Penelitian begini, sekarng ini, umumnya dilakukan oleh orang kafir...
Orang Islam sih demennya buang-buagn waktu buat sembahyang atau zikir...
Atau saling berbunuhan.
Islam itu, saya bilang dan saya ulang, adalah agama dungu, buas, kejam, keji,
zalim, ganas lagi biadab dan hanya pantas untuk anjing dan binatang buas serta
orang-orang dungu.
----
Web address:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/
081001145018.htm
Short RNAs Show A Long History: MicroRNAs Found In Animals That Appeared A
Billion Years Ago
enlarge
Nematostella vectensis (anemone) from a saltmarsh. (Credit: Image courtesy of
Southeast Regional Taxonomic Center)
ScienceDaily (Oct. 2, 2008) — MicroRNAs, the tiny molecules that fine-tune gene
expression, were first discovered in 1993. But it turns out they've been around
for a billion years.
Evidence reported in Nature on October 1 by scientists in the lab of Whitehead
Member and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator David Bartel provides a
window into the early evolution of these key regulators, placing their origin
within the earliest of animal lineages. The research also suggests that
microRNAs present early on have undergone extensive changes, which likely have
altered their functions across various lineages.
"This is the first evidence that microRNAs were present within the earliest
animal lineages and are not just characteristic of more complex animals," says
Andrew Grimson, a postdoctoral fellow in Bartel's lab. Scientists knew that
microRNAs existed within bilaterians, an evolutionary group that includes
everything from worms to fruit flies to humans, he explains. "Remarkably, we
discovered their presence within sponge, a member of the earliest diverging
group of animals."
The scientists used high-throughput sequencing to probe samples from animals
that diverged before the origin of bilaterian animals. The sponge (Amphimedon
queenslandica) represents a group of animals that split off in evolution very
early, whereas the starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) split off more
recently.
The sequences of microRNAs within each lineage were different from each other,
suggesting that microRNA functions are almost certainly very different in these
different lineages. "In a relatively narrow spectrum of evolution microRNAs are
often conserved," says Grimson. "But in a broader spectrum they have completely
changed. This suggests that microRNA evolution is more flexible and may be
evolving more rapidly than suspected."
Researchers also pinpointed piRNAs, another class of small RNAs, among these
two species. Although less is known about piRNAs, they characteristically have
longer sequences than microRNAs and are thought to dampen the activity of
transposons—chunks of DNA that can move around the genome, causing mutations.
"It appears that both microRNAs and piRNAs have been available to shape gene
expression throughout the evolution of animals and perhaps even helped to usher
in the era of multicellular animal life," says Bartel.
David Bartel is a Member at Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, where
his laboratory is located and all his research is conducted. He is also a
Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and a professor of biology at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Journal reference:
1. Andrew Grimson et al. The Early Origins and Evolution of microRNAs and
piRNAs in Animals. Nature, Online October 1, 2008
Adapted from materials provided by Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the
following formats:
APA
MLA
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (2008, October 2). Short RNAs Show
A Long History: MicroRNAs Found In Animals That Appeared A Billion Years Ago.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 2, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2008/10/081001145018.htm
---------------
Jusfiq Hadjar gelar Sutan Maradjo Lelo
Allah yang disembah orang Islam tipikal dan yang digambarkan oleh al-Mushaf itu
dungu, buas, kejam, keji, ganas, zalim lagi biadab hanyalah Allah fiktif.
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
------------------------------------
Post message: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subscribe : [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Unsubscribe : [EMAIL PROTECTED]
List owner : [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! Groups Links
<*> To visit your group on the web, go to:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/
<*> Your email settings:
Individual Email | Traditional
<*> To change settings online go to:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/join
(Yahoo! ID required)
<*> To change settings via email:
mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
<*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to:
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
<*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to:
http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
