Author: Ronan Lamy <[email protected]>
Branch: 
Changeset: r80185:d3bde7757257
Date: 2015-10-14 00:31 +0100
http://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/changeset/d3bde7757257/

Log:    Merged raises(Exception)-must-die into default

diff --git a/rpython/annotator/bookkeeper.py b/rpython/annotator/bookkeeper.py
--- a/rpython/annotator/bookkeeper.py
+++ b/rpython/annotator/bookkeeper.py
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from rpython.flowspace.model import Constant
-from rpython.annotator.model import (SomeOrderedDict,
-    SomeString, SomeChar, SomeFloat, unionof, SomeInstance, SomeDict,
-    SomeBuiltin, SomePBC, SomeInteger, TLS, SomeUnicodeCodePoint,
+from rpython.annotator.model import (
+    SomeOrderedDict, SomeString, SomeChar, SomeFloat, unionof, SomeInstance,
+    SomeDict, SomeBuiltin, SomePBC, SomeInteger, TLS, SomeUnicodeCodePoint,
     s_None, s_ImpossibleValue, SomeBool, SomeTuple,
     SomeImpossibleValue, SomeUnicodeString, SomeList, HarmlesslyBlocked,
-    SomeWeakRef, SomeByteArray, SomeConstantType, SomeProperty)
+    SomeWeakRef, SomeByteArray, SomeConstantType, SomeProperty, AnnotatorError)
 from rpython.annotator.classdef import InstanceSource, ClassDef
 from rpython.annotator.listdef import ListDef, ListItem
 from rpython.annotator.dictdef import DictDef
@@ -225,7 +225,8 @@
                 x = int(x)
                 result = SomeInteger(nonneg = x>=0)
             else:
-                raise Exception("seeing a prebuilt long (value %s)" % hex(x))
+                # XXX: better error reporting?
+                raise ValueError("seeing a prebuilt long (value %s)" % hex(x))
         elif issubclass(tp, str): # py.lib uses annotated str subclasses
             no_nul = not '\x00' in x
             if len(x) == 1:
diff --git a/rpython/annotator/classdef.py b/rpython/annotator/classdef.py
--- a/rpython/annotator/classdef.py
+++ b/rpython/annotator/classdef.py
@@ -112,14 +112,10 @@
                         for desc in s_newvalue.descriptions:
                             if desc.selfclassdef is None:
                                 if homedef.classdesc.settled:
-                                    raise Exception("demoting method %s "
-                                                    "to settled class %s not "
-                                                    "allowed" %
-                                                    (self.name, homedef)
-                                                    )
-                                #self.bookkeeper.warning("demoting method %s "
-                                #                        "to base class %s" %
-                                #                        (self.name, homedef))
+                                    raise AnnotatorError(
+                                        "demoting method %s to settled class "
+                                        "%s not allowed" % (self.name, homedef)
+                                    )
                                 break
 
         # check for attributes forbidden by slots or _attrs_
diff --git a/rpython/annotator/description.py b/rpython/annotator/description.py
--- a/rpython/annotator/description.py
+++ b/rpython/annotator/description.py
@@ -801,8 +801,9 @@
             s_init = basedesc.s_read_attribute('__init__')
             parent_has_init = isinstance(s_init, SomePBC)
             if has_init and not parent_has_init:
-                raise Exception("some subclasses among %r declare __init__(),"
-                                " but not the common parent class" % (descs,))
+                raise AnnotatorError(
+                    "some subclasses among %r declare __init__(),"
+                    " but not the common parent class" % (descs,))
         # make a PBC of MethodDescs, one for the __init__ of each class
         initdescs = []
         for desc, classdef in zip(descs, classdefs):
diff --git a/rpython/annotator/test/test_annrpython.py 
b/rpython/annotator/test/test_annrpython.py
--- a/rpython/annotator/test/test_annrpython.py
+++ b/rpython/annotator/test/test_annrpython.py
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
 from rpython.conftest import option
 
 from rpython.annotator import model as annmodel
+from rpython.annotator.model import AnnotatorError, UnionError
 from rpython.annotator.annrpython import RPythonAnnotator as _RPythonAnnotator
+from rpython.annotator.classdef import NoSuchAttrError
 from rpython.translator.translator import graphof as tgraphof
 from rpython.annotator.policy import AnnotatorPolicy
-from rpython.annotator.signature import Sig
+from rpython.annotator.signature import Sig, SignatureError
 from rpython.annotator.listdef import ListDef, ListChangeUnallowed
 from rpython.annotator.dictdef import DictDef
 from rpython.flowspace.model import *
@@ -213,7 +215,7 @@
         def f():
             return X().meth()
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f,  [])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f,  [])
 
     def test_methodcall1(self):
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
@@ -360,7 +362,7 @@
         def f(l):
             return g(*l)
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError):
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
             a.build_types(f, [[int]])
 
     def test_star_unpack_and_keywords(self):
@@ -769,7 +771,8 @@
         def f():
             return x
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator(policy=AnnotatorPolicy())
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [])
+        with py.test.raises(Exception):
+            a.build_types(f, [])
 
     def test_exception_deduction_with_raise1(self):
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
@@ -959,14 +962,16 @@
         def f():
             return large_constant
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [])
+        with py.test.raises(ValueError):
+            a.build_types(f, [])
         # if you want to get a r_uint, you have to be explicit about it
 
