Menurut Josephus satu juta orang, sedang kumpul di Jerusalem merayakan Paskah,
dikepung dan mati semua.
Siege of Jerusalem (70)
>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Casualties and losses
Unknown 60,000 (1.1 million according to Josephus)
The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD was a decisive event in the First
Jewish-Roman War. It was followed by the fall of Masada in 73. The Roman army,
led by the future Emperor Titus, with Tiberius Julius Alexander as his
second-in-command, besieged and conquered the city of Jerusalem, which had been
occupied by its Jewish defenders in 66. The city and its famous Second Temple
were destroyed in 70.
The destruction of the temples (both first and second) is still mourned
annually as the Jewish fast Tisha B'Av. The Arch of Titus, depicting and
celebrating the Roman sack of Jerusalem and the Temple, still stands in Rome.
Contents
* 1 Siege
* 2 Destruction of Jerusalem
* 3 Commemoration
o 3.1 Roman
o 3.2 Jewish
* 4 Perceptions
* 5 In later art
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links
[edit] Siege
Map of Jerusalem in 70; the Temple is in yellow
v · d · e
First JewishRoman War
Beth-Horon - Siege of Yodfat - Siege of Gamla - Siege of Jerusalem - Siege of
Machaerus - Siege of Masada
Question book-new.svg
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)
Despite early successes in repelling the Roman sieges, the Zealots fought
amongst themselves, lacking proper leadership. They lacked discipline,
training, and preparation for the battles that were to follow.
Titus surrounded the city, with three legions (V Macedonica, XII Fulminata, XV
Apollinaris) on the western side and a fourth (X Fretensis) on the Mount of
Olives to the east.[1] He put pressure on the food and water supplies of the
inhabitants by allowing pilgrims to enter the city to celebrate Passover, and
then refusing to allow them to go out. After Jewish sallies killed a number of
Roman soldiers, Titus sent Josephus, the Jewish historian, to negotiate with
the defenders; this ended with Jews wounding the negotiator with an arrow, and
another sally was launched shortly after. Titus was almost captured during this
sudden attack, but escaped.
In mid-May Titus set to destroying the newly built Third Wall with a ram,
breaching it as well as the Second Wall, and turning his attention to the
Fortress of Antonia just north of the Temple Mount. The Romans were then drawn
into street fighting with the Zealots, who were then ordered to retreat to the
temple to avoid heavy losses. Josephus failed in another attempt at
negotiations, and Jewish attacks prevented the construction of siege towers at
the Fortress of Antonia. Food, water, and other provisions were dwindling
inside the city, but small foraging parties managed to sneak supplies into the
city, harrying Roman forces in the process. To put an end to the foragers,
orders were issued to build a new wall, and siege tower construction was
restarted as well.
Catapulta, by Edward Poynter (1868). Siege engines such as this would have been
used by the Roman army during the attack.
After several failed attempts to breach or scale the walls of the Antonia
Fortress, the Romans finally launched a secret attack, overwhelming sleeping
Zealot guards and taking the Fortress. Overlooking the Temple compound, the
fortress provided a perfect point from which to attack the Temple itself.
Battering rams made little progress, but the fighting itself eventually set the
walls on fire, when a Roman soldier threw a burning stick onto one of the
Temple's walls. Destroying the Temple was not among Titus' goals, possibly due
in large part to the massive expansions done by Herod the Great mere decades
earlier. Most likely, Titus had wanted to seize it and transform it into a
temple, dedicated to the Roman Emperor and to the Roman pantheon. But the fire
spread quickly and was soon out of control. The Temple was destroyed on Tisha
B'Av, in the beginning of August, and the flames spread into the residential
sections of the city.[1]
The Roman legions quickly crushed the remaining Jewish resistance. Part of the
remaining Jews escaped through hidden underground tunnels, while others made a
final stand in the Upper City. This defence halted the Roman advance as they
had to construct siege towers to assail the remaining Jews. The city was
completely under Roman control by September 7 and the Romans continued to hunt
down the Jews that had fled the city.
[edit] Destruction of Jerusalem
The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem, by David Roberts (1850).
Stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount (Jerusalem) thrown onto the
street by Roman soldiers on the Ninth of Av, 70
Sulpicius Severus (363420), referring in his Chronica to an earlier writing by
Tacitus (56117), claimed that Titus favored destroying the Jerusalem Temple to
help uproot and demolish the Jewish people. The account of Josephus described
Titus as moderate in his approach and, after conferring with others, ordering
that the thousand-year-old (at that time) Temple be spared. (Solomon's Temple
dated to the 10th century BC, though the physical structure was Herod's Temple,
about 90 years old at the time.) According to Josephus, the Roman soldiers grew
furious with Jewish attacks and tactics and, against Titus' orders, set fire to
an apartment adjacent to the Temple, which soon spread all throughout. However,
Josephus may have written this in order to appease his coreligionaries.
