Saat ahli ilmu falak meneliti bagaiman alam semesta ini terjadi, masih ada aja
orang Islam yang dungu-dungu kayak anjing itu yang bersedia melahap bualan
orang primitif yang ngibul bilang allah tahayul yang tidak berbukti ada itu
menciptakan bumi khayalan yang tujuh lapis dan langit khayalan yang tujuh lapis
etc..etc.
Web address:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/
121129143452.htm
The Beginning of Everything: New Paradigm Shift for the Infant Universe
ScienceDaily (Nov. 29, 2012) A new paradigm for understanding the earliest
eras in the history of the universe has been developed by scientists at Penn
State University. Using techniques from an area of modern physics called loop
quantum cosmology, developed at Penn State, the scientists now have extended
analyses that include quantum physics farther back in time than ever before --
all the way to the beginning. The new paradigm of loop quantum origins shows,
for the first time, that the large-scale structures we now see in the universe
evolved from fundamental fluctuations in the essential quantum nature of
"space-time," which existed even at the very beginning of the universe over 14
billion years ago. The achievement also provides new opportunities for testing
competing theories of modern cosmology against breakthrough observations
expected from next-generation telescopes.
The research will be published on 11 December 2012 as an "Editor's Suggestion"
paper in the scientific journal Physical Review Letters.
"We humans always have yearned to understand more about the origin and
evolution of our universe," said Abhay Ashtekar, the senior author of the
paper. "So it is an exciting time in our group right now, as we begin using our
new paradigm to understand, in more detail, the dynamics that matter and
geometry experienced during the earliest eras of the universe, including at the
very beginning." Ashtekar is the Holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Physics
at Penn State and the director of the university's Institute for Gravitation
and the Cosmos. Coauthors of the paper, along with Ashtekar, are postdoctoral
fellows Ivan Agullo and William Nelson.
The new paradigm provides a conceptual and mathematical framework for
describing the exotic "quantum-mechanical geometry of space-time" in the very
early universe. The paradigm shows that, during this early era, the universe
was compressed to such unimaginable densities that its behavior was ruled not
by the classical physics of Einstein's general theory of relativity, but by an
even more fundamental theory that also incorporates the strange dynamics of
quantum mechanics. The density of matter was huge then -- 1094 grams per cubic
centimeter, as compared with the density of an atomic nucleus today, which is
only 1014 grams.
In this bizarre quantum-mechanical environment -- where one can speak only of
probabilities of events rather than certainties -- physical properties
naturally would be vastly different from the way we experience them today.
Among these differences, Ashtekar said, are the concept of "time," as well as
the changing dynamics of various systems over time as they experience the
fabric of quantum geometry itself.
No space observatories have been able to detect anything as long ago and far
away as the very early eras of the universe described by the new paradigm. But
a few observatories have come close. Cosmic background radiation has been
detected in an era when the universe was only 380-thousand years old. By that
time, after a period of rapid expansion called "inflation," the universe had
burst out into a much-diluted version of its earlier super-compressed self. At
the beginning of inflation, the density of the universe was a trillion times
less than during its infancy, so quantum factors now are much less important in
ruling the large-scale dynamics of matter and geometry.
Observations of the cosmic background radiation show that the universe had a
predominantly uniform consistency after inflation, except for a light
sprinkling of some regions that were more dense and others that were less
dense. The standard inflationary paradigm for describing the early universe,
which uses the classical-physics equations of Einstein, treats space-time as a
smooth continuum. "The inflationary paradigm enjoys remarkable success in
explaining the observed features of the cosmic background radiation. Yet this
model is incomplete. It retains the idea that the universe burst forth from
nothing in a Big Bang, which naturally results from the inability of the
paradigm's general-relativity physics to describe extreme quantum-mechanical
situations," Agullo said. "One needs a quantum theory of gravity, like loop
quantum cosmology, to go beyond Einstein in order to capture the true physics
near the origin of the universe."
Earlier work with loop quantum cosmology in Ashtekar's group had updated the
concept of the Big Bang with the intriguing concept of a Big Bounce, which
allows the possibility that our universe emerged not from nothing but from a
super-compressed mass of matter that previously may have had a history of its
own.
Even though the quantum-mechanical conditions at the beginning of the universe
were vastly different from the classical-physics conditions after inflation,
the new achievement by the Penn State physicists reveals a surprising
connection between the two different paradigms that describe these eras. When
scientists use the inflation paradigm together with Einstein's equations to
model the evolution of the seed-like areas sprinkled throughout the cosmic
background radiation, they find that the irregularities serve as seeds that
evolve over time into the galaxy clusters and other large-scale structures that
we see in the universe today. Amazingly, when the Penn State scientists used
their new loop-quantum-origins paradigm with its quantum-cosmology equations,
they found that fundamental fluctuations in the very nature of space at the
moment of the Big Bounce evolve to become the seed-like structures seen in the
cosmic microwave background.
"Our new work shows that the initial conditions at the very beginning of the
universe naturally lead to the large-scale structure of the universe that we
observe today," Ashtekar said. "In human terms, it is like taking a snapshot of
a baby right at birth and then being able to project from it an accurate
profile of how that person will be at age 100."
"This paper pushes back the genesis of the cosmic structure of our universe
from the inflationary epoch all the way to the Big Bounce, covering some 11
orders of magnitude in the density of matter and the curvature of space-time,"
Nelson said. "We now have narrowed down the initial conditions that could exist
at the Big Bounce, plus we find that the evolution of those initial conditions
agrees with observations of the cosmic background radiation."
The team's results also identify a narrower range of parameters for which the
new paradigm predicts novel effects, distinguishing it from standard inflation.
Ashtekar said, "It is exciting that we soon may be able to test different
predictions from these two theories against future discoveries with
next-generation observational missions. Such experiments will help us to
continue gaining a deeper understanding of the very, very early universe."
The research was supported by the National Science Foundation.
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Penn State. The
original article was written by Barbara K. Kennedy.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further
information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Ivan Agullo, Abhay Ashtekar, and William Nelson. Quantum gravity extension
of the inflationary scenario. Physical Review Letters, December 11, 2012
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the
following formats:
APA
MLA
Penn State (2012, November 29). The beginning of everything: New paradigm shift
for the infant universe. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from
http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2012/11/121129143452.htm
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of
ScienceDaily or its staff.
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