     def test_add_different_ints(self):
         def f(a, b):
             return a + b
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [r_uint, int])
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError):
+            a.build_types(f, [r_uint, int])
 
     def test_merge_different_ints(self):
         def f(a, b):
@@ -976,7 +981,8 @@
                 c = b
             return c
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [r_uint, int])
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError):
+            a.build_types(f, [r_uint, int])
 
     def test_merge_ruint_zero(self):
         def f(a):
@@ -2612,14 +2618,14 @@
         def f():
             return A()
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])
         #
         class B(object):
             pass
         x = B()
         def g():
             return isinstance(x, A)
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, a.build_types, g, [])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, g, [])
 
     def test_import_from_mixin(self):
         class M(object):
@@ -2694,7 +2700,8 @@
             return a.x   # should explode here
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        e = py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [int])
+        with py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError) as excinfo:
+            a.build_types(f, [int])
         # this should explode on reading the attribute 'a.x', but it can
         # sometimes explode on 'self.x = x', which does not make much sense.
         # But it looks hard to fix in general: we don't know yet during 'a.x'
@@ -2928,7 +2935,8 @@
         s = a.build_types(fun, [s_nonneg, s_nonneg])
         assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
         assert not s.nonneg
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, fun, [int, int])
+        with py.test.raises(SignatureError):
+            a.build_types(fun, [int, int])
 
     def test_sig_simpler(self):
         def fun(x, y):
@@ -2940,7 +2948,8 @@
         s = a.build_types(fun, [s_nonneg, s_nonneg])
         assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
         assert not s.nonneg
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, fun, [int, int])
+        with py.test.raises(SignatureError):
+            a.build_types(fun, [int, int])
 
     def test_sig_lambda(self):
         def fun(x, y):
@@ -2954,7 +2963,8 @@
         s = a.build_types(fun, [int, s_nonneg])
         assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
         assert not s.nonneg
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, fun, [s_nonneg, int])
+        with py.test.raises(SignatureError):
+            a.build_types(fun, [s_nonneg, int])
 
     def test_sig_bug(self):
         def g(x, y=5):
@@ -3004,8 +3014,8 @@
             if works:
                 a.build_types(fun, [int])
             else:
-                from rpython.annotator.classdef import NoSuchAttrError
-                py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError, a.build_types, fun, [int])
+                with py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError):
+                    a.build_types(fun, [int])
 
     def test_slots_enforce_attrs(self):
         class Superbase(object):
@@ -3138,7 +3148,8 @@
             return a.n()
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, fun, [bool])
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
+            a.build_types(fun, [bool])
 
     def test_float_cmp(self):
         def fun(x, y):
@@ -3227,6 +3238,7 @@
         assert isinstance(s.items[2], annmodel.SomeInstance)
         assert s.items[2].flags == {}
 
+    @py.test.mark.xfail
     def test_no_access_directly_on_heap(self):
         from rpython.rlib.jit import hint
 
@@ -3243,7 +3255,8 @@
             i.x = x
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [])
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
+            a.build_types(f, [])
 
 
         class M:
@@ -3267,7 +3280,7 @@
             c.m.l.append(x)
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(AssertionError, a.build_types, f, [])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])
 
         def f():
             x = A()
@@ -3275,7 +3288,7 @@
             c.m.d[None] = x
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(AssertionError, a.build_types, f, [])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])
 
         def f():
             x = A()
@@ -3283,7 +3296,7 @@
             c.m.d[x] = None
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(AssertionError, a.build_types, f, [])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])
 
     def test_ctr_location(self):
         class A:
@@ -3342,7 +3355,8 @@
             if g(x, y):
                 g(x, r_uint(y))
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [int, int])
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError):
+            a.build_types(f, [int, int])
 
     def test_compare_with_zero(self):
         def g():
@@ -3464,22 +3478,22 @@
             return '%s' % unichr(x)
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
         def f(x):
             return '%s' % (unichr(x) * 3)
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
         def f(x):
             return '%s%s' % (1, unichr(x))
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
         def f(x):
             return '%s%s' % (1, unichr(x) * 15)
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
 
 
     def test_strformatting_tuple(self):
@@ -3517,7 +3531,7 @@
             return [1, 2, 3][s:e]
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
         a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                           annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
         def f(x):
@@ -3530,20 +3544,20 @@
             return "xyz".find("x", s, e)
 
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
         a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                           annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
         def f(s, e):
             return "xyz".rfind("x", s, e)
 
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
         a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                           annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
 
         def f(s, e):
             return "xyz".count("x", s, e)
 
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
         a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                           annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
 
@@ -3717,7 +3731,8 @@
             raise Exception(lle)
             # ^^^ instead, must cast back from a base ptr to an instance
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(AssertionError, a.build_types, f, [])
+        with py.test.raises(AssertionError):
+            a.build_types(f, [])
 
     def test_enumerate(self):
         def f():
@@ -4102,7 +4117,8 @@
                 e = cls()
                 e.foo = "bar"
             a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-            py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, fn, [])
+            with py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError):
+                a.build_types(fn, [])
 
     def test_lower_char(self):
         def fn(c):
@@ -4214,7 +4230,7 @@
                 return "bbb"
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
 
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [int])
 
         the_exc = exc.value
@@ -4230,7 +4246,7 @@
                 return (1, 2)
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
 
