https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/4759ba6eec9f0b36b24b8eb7e7b120d471c67e82
commit: 4759ba6eec9f0b36b24b8eb7e7b120d471c67e82
branch: main
author: Sam Gross <[email protected]>
committer: colesbury <[email protected]>
date: 2024-11-22T12:55:33-05:00
summary:
gh-127022: Simplify `PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal` (#127024)
This gets rid of the immortal check in `PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal()`.
Overall, this improves performance about 2% in the free threading
build.
This also renames `PyStackRef_Is()` to `PyStackRef_IsExactly()` because
the macro requires that the tag bits of the arguments match, which is
only true in certain special cases.
files:
M Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
M Python/bytecodes.c
M Python/executor_cases.c.h
M Python/generated_cases.c.h
M Tools/cases_generator/analyzer.py
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
b/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
index 588e57f6cd97e0..90a3118352f7ae 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
@@ -99,8 +99,7 @@ _PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyObject *obj)
assert(obj != NULL);
// Make sure we don't take an already tagged value.
assert(((uintptr_t)obj & Py_TAG_BITS) == 0);
- unsigned int tag = _Py_IsImmortal(obj) ? (Py_TAG_DEFERRED) : Py_TAG_PTR;
- return ((_PyStackRef){.bits = ((uintptr_t)(obj)) | tag});
+ return (_PyStackRef){ .bits = (uintptr_t)obj };
}
# define PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(obj)
_PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(_PyObject_CAST(obj))
@@ -190,9 +189,16 @@ static const _PyStackRef PyStackRef_NULL = { .bits = 0 };
#endif // Py_GIL_DISABLED
-// Note: this is a macro because MSVC (Windows) has trouble inlining it.
+// Check if a stackref is exactly the same as another stackref, including the
+// the deferred bit. This can only be used safely if you know that the deferred
+// bits of `a` and `b` match.
+#define PyStackRef_IsExactly(a, b) \
+ (assert(((a).bits & Py_TAG_BITS) == ((b).bits & Py_TAG_BITS)), (a).bits ==
(b).bits)
-#define PyStackRef_Is(a, b) ((a).bits == (b).bits)
+// Checks that mask out the deferred bit in the free threading build.
+#define PyStackRef_IsNone(ref) (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(ref) == Py_None)
+#define PyStackRef_IsTrue(ref) (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(ref) == Py_True)
+#define PyStackRef_IsFalse(ref) (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(ref) == Py_False)
// Converts a PyStackRef back to a PyObject *, converting the
// stackref to a new reference.
diff --git a/Python/bytecodes.c b/Python/bytecodes.c
index 83240d5b95be92..88e96afe4151f5 100644
--- a/Python/bytecodes.c
+++ b/Python/bytecodes.c
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ dummy_func(
pure inst(UNARY_NOT, (value -- res)) {
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(value));
- res = PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_False)
+ res = PyStackRef_IsFalse(value)
? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
DEAD(value);
}
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ dummy_func(
inst(TO_BOOL_NONE, (unused/1, unused/2, value -- res)) {
// This one is a bit weird, because we expect *some* failures:
- EXIT_IF(!PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None));
+ EXIT_IF(!PyStackRef_IsNone(value));
DEAD(value);
STAT_INC(TO_BOOL, hit);
res = PyStackRef_False;
@@ -651,9 +651,7 @@ dummy_func(
// specializations, but there is no output.
// At the end we just skip over the STORE_FAST.
op(_BINARY_OP_INPLACE_ADD_UNICODE, (left, right --)) {
- #ifndef NDEBUG
PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
- #endif
PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
int next_oparg;
@@ -664,7 +662,7 @@ dummy_func(
next_oparg = CURRENT_OPERAND0();
#endif
_PyStackRef *target_local = &GETLOCAL(next_oparg);
- DEOPT_IF(!PyStackRef_Is(*target_local, left));
+ DEOPT_IF(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*target_local) != left_o);
STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
/* Handle `left = left + right` or `left += right` for str.
