FYI --
How Saudi petrodollars fuel rise of Salafism By Marc DAOU the 29/09/2012 - 16:49 Since the 2011 Arab revolts, a loose network of underground zealots has evolved into a potent and highly vocal force. Behind the remarkable rise of Salafism lies the world's leading producer of oil and extremist Islam: Saudi Arabia. When protesters incensed by an anti-Muslim video scaled the walls of the US embassy in Cairo on September 11, tearing down the Stars and Stripes, a black flag could be seen floating above the battered compound. From Sanaa, in Yemen, to Libya's Benghazi, the same black banner, emblem of the Salafists, soon became a ubiquitous sight as anti-US protests spread like wildfire across the Arab world. The 2011 Arab uprisings have served the Salafists well. With the old dictators gone, a once subterranean network of hardliners has sprung into prominence funded by a wealthy Gulf patron locked in a post-Arab Spring rivalry with a fellow Gulf monarchy. The `predecessors' A puritanical branch of Islam, Salafism advocates a strict, literalist interpretation of the Koran and a return to the practices of the "Salaf" (the predecessors), as the Prophet Mohammed and his disciples are known. While Salafist groups can differ widely, from the peaceful, quietist kind to the more violent clusters, it is the latter who have attracted most attention in recent months. In Libya and Mali, radical Salafists have been busy destroying ancient shrines built by more moderate groups, such as Sufi Muslims. Fellow extremists in Tunisia have tried to silence secular media and destroy "heretical" artwork. And the presence of Salafist fighting units in Syria has been largely documented. Less well known is who is paying for all this and why. `Export-Wahhabism' For regional experts, diplomats and intelligence services, the answer to the first question lies in the seemingly endless flow of petrodollars coming from oil-rich Saudi Arabia. "There is plenty of evidence pointing to the fact that Saudi money is financing the various Salafist groups," said Samir Amghar, author of "Le salafisme d'aujourd'hui. Mouvements sectaires en Occident" (Contemporary Salafism: Sectarian movement in the West). According to Antoine Basbous, who heads the Paris-based Observatory of Arab Countries, "the Salafism we hear about in Mali and North Africa is in fact the export version of Wahhabism," a conservative branch of Sunni Islam actively promoted and practised by Saudi Arabia's ruling family. Since the 1970s oil crises provided the ruling House of Saud with a seemingly endless supply of cash, "the Saudis have been financing [Wahhabism] around the world to the tune of several million euros," Basbous told FRANCE 24. Opaque channels Not all of the cash comes from Saudi state coffers. "Traditionally, the money is handed out by members of the royal family, businessmen or religious leaders, and channelled via Muslim charities and humanitarian organizations," said Karim Sader, a political analyst who specializes in the Gulf states, in an interview with FRANCE 24. Until the Arab Spring revolts upended the region's political landscape, these hidden channels enabled the Salafists' Saudi patrons to circumvent the authoritarian regimes who were bent on crushing all Islamist groups. These were the same opaque channels that allegedly supplied arms to extremist groups, particularly in Pakistan and Afghanistan, according to Western intelligence officials. Free education Other, slightly less shadowy recipients of Saudi petrodollars include the numerous religious institutions built around the Arab world to preach Wahhabi Islam, as well as the growing list of Saudi satellite channels that provide a platform for radical Salafist preachers. A large share of the booty also goes to Arab students attending religious courses at the kingdom's universities in Medina, Riyadh and the Mecca. "Most of the students at Medina University are foreigners who benefit from generous scholarships handed out by Saudi patrons, as well as free accommodation and plane tickets," said Amghar. "Once they have graduated, the brightest are hired by the Saudi monarchy, while the rest return to their respective countries to preach Wahhabi Islam". According to Amghar, the members of France's nascent Salafist movement follow a similar path. Direct funding Exporting its own brand of Islam is not the only item on Saudi Arabia's foreign policy agenda. "While they see themselves as the guardians of Islamic doctrine and have always generously financed Muslim missionaries, the Saudis' priority is not to `salafise' the Muslim world," explained Amghar. "Their real aim is to consolidate their political and ideological influence by establishing a network of supporters capable of defending the kingdom's strategic and economic interests." Since last year's Arab revolutions, these supporters have benefited from more direct and politically motivated funding. "With the region's former dictators out of the way, Salafist groups have evolved into well-established parties benefiting from more official Saudi aid," said Sader, pointing to the spectacular rise of Egypt's al-Nour party, which picked up a surprising 24% of the vote in January's parliamentary polls. "The Saudis were genuinely surprised by the Arab Spring revolts," said Mohamed-Ali Adraoui, a political analyst who specialises in the Muslim world. "Riyadh's response was to back certain Salafist groups (...) so that it may gain further clout in their respective countries," Adraoui told FRANCE 24. Gulf rivalries The Saudi strategy is similar to that adopted by its arch Gulf rival Qatar - a smaller but equally oil-rich kingdom - in its dealings with the Muslim Brotherhood, the other great beneficiary of the Arab Spring. "When it comes to financing Islamist parties, there is intense competition between Qatar and Saudi Arabia," said Sader. "While the smaller emirate pours its endless wealth on the more moderate and urbanised Muslim Brootherhood, members of the Saudi royal family tend to aim their petrodollars at the poorer, rural constituencies that form the backbone of the Salafist support." According to Amghar, Saudi Arabia, a key US ally, has another, more pragmatic reason to support the Salafists. "Having long turned a blind eye to the generous funding of all sorts of violent jihadist groups by members of the Saudi establishment, the royal family began exercising closer control in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks," he says. By restricting its financing to more controllable groups based outside its borders, such as the Salafists, "Saudi Arabia ensures it will not be threatened by home-grown jihadists on its soil". As Amghar concludes, that might explain why there were no protesters, let alone any black flags, outside the US embassy in Riyadh this month. Source URL: http://www.france24.com/en/20120929-how-saudi-arabia-petrodollars-finance-salafist-winter-islamism-wahhabism-egypt ------------------------------------ Post message: [email protected] Subscribe : [email protected] Unsubscribe : [email protected] List owner : [email protected] Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/ <*> Your email settings: Individual Email | Traditional <*> To change settings online go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/join (Yahoo! 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