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [int])
 
         assert "RPython cannot unify tuples of different length: 2 versus 1" 
in exc.value.msg
@@ -4243,7 +4259,7 @@
                 return -1
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
 
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [int])
 
         assert ("RPython cannot prove that these integers are of the "
@@ -4260,7 +4276,7 @@
                 return B()
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
 
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [int])
 
         assert ("RPython cannot unify instances with no common base class"
@@ -4276,7 +4292,7 @@
                 return d.itervalues()
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
 
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [int])
 
         assert ("RPython cannot unify incompatible iterator variants" in
@@ -4288,7 +4304,7 @@
             a = A()
             return getattr(a, y)
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [str])
         assert ("variable argument to getattr" in exc.value.msg)
 
@@ -4296,7 +4312,7 @@
         def f(x):
             return x()
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [str])
         assert ("Cannot prove that the object is callable" in exc.value.msg)
 
@@ -4305,7 +4321,7 @@
         def f(x):
             l.append(x)
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as excinfo:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as excinfo:
             a.build_types(f, [int])
         assert 'Happened at file' in excinfo.value.source
         assert 'Known variable annotations:' in excinfo.value.source
@@ -4314,7 +4330,7 @@
         def f(s, x):
             return s.format(x)
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f, [str, str])
         assert ("format() is not RPython" in exc.value.msg)
 
@@ -4350,7 +4366,7 @@
         def f(x):
             a, b = x
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError,
+        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError,
                        a.build_types, f, [annmodel.s_None])
 
     def test_class___name__(self):
@@ -4464,10 +4480,10 @@
             o = O2(n)
             o.x = 20
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f1, [int])
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.UnionError) as exc:
+        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
             a.build_types(f2, [int])
 
     def test_property_union_2(self):
@@ -4496,7 +4512,7 @@
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
         # Ideally, this should translate to something sensible,
         # but for now, AnnotatorError is better than silently mistranslating.
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError):
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
             a.build_types(f, [int])
 
     def test_property_union_3(self):
@@ -4516,7 +4532,7 @@
                 obj = B()
             return obj.x
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(annmodel.AnnotatorError):
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
             a.build_types(f, [int])
 
     def test_dict_can_be_none_ordering_issue(self):
diff --git a/rpython/annotator/test/test_annsimplifyrpython.py 
b/rpython/annotator/test/test_annsimplifyrpython.py
--- a/rpython/annotator/test/test_annsimplifyrpython.py
+++ b/rpython/annotator/test/test_annsimplifyrpython.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 from rpython.annotator.test.test_annrpython import graphof
 from rpython.annotator.test.test_annrpython import TestAnnotateTestCase as 
parent
+from rpython.annotator.model import AnnotatorError
 