Josephus had acted as a mediator for the Romans and, when negotiations failed,
witnessed the siege and aftermath. He wrote:
Now as soon as the army had no more people to slay or to plunder, because
there remained none to be the objects of their fury (for they would not have
spared any, had there remained any other work to be done), [Titus] Caesar gave
orders that they should now demolish the entire city and Temple, but should
leave as many of the towers standing as they were of the greatest eminence;
that is, Phasaelus, and Hippicus, and Mariamne; and so much of the wall
enclosed the city on the west side. This wall was spared, in order to afford a
camp for such as were to lie in garrison [in the Upper City], as were the
towers [the three forts] also spared, in order to demonstrate to posterity what
kind of city it was, and how well fortified, which the Roman valor had subdued;
but for all the rest of the wall [surrounding Jerusalem], it was so thoroughly
laid even with the ground by those that dug it up to the foundation, that there
was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it [Jerusalem] had
ever been inhabited. This was the end which Jerusalem came to by the madness of
those that were for innovations; a city otherwise of great magnificence, and of
mighty fame among all mankind.[2]
And truly, the very view itself was a melancholy thing; for those places
which were adorned with trees and pleasant gardens, were now become desolate
country every way, and its trees were all cut down. Nor could any foreigner
that had formerly seen Judaea and the most beautiful suburbs of the city, and
now saw it as a desert, but lament and mourn sadly at so great a change. For
the war had laid all signs of beauty quite waste. Nor had anyone who had known
the place before, had come on a sudden to it now, would he have known it again.
But though he [a foreigner] were at the city itself, yet would he have inquired
for it.[3]
Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of which a
majority were Jewish, and that 97,000 were captured and enslaved, including
Simon Bar Giora and John of Gischala.[4]
"The slaughter within was even more dreadful than the spectacle from without.
Men and women, old and young, insurgents and priests, those who fought and
those who entreated mercy, were hewn down in indiscriminate carnage. The number
of the slain exceeded that of the slayers. The legionaries had to clamber over
heaps of dead to carry on the work of extermination."[5]
Many fled to areas around the Mediterranean. Titus reportedly refused to accept
a wreath of victory saying, "there is no merit in vanquishing a people forsaken
by their own God".[6]
[edit] Commemoration
[edit] Roman
* Judaea Capta coinage: Judaea Capta coins were a series of commemorative
coins originally issued by the Roman Emperor Vespasian to celebrate the capture
of Judaea and the destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem by his son
Titus in 70 during the First Jewish Revolt.
* Temple of Peace: In 75, the Temple of Peace, also known as the Forum of
Vespasian, was built under Emperor Vespasian in Rome. The monument was built to
celebrate the conquest of Jerusalem and it is said to have housed the Menorah
from Herod's Temple.[7]
* Arch of Titus: In around c.82, Roman Emperor Domitian constructed the
Arch of Titus on Via Sacra, Rome, to commemorate the capture and siege of
Jerusalem in 70, which effectively ended the Great Jewish Revolt, although the
Romans did not achieve complete victory until the fall of Masada in 73.
[edit] Jewish
* Tisha B'Av
[edit] Perceptions
The Jewish Amoraim attributed the destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem as
punishment from God for the "baseless hatred" that pervaded Jewish society at
the time.[8] Christians believe that Jesus prophesied Jerusalem's destruction
(Mark 13:2) four decades earlier.
[edit] In later art
The war in Judaea, particularly the siege and destruction of Jerusalem, have
inspired writers and artists through the centuries. The bas-relief in the Arch
of Titus has been influential in establishing the Menorah as the most dramatic
symbol of the looting of the Second Temple.
* The Franks Casket. The back side of the casket depicts the Siege of 70.
* The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus by Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1846). Oil
on canvas, 585 x 705 cm. Neue Pinakothek, Munich. An allegorical depiction of
the destruction of Jerusalem, dramatically centered around the figure of the
High Priest, with Titus entering from the right.
* The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem by Nicolas Poussin (1637). Oil
on canvas, 147 x 198,5 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Depicts the
destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army led by Titus.
* The Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by Francesco Hayez (1867). Oil
on canvas, 183 x 252 cm. Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Venice. Depicts the
destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army.