*
@@ -1141,7 +1139,7 @@ dummy_func(
gen_frame->previous = frame;
DISPATCH_INLINED(gen_frame);
}
- if (PyStackRef_Is(v, PyStackRef_None) && PyIter_Check(receiver_o))
{
+ if (PyStackRef_IsNone(v) && PyIter_Check(receiver_o)) {
retval_o = Py_TYPE(receiver_o)->tp_iternext(receiver_o);
}
else {
@@ -1249,7 +1247,7 @@ dummy_func(
inst(POP_EXCEPT, (exc_value -- )) {
_PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
Py_XSETREF(exc_info->exc_value,
- PyStackRef_Is(exc_value, PyStackRef_None)
+ PyStackRef_IsNone(exc_value)
? NULL : PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(exc_value));
}
@@ -2502,13 +2500,7 @@ dummy_func(
}
inst(IS_OP, (left, right -- b)) {
-#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
- // On free-threaded builds, objects are conditionally immortalized.
- // So their bits don't always compare equally.
int res = Py_Is(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left),
PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right)) ^ oparg;
-#else
- int res = PyStackRef_Is(left, right) ^ oparg;
-#endif
DECREF_INPUTS();
b = res ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
}
@@ -2715,7 +2707,7 @@ dummy_func(
replaced op(_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, (cond -- )) {
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_False);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsFalse(cond);
DEAD(cond);
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
JUMPBY(oparg * flag);
@@ -2723,14 +2715,14 @@ dummy_func(
replaced op(_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE, (cond -- )) {
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_True);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsTrue(cond);
DEAD(cond);
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
JUMPBY(oparg * flag);
}
op(_IS_NONE, (value -- b)) {
- if (PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (PyStackRef_IsNone(value)) {
b = PyStackRef_True;
DEAD(value);
}
@@ -3774,7 +3766,7 @@ dummy_func(
inst(EXIT_INIT_CHECK, (should_be_none -- )) {
assert(STACK_LEVEL() == 2);
- if (!PyStackRef_Is(should_be_none, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (!PyStackRef_IsNone(should_be_none)) {
PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
"__init__() should return None, not '%.200s'",
Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(should_be_none))->tp_name);
@@ -4734,7 +4726,7 @@ dummy_func(
inst(INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE, (unused/1 -- )) {
_PyStackRef cond = POP();
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_True);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsTrue(cond);
int offset = flag * oparg;
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
INSTRUMENTED_JUMP(this_instr, next_instr + offset,
PY_MONITORING_EVENT_BRANCH);
@@ -4743,7 +4735,7 @@ dummy_func(
inst(INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, (unused/1 -- )) {
_PyStackRef cond = POP();
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_False);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsFalse(cond);
int offset = flag * oparg;
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
INSTRUMENTED_JUMP(this_instr, next_instr + offset,
PY_MONITORING_EVENT_BRANCH);
@@ -4751,7 +4743,7 @@ dummy_func(
inst(INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_NONE, (unused/1 -- )) {
_PyStackRef value_stackref = POP();
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(value_stackref, PyStackRef_None);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsNone(value_stackref);
int offset;
if (flag) {
offset = oparg;
@@ -4767,7 +4759,7 @@ dummy_func(
inst(INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE, (unused/1 -- )) {
_PyStackRef value_stackref = POP();
int offset;
- int nflag = PyStackRef_Is(value_stackref, PyStackRef_None);
+ int nflag = PyStackRef_IsNone(value_stackref);
if (nflag) {
offset = 0;
}
@@ -4802,21 +4794,21 @@ dummy_func(
///////// Tier-2 only opcodes /////////
op (_GUARD_IS_TRUE_POP, (flag -- )) {
- int is_true = PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_True);
+ int is_true = PyStackRef_IsTrue(flag);
DEAD(flag);
SYNC_SP();
EXIT_IF(!is_true);
}
op (_GUARD_IS_FALSE_POP, (flag -- )) {
- int is_false = PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_False);