 
 class TestAnnotateAndSimplifyTestCase(parent):
@@ -132,5 +133,5 @@
                 cls = C
             return cls().foo
         a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
-        with py.test.raises(Exception):
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
             a.build_types(f, [int])
diff --git a/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/rstrategies.py 
b/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/rstrategies.py
--- a/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/rstrategies.py
+++ b/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/rstrategies.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
         attrs['get_storage'] = get_storage
         attrs['set_storage'] = set_storage
         return type.__new__(self, name, bases, attrs)
-    
+
 def strategy(generalize=None, singleton=True):
     """
     Strategy classes must be decorated with this.
@@ -71,19 +71,19 @@
 class StrategyFactory(object):
     _immutable_fields_ = ["strategies[*]", "logger", 
"strategy_singleton_field"]
     factory_instance_counter = 0
-    
+
     def __init__(self, root_class, all_strategy_classes=None):
         if all_strategy_classes is None:
             all_strategy_classes = self._collect_subclasses(root_class)
         self.strategies = []
         self.logger = logger.Logger()
-        
+
         # This is to avoid confusion between multiple factories existing 
simultaneously (e.g. in tests)
         self.strategy_singleton_field = "__singleton_%i" % 
StrategyFactory.factory_instance_counter
         StrategyFactory.factory_instance_counter += 1
-        
+
         self._create_strategy_instances(root_class, all_strategy_classes)
-    
+
     def _create_strategy_instances(self, root_class, all_strategy_classes):
         for strategy_class in all_strategy_classes:
             if strategy_class._is_strategy:
@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@
                 self.strategies.append(strategy_class)
             self._patch_strategy_class(strategy_class, root_class)
         self._order_strategies()
-    
+
     # =============================
     # API methods
     # =============================
-    
+
     def switch_strategy(self, w_self, new_strategy_type, new_element=None):
         """
         Switch the strategy of w_self to the new type.
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
         new_strategy.strategy_switched(w_self)
         self.log(w_self, new_strategy, old_strategy, new_element)
         return new_strategy
-    
+
     def set_initial_strategy(self, w_self, strategy_type, size, elements=None):
         """
         Initialize the strategy and storage fields of w_self.
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
         strategy.strategy_switched(w_self)
         self.log(w_self, strategy, None, element)
         return strategy
-    
+
     @jit.unroll_safe
     def strategy_type_for(self, objects):
         """
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@
         for i, strategy_type in enumerate(self.strategies):
             if can_handle[i]:
                 return strategy_type
-        raise Exception("Could not find strategy to handle: %s" % objects)
-    
+        raise ValueError("Could not find strategy to handle: %s" % objects)
+
     def decorate_strategies(self, transitions):
         """
         As an alternative to decorating all strategies with @strategy,
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@
         "NOT_RPYTHON"
         for strategy_class, generalized in transitions.items():
             strategy(generalized)(strategy_class)
-    
+
     # =============================
     # The following methods can be overwritten to customize certain aspects of 
the factory.
     # =============================
-    
+
     def instantiate_strategy(self, strategy_type, w_self=None, initial_size=0):
         """
         Return a functional instance of strategy_type.
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
         The two additional parameters should be ignored for 
singleton-strategies.
         """
         return strategy_type()
-    
+
     def log(self, w_self, new_strategy, old_strategy=None, new_element=None):
         """
         This can be overwritten into a more appropriate call to self.logger.log
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
         typename = ""
         cause = "Switched" if old_strategy else "Created"
         self.logger.log(new_strategy_str, size, cause, old_strategy_str, 
typename, element_typename)
-    
+
     @specialize.call_location()
     def log_string_for_object(self, obj):
         """
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@
         Keep the specialize-annotation in order to handle different kinds of 
objects here.
         """
         return obj.__class__.__name__ if obj else ""
-    
-    # These storage accessors are specialized because the storage field is 
+
+    # These storage accessors are specialized because the storage field is
     # populated by erased-objects which seem to be incompatible sometimes.
     @specialize.call_location()
     def get_storage(self, obj):
@@ -207,16 +207,16 @@
     @specialize.call_location()
     def set_storage(self, obj, val):
         return obj._set_storage(val)
-    
+
     def get_strategy(self, obj):
         return obj._get_strategy()
     def set_strategy(self, obj, val):
         return obj._set_strategy(val)
-    
+
     # =============================
     # Internal methods
     # =============================
-    
+
     def _patch_strategy_class(self, strategy_class, root_class):
         "NOT_RPYTHON"
         # Patch root class: Add default handler for visitor
@@ -225,12 +225,12 @@
         funcname = "_convert_storage_from_" + strategy_class.__name__
         _convert_storage_from_OTHER.func_name = funcname
         setattr(root_class, funcname, _convert_storage_from_OTHER)
-        
+
         # Patch strategy class: Add polymorphic visitor function
         def _convert_storage_to(self, w_self, new_strategy):
             getattr(new_strategy, funcname)(w_self, self)
         strategy_class._convert_storage_to = _convert_storage_to
-    
+
     def _collect_subclasses(self, cls):
         "NOT_RPYTHON"
         subclasses = []
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
             subclasses.append(subcls)
             subclasses.extend(self._collect_subclasses(subcls))
         return subclasses
-    
+
     def _order_strategies(self):
         "NOT_RPYTHON"
         def get_generalization_depth(strategy, visited=None):
@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@
             else:
                 return 0
         self.strategies.sort(key=get_generalization_depth, reverse=True)
-    
+
     @jit.elidable
     def strategy_singleton_instance(self, strategy_class):
         return getattr(strategy_class, self.strategy_singleton_field)
-    
+
     def _freeze_(self):
         # Instance will be frozen at compile time, making accesses constant.
         # The constructor does meta stuff which is not possible after 
translation.
@@ -271,65 +271,65 @@
     == Required:
     strategy_factory(self) - Access to StorageFactory
     """
-    
+
     def strategy_switched(self, w_self):
         # Overwrite this method for a hook whenever the strategy
         # of w_self was switched to self.
         pass
-    
+
     # Main Fixedsize API
-    
+
     def store(self, w_self, index0, value):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     def fetch(self, w_self, index0):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     def size(self, w_self):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     # Fixedsize utility methods
-    
+
     def slice(self, w_self, start, end):
         return [ self.fetch(w_self, i) for i in range(start, end)]
-    
+
     def fetch_all(self, w_self):
         return self.slice(w_self, 0, self.size(w_self))
-    
+
     def store_all(self, w_self, elements):
         for i, e in enumerate(elements):
             self.store(w_self, i, e)
-    
+
     # Main Varsize API
-    
+
     def insert(self, w_self, index0, list_w):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     def delete(self, w_self, start, end):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     # Varsize utility methods
-    
+
     def append(self, w_self, list_w):
-        self.insert(w_self, self.size(w_self), list_w)        
-    
+        self.insert(w_self, self.size(w_self), list_w)
+
     def pop(self, w_self, index0):
         e = self.fetch(w_self, index0)
         self.delete(w_self, index0, index0+1)
         return e
 
