Penelitian begini, sekarang ini, lazimnya dilakukan oleh orang-orang kafir..
Orang Islam lebih senang membuang-buang uangnya untuk naik haji, sembari
melempar setan yang tidak ada di padang pasir sono dan muter-muter kayak orang
sedeng mengelilingi Kaabah di Makkah.
Atau mereka buang waktu untuk tunggng tunggik lima kali sehair kayak onta
dientoinmonyet bonobo atau...??
Saling berbunuhan dan bikin onar.
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Web address:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/
081030200636.htm
Beyond Recognizing Odors, Single Neuron Controls Reactions In Worm
Scents and sensibility. Beyond merely distinguishing odors from one another,
researchers have found that a worm's AWC neuron (highlighted above) can also
alter the animal's response to them. (Credit: Image courtesy of Rockefeller
University)
ScienceDaily (Nov. 2, 2008) — Babies will smile when they catch the scent of
vanilla, but a whiff of rotting meat will send them into fits. From people to
mice and flies to worms, animals of all kinds are born with likes and dislikes
thanks to the evolutionary wisdom collected in their genes. But new research
shows that some preferences are still surprisingly flexible at even the most
basic level — that of the sensory neuron itself — and that our nervous system
may be even more adaptable than we thought.
“When you’re out hiking, you’ll notice that everything tastes really delicious.
That’s one of the best parts about hiking, actually, is how delicious a peanut
butter and raisin sandwich can be,” says Cori Bargmann, Torsten N. Wiesel
Professor and head of the Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior at The
Rockefeller University. “Conversely, when you are ill, everything tastes bad;
everything makes you nauseous. The question is: What is changing to allow the
same individual to respond to the same stimulus in different ways?”
In research published recently in Neuron, Bargmann and her colleagues pursued
the question in a simpler creature and context: In Caenorhabditis elegans — a
one-millimeter-long worm known as “the bloodhound of the invertebrates” for its
olfactory acumen — what biochemical process causes a change in odor preference?
The worm has a relatively compact nervous system of 302 neurons. Bargmann’s lab
focused on the only one that is sensitive to the odor butanone, a mild,
slightly oily smell that attracts normal worms when they first encounter it.
The experiments showed that if worms are fed in the presence of butanone, they
fall in love with it, twisting their way more quickly toward the odor. But if
those same worms are starved in the presence of the smell for two hours, they
have the opposite reaction. “They get really mad,” says Bargmann, who is also a
Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. “Not only will they not go to the
odor, they
will run away from it.”
Bargmann found a worm with a specific mutation to the gcy-28 gene that altered
the neuron under study, known as AWC-on, causing naive worms to flee from
butanone. By systematically examining worms with different mutations affecting
the AWC-on neuron as well as other neurons that might impact the worm’s
reaction to butanone, the researchers were able to confirm that a specific
chemical signaling pathway is used by the AWC-on neuron to direct the worms’
movement either toward or away from the odor. These as well as other tests,
including the use of a laser to destroy specific neurons, demonstrated that a
single sensory neuron, responding to stimuli from both inside and outside the
worm, could change the worm’s preferences and behaviors.
The finding defies the pure “labeled-line” theory of sensation, which holds
that sensory neurons are specialized to follow one path to one behavior.
Although there are vast differences in the nervous systems of worms and
mammals, Bargmann believes that her findings may also be true of olfactory
perception in higher mammals such as humans. “If what we’re seeing in the worms
is the ability of sensory cells to respond to internal needs, and to multitask
profoundly, I bet the mammalian brain can do that as well,” she says.
Journal reference:
1. Tsunozaki et al. A Behavioral Switch: cGMP and PKC Signaling in Olfactory
Neurons Reverses Odor Preference in C. elegans. Neuron, 2008; 59 (6): 959 DOI:
10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.038
Adapted from materials provided by Rockefeller University.
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the
following formats:
APA
MLA
Rockefeller University (2008, November 2). Beyond Recognizing Odors, Single
Neuron Controls Reactions In Worm. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 2, 2008,
from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/10/081030200636.htm
---------------
Jusfiq Hadjar gelar Sutan Maradjo Lelo
Allah yang disembah orang Islam tipikal dan yang digambarkan oleh al-Mushaf itu
dungu, buas, kejam, keji, ganas, zalim lagi biadab hanyalah Allah fiktif.
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