On Dec 11, 2010, at 6:07 PM, Leland Jackson wrote: > Below is an interesting article form NYTimes.com on President > Eisenhower's farewell address to the nation, which warned about a > permanent war-based industrial complex's potential to abuse its powers.
Of which the current administration and the outgoing Congress are the reductio ad absurdum. - Publius > > #---------------------------------- > > In Archive, New Light on Evolution of Eisenhower Speech > By SAM ROBERTS > Published: December 10, 2010 > > The phrase that would emerge as the most enduring legacy of what became, > arguably, the most famous farewell address since George Washington’s > evolved over 20 months and was agreed to only a few days before it was > delivered. > > The words, in a speech by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, were > transformed from a warning against a “war-based industrial complex” into > a “vast military-industrial complex” and finally into a more vanilla > “military-industrial complex,” which seemed controversial enough without > the qualifier. > > Documents released Friday by the National Archives shed new light on the > genesis of the phrase in the televised address, which Eisenhower > delivered on Jan. 17, 1961, three days before his successor’s inauguration. > > In the final version, the president recalled that until recently the > nation had no permanent arms industry, that “American makers of > plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well,” but > said that the country could no longer risk “emergency improvisation of > national defense.” An adequate military establishment and arms industry > were vital, he said, but their conjunction and “its total influence — > economic, political, even spiritual” also had “grave implications.” > > “In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of > unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the > military-industrial complex,” Eisenhower warned. “The potential for the > disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must > never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or > democratic processes.” > > In the version he read from that night, those words were underlined. > Several were typed in capital letters. > > The newly released letters, memos and speech drafts — 21 in all — were > received by the National Archives from Grant Moos, whose father, > Malcolm, was Eisenhower’s special assistant and chief speechwriter. > > “It’s probably the most important farewell address of the modern era,” > said Karl Weissenbach, director of the Eisenhower Presidential Library > and Museum in Abilene, Kan. “And now we get to see its evolution, which > started in May 1959 and didn’t end until it was delivered. We also learn > the important role of Milton Eisenhower, who was instrumental in making > sure that his brother’s thoughts would be correctly portrayed.” > > The earliest White House memos suggesting a farewell address mentioned > only an appeal for bipartisanship. But the president wrote his brother > on May 25, 1959, of “the importance of getting our people to understand > that local affairs have a definite relationship to foreign affairs.” A > year later, another White House aide was urging the president’s > speechwriter to read Washington’s farewell address, especially its > warning of “overgrown military establishments.” > > On Oct. 31, 1960, another speechwriter, Ralph E. Williams, warned of a > “permanent war-based industry” run by former military officials. > > An undated draft titled “commencement” called for “jealous precaution” > (Milton Eisenhower later deleted “jealous”) by civilian authorities “to > avoid measures which would enable any segment of this > military-industrial complex to sharpen the focus of its own power at the > expense of the sound balance which now prevails.” > > The president’s staff later expressed surprise at the phrase’s durability. > > “I am sure that had it been uttered by anyone except a president who had > also been the Army’s five-star chief of staff, it would long since have > been forgotten,” Williams recalled years later. > > http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/11/us/politics/11eisenhower.html?_r=1&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=a24 > > #------------------------------ > > Regards, > > LelandJ > > [excessive quoting removed by server] _______________________________________________ Post Messages to: [email protected] Subscription Maintenance: http://leafe.com/mailman/listinfo/profox OT-free version of this list: http://leafe.com/mailman/listinfo/profoxtech Searchable Archive: http://leafe.com/archives/search/profox This message: http://leafe.com/archives/byMID/profox/[email protected] ** All postings, unless explicitly stated otherwise, are the opinions of the author, and do not constitute legal or medical advice. This statement is added to the messages for those lawyers who are too stupid to see the obvious.