     # Internal methods
-    
+
     def _initialize_storage(self, w_self, initial_size):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     def _check_can_handle(self, value):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     def _convert_storage_to(self, w_self, new_strategy):
         # This will be overwritten in _patch_strategy_class
         new_strategy._convert_storage_from(w_self, self)
-    
+
     @jit.unroll_safe
     def _convert_storage_from(self, w_self, previous_strategy):
         # This is a very unefficient (but most generic) way to do this.
@@ -338,16 +338,16 @@
         self._initialize_storage(w_self, previous_strategy.size(w_self))
         for i, field in enumerate(storage):
             self.store(w_self, i, field)
-    
+
     def _generalize_for_value(self, w_self, value):
         strategy_type = self.generalized_strategy_for(value)
         new_instance = self.strategy_factory().switch_strategy(w_self, 
strategy_type, new_element=value)
         return new_instance
-        
+
     def _cannot_handle_store(self, w_self, index0, value):
         new_instance = self._generalize_for_value(w_self, value)
         new_instance.store(w_self, index0, value)
-        
+
     def _cannot_handle_insert(self, w_self, index0, list_w):
         # TODO - optimize. Prevent multiple generalizations and slicing done 
by callers.
         new_strategy = self._generalize_for_value(w_self, list_w[0])
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@
 class EmptyStrategy(AbstractStrategy):
     # == Required:
     # See AbstractStrategy
-    
+
     def _initialize_storage(self, w_self, initial_size):
         assert initial_size == 0
         self.set_storage(w_self, None)
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@
         self.set_storage(w_self, None)
     def _check_can_handle(self, value):
         return False
-    
+
     def fetch(self, w_self, index0):
         raise IndexError
     def store(self, w_self, index0, value):
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
     # See AbstractStrategy
     # check_index_*(...) - use mixin SafeIndexingMixin or UnsafeIndexingMixin
     # value(self) - the single value contained in this strategy. Should be 
constant.
-    
+
     def _initialize_storage(self, w_self, initial_size):
         storage_obj = SingleValueStrategyStorage(initial_size)
         self.set_storage(w_self, storage_obj)
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@
         self._initialize_storage(w_self, previous_strategy.size(w_self))
     def _check_can_handle(self, value):
         return value is self.value()
-    
+
     def fetch(self, w_self, index0):
         self.check_index_fetch(w_self, index0)
         return self.value()
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
         self.get_storage(w_self).size -= (end - start)
     def size(self, w_self):
         return self.get_storage(w_self).size
-    
+
     @jit.unroll_safe
     def insert(self, w_self, index0, list_w):
         storage_obj = self.get_storage(w_self)
@@ -429,18 +429,18 @@
     # See AbstractStrategy
     # check_index_*(...) - use mixin SafeIndexingMixin or UnsafeIndexingMixin
     # default_value(self) - The value to be initially contained in this 
strategy
-    
+
     def _initialize_storage(self, w_self, initial_size):
         default = self._unwrap(self.default_value())
         self.set_storage(w_self, [default] * initial_size)
-    
+
     @jit.unroll_safe
     def _convert_storage_from(self, w_self, previous_strategy):
         size = previous_strategy.size(w_self)
         new_storage = [ self._unwrap(previous_strategy.fetch(w_self, i))
                         for i in range(size) ]
         self.set_storage(w_self, new_storage)
-    
+
     def store(self, w_self, index0, wrapped_value):
         self.check_index_store(w_self, index0)
         if self._check_can_handle(wrapped_value):
@@ -448,21 +448,21 @@
             self.get_storage(w_self)[index0] = unwrapped
         else:
             self._cannot_handle_store(w_self, index0, wrapped_value)
-    
+
     def fetch(self, w_self, index0):
         self.check_index_fetch(w_self, index0)
         unwrapped = self.get_storage(w_self)[index0]
         return self._wrap(unwrapped)
-    
+
     def _wrap(self, value):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     def _unwrap(self, value):
         raise NotImplementedError("Abstract method")
-    
+
     def size(self, w_self):
         return len(self.get_storage(w_self))
-    
+
     @jit.unroll_safe
     def insert(self, w_self, start, list_w):
         # This is following Python's behaviour - insert automatically
@@ -475,27 +475,27 @@
             else:
                 self._cannot_handle_insert(w_self, start + i, list_w[i:])
                 return
-    
+
     def delete(self, w_self, start, end):
         self.check_index_range(w_self, start, end)
         assert start >= 0 and end >= 0
         del self.get_storage(w_self)[start : end]
-        
+
 class GenericStrategy(StrategyWithStorage):
     # == Required:
     # See StrategyWithStorage
-    
+
     def _wrap(self, value):
         return value
     def _unwrap(self, value):
         return value
     def _check_can_handle(self, wrapped_value):
         return True
-    
+
 class WeakGenericStrategy(StrategyWithStorage):
     # == Required:
     # See StrategyWithStorage
-    
+
     def _wrap(self, value):
         return value() or self.default_value()
     def _unwrap(self, value):
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@
         return weakref.ref(value)
     def _check_can_handle(self, wrapped_value):
         return True
-    
+
 # ============== Mixins for index checking operations ==============
 
