Sangkot Marzuki yang saya yakin merasa dilingkungi oleh orang-orang Islam Indonesia yang dungu-dungu kayak anjing yang masih percaya manusia itu keturunan Adam dan Siti Hawa....
--- In [email protected], jusfiq.hadjar@... wrote: > > Source: Penn State (http://www.psu.edu/) > > > Date: Posted 5/14/2001 > > Study Supports Out-Of-Africa Origin For East Asians > > University Park, Pa. An international study of Y chromosomal > DNA shows that East Asian populations migrated out of Africa and > suggests that little or no interbreeding of Homo erectus and > Homo sapiens occurred after the migration. "Our goal was to test > the hypothesis that the common origin of human populations is in > Africa," says co-author Dr. Mark D. Shriver, assistant professor > of anthropology at Penn State. "We also wanted to see if there > was evidence of archaic admixture of Homo erectus and Homo > sapiens." The researchers tested 12,127 male individuals from > 163 East Asian populations. The Y chromosome was used because it > remains the same when passed from father to son. The team > reported their findings in today's (May 11) issue of the > journal, Science. > > "The Y chromosome is nice because it does not recombine," says > Shriver. "A lot more evolutionary information is available than > is found in mitochondrial DNA." Mitochondrial DNA is non-nuclear > genetic material passed from mothers to their children and has > been used for some previous African origin research. > > Researchers from China, Indonesia, England and the U.S. > collected samples, genotyped the Y chromosomes and analyzed the > results. They looked for specific mutations at three locations > on the Y chromosome and found that every one of the 12,127 > samples typed, carried one of these three polymorphisms. > > "These three markers can be used to test the completeness of the > replacement of modern humans of African origin in East Asia," > the researchers say. "An observation of a male individual not > carrying one of the three polymorphisms would be indicative of a > potential ancient origin and possibly leading to the rejection > of such completeness." > > This result indicates that modern humans of African origin > completely replaced earlier populations in East Africa, > according to the researchers. > > Shriver warns, however, that there are some ways in which this > result could be accurate, even though interbreeding took place. > If all of the Y chromosomes inherited from Homo erectus were > eliminated from the population because those with Homo erectus > ancestors were swept from the population due to a disease to > which they were especially susceptible, they would not appear in > the sample. Also, if only Homo erectus women mated with Homo > sapiens men, but no Homo sapiens women mated with Homo erectus > men, then there would be no Y chromosomal evidence of the > admixture. > > While these possibilities must be considered, one of the > strongest components of this study is its size. The 163 > population samples came from populations in Central Asia, > Central Siberia, Okhotsk/Amur, Kamchatka/Chukotka, Northern East > Asia, Northern Han Chinese, Southern Han Chinese, Taiwanese > Aborigines, Southeast Asia, Indonesia/Malaysia, Poly/Micronesia > and Northeast India, covering a broad geographic area. > > The large number of populations also eliminates the possibility > that genetic drift is the cause of the researcher's results. > Genetic drift is a tendency for small populations to gradually > alter their genetic make up over time. The researchers find it > hard to imagine that all the 163 populations should drift in the > same direction. > > The size of the sample, 12,000 individuals, also provides strong > statistical evidence that the researcher's findings are correct. > The possibility of the study missing one case of admixture in > one thousand subjects is so small the number is truly minute. > Even if one investigated the likelihood of one Homo erectus > admixture in a million individuals, the number remains far below > that which validates the result. > > > The research team included Yuehai Ke, Xiufeng Song, Daru Lu, > Lifeng Chen, Hongyu Li, Chunjian Qi and Jiangzhong Jin, Fudan > University and Morgan-Tan International Center for Life Science, > Shanghai, China; Bing Su, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the > Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Fudan University and > University of Texas-Houston; Sangkot Marzuki, Eijkman Institute > for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ranjan Deka, > University of Cincinnati; Peter Underhill and Peter Oefner, > Stanford University; Chunjie Xiao,Yunnan University, Kunming; > Mark Shriver, Penn State; Jeff Lell and Douglas Wallace, Emory > University School of Medicine; R Spencer Wells, University of > Oxford, UK; Mark Seielstad, Harvard School of Public Health; > Dingliang Zhu, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai: Wei > Huang and Zhu Chen, Shanghai Second Medical University and > National Human Genome Center; Ranajit Chakraborty, University of > Texas- Houston and Li Jin, Fudan University and Morgan-Tan > International Center for Life Sciences, University of > Texas-Houston and National Human Genome Center, Shanghai. > ------------------------------------ Post message: [email protected] Subscribe : [email protected] Unsubscribe : [email protected] List owner : [email protected] Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! 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