setKeyspace(KEYSPACE);
+        ClientWarn.instance.captureWarnings();
+        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int, description text, age int, name 
text, PRIMARY KEY (id, name, age))");
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown()
+    {
+        DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithClusteringKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name = 
'v1' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1 
AND name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithWhereNonPrimaryKeyColumn()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE 
description = 'foo' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithCompositeRestriction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT sum(id) from %s WHERE 
(name, age) = ('a', 1) ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFunction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT sum(id) from %s where 
name = 'v1' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithRangeRestriction()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1 
AND name > 'a'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id IN 
(1, 2, 3)", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnClusteringKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name IN 
('a', 'b') ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectInRestrictionOnFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id IN 
(1, 2, 3) AND name in ('a', 'b')", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDDLStatementsBypass()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS test_table (id INT 
PRIMARY KEY)");
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWhereLiteralWithLike()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE name 
LIKE 'prefix%%' ALLOW FILTERING", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertJsonGuardrail()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("INSERT INTO %s JSON '{\"id\": 
1, \"name\": \"v1\"}'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithPartitionKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("UPDATE %s SET description = 
'new' WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'name' AND age = 1", KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithIfCondition()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("UPDATE %s SET description = 
'v2' WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'v1' AND age = 1 IF description = 'v0'", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteWithFullPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailViolated(String.format("DELETE FROM %s WHERE id = 1 AND 
name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiTableBatchGuardrailAllLiteral()
+    {
+        String table1 = currentTable();
+        String table2 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int PRIMARY KEY, val 
text)");
+        String query = String.format("BEGIN BATCH " +
+                                     "UPDATE %s.%s SET description = 'v1' 
WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'n1' AND age = 1; " +
+                                     "INSERT INTO %s.%s (id, val) VALUES (2, 
'v2'); " +
+                                     "APPLY BATCH",
+                                     KEYSPACE, table1, KEYSPACE, table2);
+
+        assertGuardrailViolated(query);
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSucceedWithOnlyBindMarkers()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = ? AND 
name = ?", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSucceedWithOneBindMarkerOneLiteral()
+    {
+
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = ? AND 
name = 'v1'", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAllPasses()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLiteralInProjectionIsAllowed()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT id, (text)'const_val' FROM 
%s WHERE id = ?", currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInternalBypass()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM " + KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable() + " WHERE id = 1", ClientState.forInternalCalls());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSuperUserBypass()
+    {
+        AuthenticatedUser superUser = new AuthenticatedUser("super-user")
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSuper()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isSystem()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isAnonymous()
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean canLogin()
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+        ClientState superUserState = ClientState.forExternalCalls(new 
InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9042));
+        superUserState.login(superUser);
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM " + KEYSPACE + '.' + 
currentTable() + " WHERE id = 1", superUserState);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailBypassesNonPrepareStatements()
+    {
+        String tableName = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int PRIMARY KEY, 
name text)");
+
+        try
+        {
+            String query = String.format("SELECT * FROM %s.%s WHERE id = 1 and 
name = 'v1' ALLOW FILTERING",
+                                         KEYSPACE, tableName);
+
+            QueryProcessor.process(query, ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
+            assertNoWarnings();
+        }
+        catch (GuardrailViolatedException e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail("Non Prepare statement also checked for prepared 
constraints");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailDoesNotAppliesToNonPreparableStatements()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("ALTER TABLE %s add mime text", 
currentTable()));
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSystemKeyspaceBypassForRegularUser()
+    {
+        assertGuardrailPassed("SELECT * FROM system.local WHERE key = 
'local'");
+        assertNoWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailDisabledAllowsLiterals()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(false);
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1", 
currentTable()));
+        assertWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWarningIsIssuedWhenGuardrailIsAllowed()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(false);
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = 1", 
currentTable()));
+        assertWarnings();
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardrailDisabledAllowsBatchLiterals()
+    {
+        
DatabaseDescriptor.setPreparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled(false);
+        String tableName = currentTable();
+        assertGuardrailPassed(String.format("BEGIN BATCH " +
+                                            "INSERT INTO %s.%s (id, 
description, name, age) VALUES (1, 'v1', 'v1', 1); " +
+                                            "UPDATE %s.%s SET description = 
'v2' WHERE id = 2 AND name = 'v1' AND age = 1; " +
+                                            "APPLY BATCH", KEYSPACE, 
tableName, KEYSPACE, tableName));
+        assertWarnings();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockedStatementsDoNotEnterCache()
+    {
+        QueryProcessor.clearPreparedStatementsCache();
+        int initialCacheSize = QueryProcessor.preparedStatementsCount();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+        {
+            String query = String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE id = %d", 
currentTable(), i);
+            try
+            {
+                QueryProcessor.instance.prepare(query, state);
+            }
+            catch (GuardrailViolatedException e)
+            {
+                // Expected: Guardrail throws exception
+            }
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals("Blocked misprepared statements should not be 
added to the cache", initialCacheSize, 
QueryProcessor.preparedStatementsCount());
+    }
+
+    private void assertGuardrailViolated(String query)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            QueryProcessor.instance.prepare(query, state);
+            Assert.fail("Expected GuardrailViolatedException for query: " + 
query);
+        }
+        catch (GuardrailViolatedException e)
+        {
+            assertTrue(e.getMessage().contains("Guardrail " + 
Guardrails.preparedStatementsRequireParametersEnabled.name + " violated"));
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail(e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertNoWarnings()
+    {
+        List<String> warnings = ClientWarn.instance.getWarnings();
+        if (warnings != null)
+        {
+            assertTrue("Expected performance tip warning was found",
+                       warnings.stream().noneMatch(w -> 
w.contains(Guardrails.MISPREPARED_STATEMENT_WARN_MESSAGE)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertWarnings()
+    {
+        List<String> warnings = ClientWarn.instance.getWarnings();
+        assertTrue("Expected performance tip warning was not found",
+                   warnings.stream().anyMatch(w -> 
w.contains(Guardrails.MISPREPARED_STATEMENT_WARN_MESSAGE)));
+    }

Review Comment:
   `assertWarnings()` can throw NPE when no warnings are present because 
`ClientWarn.instance.getWarnings()` may return null. It would be more robust to 
assert the list is non-null before streaming (so failures report a clear 
assertion instead of NPE). Also, `assertNoWarnings()` uses the message 
"Expected ... warning was found"; that reads backwards for the "no warnings" 
assertion (it should indicate an *unexpected* warning).



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