 class SafeIndexingMixin(object):
@@ -535,37 +535,37 @@
     # See StrategyWithStorage
     # wrap(self, value) - Return a boxed object for the primitive value
     # unwrap(self, value) - Return the unboxed primitive value of value
-    
+
     def _unwrap(self, value):
         return self.unwrap(value)
     def _wrap(self, value):
         return self.wrap(value)
-    
+
 class SingleTypeStrategy(SpecializedStrategy):
     # == Required Functions:
     # See SpecializedStrategy
     # contained_type - The wrapped type that can be stored in this strategy
-    
+
     def _check_can_handle(self, value):
         return isinstance(value, self.contained_type)
-    
+
 class TaggingStrategy(SingleTypeStrategy):
     """This strategy uses a special tag value to represent a single additional 
object."""
     # == Required:
     # See SingleTypeStrategy
     # wrapped_tagged_value(self) - The tagged object
     # unwrapped_tagged_value(self) - The unwrapped tag value representing the 
tagged object
-    
+
     def _check_can_handle(self, value):
         return value is self.wrapped_tagged_value() or \
                 (isinstance(value, self.contained_type) and \
                 self.unwrap(value) != self.unwrapped_tagged_value())
-    
+
     def _unwrap(self, value):
         if value is self.wrapped_tagged_value():
             return self.unwrapped_tagged_value()
         return self.unwrap(value)
-    
+
     def _wrap(self, value):
         if value == self.unwrapped_tagged_value():
             return self.wrapped_tagged_value()
diff --git a/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/test/test_rstrategies.py 
b/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/test/test_rstrategies.py
--- a/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/test/test_rstrategies.py
+++ b/rpython/rlib/rstrategies/test/test_rstrategies.py
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 
 class Factory(rs.StrategyFactory):
     switching_log = []
-    
+
     def __init__(self, root_class):
         self.decorate_strategies({
             EmptyStrategy: [NilStrategy, IntegerStrategy, 
IntegerOrNilStrategy, GenericStrategy],
@@ -79,15 +79,15 @@
             IntegerOrNilStrategy: [GenericStrategy],
         })
         rs.StrategyFactory.__init__(self, root_class)
-    
+
     def instantiate_strategy(self, strategy_type, w_self=None, size=0):
         return strategy_type(self, w_self, size)
-    
-    def set_strategy(self, w_list, strategy): 
+
+    def set_strategy(self, w_list, strategy):
         old_strategy = self.get_strategy(w_list)
         self.switching_log.append((old_strategy, strategy))
         super(Factory, self).set_strategy(w_list, strategy)
-    
+
     def clear_log(self):
         del self.switching_log[:]
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 class WeakGenericStrategy(AbstractStrategy):
     import_from_mixin(rs.WeakGenericStrategy)
     def default_value(self): return w_nil
-    
+
 class IntegerStrategy(AbstractStrategy):
     import_from_mixin(rs.SingleTypeStrategy)
     contained_type = W_Integer
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
     def default_value(self): return w_nil
     def wrapped_tagged_value(self): return w_nil
     def unwrapped_tagged_value(self): import sys; return sys.maxint
-    
+
 @rs.strategy(generalize=[], singleton=False)
 class NonSingletonStrategy(GenericStrategy):
     def __init__(self, factory, w_list=None, size=0):
@@ -214,22 +214,22 @@
     py.test.raises(IndexError, s.fetch, l, 10)
     py.test.raises(IndexError, s.delete, l, 0, 1)
     py.test.raises(AssertionError, W_List, EmptyStrategy, 2) # Only size 0 
possible.
-    
+
 def test_init_Nil():
     do_test_initialization(NilStrategy)
 
 def test_init_Generic():
     do_test_initialization(GenericStrategy, is_safe=False)
-    
+
 def test_init_WeakGeneric():
     do_test_initialization(WeakGenericStrategy)
-    
+
 def test_init_Integer():
     do_test_initialization(IntegerStrategy, default_value=W_Integer(0))
-    
+
 def test_init_IntegerOrNil():
     do_test_initialization(IntegerOrNilStrategy)
-    
+
 # === Test Simple store
 
 def do_test_store(cls, stored_value=W_Object(), is_safe=True, 
is_varsize=False):
@@ -256,13 +256,13 @@
 
 def test_store_Generic():
     do_test_store(GenericStrategy, is_safe=False)
-    
+
 def test_store_WeakGeneric():
     do_test_store(WeakGenericStrategy, stored_value=w_nil)
-    
+
 def test_store_Integer():
     do_test_store(IntegerStrategy, stored_value=W_Integer(100))
-    
+
 def test_store_IntegerOrNil():
     do_test_store(IntegerOrNilStrategy, stored_value=W_Integer(100))
     do_test_store(IntegerOrNilStrategy, stored_value=w_nil)
@@ -289,17 +289,17 @@
 
 def test_insert_Generic():
     do_test_insert(GenericStrategy, [W_Object() for _ in range(6)])
-    
+
 def test_insert_WeakGeneric():
     do_test_insert(WeakGenericStrategy, [W_Object() for _ in range(6)])
-    
+
 def test_insert_Integer():
     do_test_insert(IntegerStrategy, [W_Integer(x) for x in range(6)])
-    
+
 def test_insert_IntegerOrNil():
     do_test_insert(IntegerOrNilStrategy, [w_nil]+[W_Integer(x) for x in 
range(4)]+[w_nil])
     do_test_insert(IntegerOrNilStrategy, [w_nil]*6)
-    
+
 # === Test Delete
 
 def do_test_delete(cls, values, indexing_unsafe=False):
@@ -319,13 +319,13 @@
 
 def test_delete_Generic():
     do_test_delete(GenericStrategy, [W_Object() for _ in range(6)], 
indexing_unsafe=True)
-    
+
 def test_delete_WeakGeneric():
     do_test_delete(WeakGenericStrategy, [W_Object() for _ in range(6)])
-    
+
 def test_delete_Integer():
     do_test_delete(IntegerStrategy, [W_Integer(x) for x in range(6)])
-    
+
 def test_delete_IntegerOrNil():
     do_test_delete(IntegerOrNilStrategy, [w_nil]+[W_Integer(x) for x in 
range(4)]+[w_nil])
     do_test_delete(IntegerOrNilStrategy, [w_nil]*6)
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@
     obj = W_Object()
     i = W_Integer(0)
     nil = w_nil
-    
+
     assert_handles(EmptyStrategy, [], [nil, obj, i])
     assert_handles(NilStrategy, [nil], [obj, i])
     assert_handles(GenericStrategy, [nil, obj, i], [])
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
     o = W_Object()
     l = do_test_insert(NilStrategy, [w_nil, w_nil, o, o, w_nil, w_nil])
     assert isinstance(l.strategy, GenericStrategy)
-    
+
 def test_transition_to_nonSingleton():
     l = W_List(NilStrategy, 5)
     factory.switch_strategy(l, NonSingletonStrategy)
@@ -467,12 +467,12 @@
     v3 = [W_Object() for _ in range(l.size()) ]
     assert v2 != v
     assert v3 != v
-    
+
     l.store_all(v2)
     assert l.fetch_all() == v2+v[4:]
     l.store_all(v3)
     assert l.fetch_all() == v3
-    
+
     py.test.raises(IndexError, l.store_all, [W_Object() for _ in range(8) ])
 