* The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of
Titus, 70 by David Roberts (1850). Oil on canvas, 136 x 197 cm. Private
collection. Depicts the burning and looting of Jerusalem by the Roman army
under Titus.
[edit] See also
* Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem
* Council of Jamnia
* Herod's Temple
* Jerusalem's Model in the Late 2nd Temple Period
* Jewish-Roman wars
* Judaea Capta coinage
* Second Temple
* Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
* Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
* Solomon's Temple
* Western Wall
[edit] References
* Cawthorne, Nigel. History's Greatest Battles: Masterstrokes of War. pp.
3137. ISBN 1-84193-290-6.
1. ^ a b Levick, Barbara (1999). Vespasian. London: Routledge, pp. 116119.
ISBN 0-415-16618-7
2. ^ Flavius Josephus. The Wars of the Jews or History of the Destruction of
Jerusalem. Containing The Interval Of About Three Years. From The Taking Of
Jerusalem By Titus To The Sedition At Cyrene. Book VII. Chapter 1.1
3. ^ Flavius Josephus. The Wars of the Jews or History of the Destruction of
Jerusalem. BOOK VI. Containing The Interval Of About One Month. From The Great
Extremity To Which The Jews Were Reduced To The Taking Of Jerusalem By Titus..
Book VI. Chapter 1.1
4. ^ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3
5. ^ Milman, The History of the Jews, book 16
6. ^ Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana 6.29
7. ^ Cornell.edu
8. ^ Yoma, 9b
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Siege of Jerusalem (70)
* Second Temple and Talmudic Era. The Jewish History Resource Center:
Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem
* The Temple Mount and Fort Antonia
* Map of the siege of Jerusalem
* The Destruction of Jerusalem - A book covering the covering the
destruction of Jerusalem from a Seventh Day Adventist perspective.
v · d · eTemple in Jerusalem
Structures
Tabernacle · First Temple / Solomon's Temple · Second Temple / Ezra's Temple /
Herod's Temple · Third Temple / Ezekiel's Temple
Elements
Altar · Ark of the Covenant · Shekhinah · Kodesh Hakodashim · Menorah ·
Foundation Stone · Mercy seat · Solomon's Porch · chanuyot · Boaz and Jachin ·
Western Wall · Warren's Gate · Western Stone · Wilson's Arch · Hekhal · Molten
Sea · Qalal
Kehuna
(Priesthood)
Avnet · ephod · Holy anointing oil · Hoshen · Ketonet · Kohen Gadol · Korban ·
Me'il · Michnasayim · Mitznefet · priestly divisions · Shemen Afarsimon · Tzitz
· Urim and Thummim · Brith HaKehuna
History
Bar Kokhba revolt · Siege of Jerusalem · Tisha B'Av · Judaea Capta coinage
Temple Mount
Gates · Excavations · Mount Zion · City of David
See also
Replicas of the Jewish Temple · Navel of the World · Temple Denial
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)"
Categories: 70 | Flavian military campaigns | JewishRoman wars | Ninth of Av |
Sieges of Jerusalem | Sieges involving the Roman Empire | Tabernacle and
Jerusalem Temples
Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2010 |
All articles needing additional references | Unclassified articles missing
geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates
Personal tools
* Log in / create account
Namespaces
* Article
* Discussion
Variants
Views
* Read
* Edit
* View history
Actions
Search
Search
Navigation
* Main page
* Contents
* Featured content
* Current events
* Random article
* Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
* Help
* About Wikipedia
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Permanent link
* Cite this page
Print/export
* Create a book
* Download as PDF
* Printable version
Languages
* العربية
* Български
* Català
* Deutsch
* Ελληνικά
* Español
* Français
* Hrvatski
* Bahasa Indonesia
* Italiano
* Македонски
* 日本語
* Polski
* Português
* Русский
* Српски / Srpski
* Srpskohrvatski /
Српскохрватски
* Suomi
* This page was last modified on 25 May 2011 at 12:47.
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.
* Contact us
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
* Wikimedia Foundation
* Powered by MediaWiki
------------------------------------
Post message: [email protected]
Subscribe : [email protected]
Unsubscribe : [email protected]
List owner : [email protected]
Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! Groups Links
<*> To visit your group on the web, go to:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/
<*> Your email settings:
Individual Email | Traditional
<*> To change settings online go to:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/join
(Yahoo! ID required)
<*> To change settings via email:
[email protected]
[email protected]
<*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to:
[email protected]
<*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to:
http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