 # === Test Weak Strategy
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
         assert False, "The default convert_storage_from() should not be 
called!"
     def convert_storage_from_special(self, w_self, other):
         s.copied += 1
-    
+
     monkeypatch.setattr(AbstractStrategy, "_convert_storage_from_NilStrategy", 
convert_storage_from_special)
     monkeypatch.setattr(AbstractStrategy, "_convert_storage_from", 
convert_storage_from_default)
     try:
@@ -507,7 +507,8 @@
     assert factory.strategy_type_for([]) == EmptyStrategy
     monkeypatch.setattr(GenericStrategy, '_check_can_handle', lambda self, o: 
False)
     try:
-        py.test.raises(Exception, factory.strategy_type_for, [W_Object(), 
W_Object()])
+        with py.test.raises(ValueError):
+            factory.strategy_type_for([W_Object(), W_Object()])
     finally:
         monkeypatch.undo()
 
@@ -549,4 +550,3 @@
         'Created (EmptyStrategy) size 0 objects 1',
         'Created (IntegerStrategy) size 3 objects 1',
         'Switched (IntegerStrategy -> IntegerOrNilStrategy) size 3 objects 1 
elements: W_Object']
-    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rpython/rlib/rweakref.py b/rpython/rlib/rweakref.py
--- a/rpython/rlib/rweakref.py
+++ b/rpython/rlib/rweakref.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 Weakref support in RPython.  Basic regular weakrefs without callbacks
 are supported.  This file contains the following additions:
 a form of WeakKeyDictionary, and a limited version of WeakValueDictionary.
-LLType only for now!
 """
 
 import weakref
+from rpython.annotator.model import UnionError
 
 ref = weakref.ref    # basic regular weakrefs are supported in RPython
 
@@ -191,9 +191,9 @@
 class __extend__(pairtype(SomeWeakKeyDict, SomeWeakKeyDict)):
     def union((s_wkd1, s_wkd2)):
         if s_wkd1.keyclassdef is not s_wkd2.keyclassdef:
-            raise UnionError(w_wkd1, s_wkd2, "not the same key class!")
+            raise UnionError(s_wkd1, s_wkd2, "not the same key class!")
         if s_wkd1.valueclassdef is not s_wkd2.valueclassdef:
-            raise UnionError(w_wkd1, s_wkd2, "not the same value class!")
+            raise UnionError(s_wkd1, s_wkd2, "not the same value class!")
         return SomeWeakKeyDict(s_wkd1.keyclassdef, s_wkd1.valueclassdef)
 
 class Entry(extregistry.ExtRegistryEntry):
diff --git a/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakkeydict.py 
b/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakkeydict.py
--- a/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakkeydict.py
+++ b/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakkeydict.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import py
+from rpython.annotator.model import UnionError
 from rpython.rlib import rgc
 from rpython.rlib.rweakref import RWeakKeyDictionary
 from rpython.rtyper.test.test_llinterp import interpret
@@ -120,25 +121,34 @@
     f(1)
     interpret(f, [1])
 
[email protected](
+    reason="may fail with AssertionError, depending on annotation order")
+def test_rpython_merge_RWeakKeyDictionary3():
     def g(x):
         if x:
             d = RWeakKeyDictionary(KX, VX)
         else:
             d = RWeakKeyDictionary(KY, VX)
         d.set(KX(), VX())
-    py.test.raises(Exception, interpret, g, [1])
 
+    with py.test.raises(UnionError):
+        interpret(g, [1])
+
[email protected](
+    reason="may fail with AssertionError, depending on annotation order")
+def test_rpython_merge_RWeakKeyDictionary4():
     def g(x):
         if x:
             d = RWeakKeyDictionary(KX, VX)
         else:
             d = RWeakKeyDictionary(KX, VY)
         d.set(KX(), VX())
-    py.test.raises(Exception, interpret, g, [1])
 
+    with py.test.raises(UnionError):
+        interpret(g, [1])
 
[email protected](reason="not implemented, messy")
 def test_rpython_free_values():
-    import py; py.test.skip("XXX not implemented, messy")
     class VXDel:
         def __del__(self):
             state.freed.append(1)
diff --git a/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakvaldict.py 
b/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakvaldict.py
--- a/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakvaldict.py
+++ b/rpython/rlib/test/test_rweakvaldict.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import py
+from rpython.annotator.model import UnionError
 from rpython.rlib import rgc
 from rpython.rlib.rweakref import RWeakValueDictionary
 from rpython.rtyper.test.test_llinterp import interpret
@@ -143,7 +144,9 @@
         else:
             d = RWeakValueDictionary(str, Y)
         d.set("x", X())
-    py.test.raises(Exception, interpret, g, [1])
+
+    with py.test.raises(UnionError):
+        interpret(g, [1])
 
 
 def test_rpython_RWeakValueDictionary_or_None():
diff --git a/rpython/rtyper/extfunc.py b/rpython/rtyper/extfunc.py
--- a/rpython/rtyper/extfunc.py
+++ b/rpython/rtyper/extfunc.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from rpython.rtyper import extregistry
 from rpython.rtyper.extregistry import ExtRegistryEntry
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem.lltype import typeOf, FuncType, functionptr
-from rpython.annotator import model as annmodel
-from rpython.annotator.signature import annotation
+from rpython.annotator.model import unionof
+from rpython.annotator.signature import annotation, SignatureError
 
 import py, sys
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
                "Argument number mismatch"
 
         for i, expected in enumerate(signature_args):
-            arg = annmodel.unionof(args_s[i], expected)
+            arg = unionof(args_s[i], expected)
             if not expected.contains(arg):
                 name = getattr(self, 'name', None)
                 if not name:
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
                         name = self.instance.__name__
                     except AttributeError:
                         name = '?'
-                raise Exception("In call to external function %r:\n"
+                raise SignatureError("In call to external function %r:\n"
                                 "arg %d must be %s,\n"
                                 "          got %s" % (
                     name, i+1, expected, args_s[i]))
diff --git a/rpython/rtyper/test/test_extfunc.py 
b/rpython/rtyper/test/test_extfunc.py
--- a/rpython/rtyper/test/test_extfunc.py
+++ b/rpython/rtyper/test/test_extfunc.py
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 
 from rpython.rtyper.extfunc import ExtFuncEntry, register_external,\
      is_external, lazy_register
-from rpython.annotator import model as annmodel
+from rpython.annotator.model import SomeInteger, SomeString, AnnotatorError
 from rpython.annotator.annrpython import RPythonAnnotator
 from rpython.annotator.policy import AnnotatorPolicy
+from rpython.annotator.signature import SignatureError
 from rpython.rtyper.test.test_llinterp import interpret
 
 class TestExtFuncEntry:
@@ -21,8 +22,8 @@
         class BTestFuncEntry(ExtFuncEntry):
             _about_ = b
             name = 'b'
-            signature_args = [annmodel.SomeInteger()]
-            signature_result = annmodel.SomeInteger()
+            signature_args = [SomeInteger()]
+            signature_result = SomeInteger()
 
         def f():
             return b(2)
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@
         policy = AnnotatorPolicy()
         a = RPythonAnnotator(policy=policy)
         s = a.build_types(f, [])
-        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
+        assert isinstance(s, SomeInteger)
 
         res = interpret(f, [])
         assert res == 42
@@ -45,8 +46,8 @@
         class CTestFuncEntry(ExtFuncEntry):
             _about_ = c
             name = 'ccc'
-            signature_args = [annmodel.SomeInteger()] * 2
-            signature_result = annmodel.SomeInteger()
+            signature_args = [SomeInteger()] * 2
+            signature_result = SomeInteger()
 
             def lltypeimpl(y, x):
                 return y + x
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@
         policy = AnnotatorPolicy()
         a = RPythonAnnotator(policy=policy)
         s = a.build_types(f, [])
-        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
+        assert isinstance(s, SomeInteger)
 
     def test_register_external_tuple_args(self):
         """
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@
         s = a.build_types(f, [])
 
         # Not a very good assertion, but at least it means _something_ 
happened.
-        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
+        assert isinstance(s, SomeInteger)
 
     def test_register_external_return_goes_back(self):
         """
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@
         policy = AnnotatorPolicy()
         a = RPythonAnnotator(policy=policy)
         s = a.build_types(f, [])
-        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
+        assert isinstance(s, SomeInteger)
 
     def test_register_external_specialcase(self):
         """
@@ -135,10 +136,10 @@
         policy = AnnotatorPolicy()
         a = RPythonAnnotator(policy=policy)
         s = a.build_types(f, [])
-        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
+        assert isinstance(s, SomeString)
 
     def test_str0(self):
-        str0 = annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=True)
+        str0 = SomeString(no_nul=True)
         def os_open(s):
             pass
         register_external(os_open, [str0], None)
@@ -152,25 +153,32 @@
         a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul=True
         def g(s):
             return os_open(s)
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, g, [str])
+        with py.test.raises(SignatureError):
+            a.build_types(g, [str])
         a.build_types(g, [str0])  # Does not raise
 
-    def test_list_of_str0(self):
-        str0 = annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=True)
+    def test_list_of_str0_unchecked(self):
+        str0 = SomeString(no_nul=True)
+
         def os_execve(l):
             pass
+
         register_external(os_execve, [[str0]], None)
+
         def f(l):
             return os_execve(l)
+
         policy = AnnotatorPolicy()
         a = RPythonAnnotator(policy=policy)
+        assert a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul == False
         a.build_types(f, [[str]])  # Does not raise
-        assert a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul == False
         # Now enable the str0 check, and try again with a similar function
         a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul=True
+
         def g(l):
             return os_execve(l)
-        py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, g, [[str]])
+
+        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
+            # fails with TooLateForChange
+            a.build_types(g, [[str]])
         a.build_types(g, [[str0]])  # Does not raise
-
-
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