+ int is_false = PyStackRef_IsFalse(flag);
DEAD(flag);
SYNC_SP();
EXIT_IF(!is_false);
}
op (_GUARD_IS_NONE_POP, (val -- )) {
- int is_none = PyStackRef_Is(val, PyStackRef_None);
+ int is_none = PyStackRef_IsNone(val);
if (!is_none) {
PyStackRef_CLOSE(val);
SYNC_SP();
@@ -4826,7 +4818,7 @@ dummy_func(
}
op (_GUARD_IS_NOT_NONE_POP, (val -- )) {
- int is_none = PyStackRef_Is(val, PyStackRef_None);
+ int is_none = PyStackRef_IsNone(val);
PyStackRef_CLOSE(val);
SYNC_SP();
EXIT_IF(is_none);
diff --git a/Python/executor_cases.c.h b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
index 22de7ca11cd553..5af970ec4ae219 100644
--- a/Python/executor_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@
_PyStackRef res;
value = stack_pointer[-1];
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(value));
- res = PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_False)
+ res = PyStackRef_IsFalse(value)
? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
stack_pointer[-1] = res;
break;
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@
_PyStackRef res;
value = stack_pointer[-1];
// This one is a bit weird, because we expect *some* failures:
- if (!PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (!PyStackRef_IsNone(value)) {
UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
}
@@ -822,9 +822,7 @@
_PyStackRef left;
right = stack_pointer[-1];
left = stack_pointer[-2];
- #ifndef NDEBUG
PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
- #endif
PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
int next_oparg;
#if TIER_ONE
@@ -834,7 +832,7 @@
next_oparg = CURRENT_OPERAND0();
#endif
_PyStackRef *target_local = &GETLOCAL(next_oparg);
- if (!PyStackRef_Is(*target_local, left)) {
+ if (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*target_local) != left_o) {
UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
}
@@ -1522,7 +1520,7 @@
_PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
_PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
Py_XSETREF(exc_info->exc_value,
- PyStackRef_Is(exc_value, PyStackRef_None)
+ PyStackRef_IsNone(exc_value)
? NULL : PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(exc_value));
stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
stack_pointer += -1;
@@ -3110,13 +3108,7 @@
oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
right = stack_pointer[-1];
left = stack_pointer[-2];
- #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
- // On free-threaded builds, objects are conditionally immortalized.
- // So their bits don't always compare equally.
int res = Py_Is(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left),
PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right)) ^ oparg;
- #else
- int res = PyStackRef_Is(left, right) ^ oparg;
- #endif
PyStackRef_CLOSE(left);
PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
b = res ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
@@ -3320,7 +3312,7 @@
_PyStackRef value;
_PyStackRef b;
value = stack_pointer[-1];
- if (PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (PyStackRef_IsNone(value)) {
b = PyStackRef_True;
}
else {
@@ -4562,7 +4554,7 @@
_PyStackRef should_be_none;
should_be_none = stack_pointer[-1];
assert(STACK_LEVEL() == 2);
- if (!PyStackRef_Is(should_be_none, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (!PyStackRef_IsNone(should_be_none)) {
_PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
"__init__() should return None, not '%.200s'",
@@ -5643,7 +5635,7 @@
case _GUARD_IS_TRUE_POP: {
_PyStackRef flag;
flag = stack_pointer[-1];
- int is_true = PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_True);
+ int is_true = PyStackRef_IsTrue(flag);
stack_pointer += -1;
assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
if (!is_true) {
@@ -5656,7 +5648,7 @@
case _GUARD_IS_FALSE_POP: {
_PyStackRef flag;
flag = stack_pointer[-1];
- int is_false = PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_False);
+ int is_false = PyStackRef_IsFalse(flag);
stack_pointer += -1;
assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
if (!is_false) {
@@ -5669,7 +5661,7 @@
case _GUARD_IS_NONE_POP: {
_PyStackRef val;
val = stack_pointer[-1];
- int is_none = PyStackRef_Is(val, PyStackRef_None);
+ int is_none = PyStackRef_IsNone(val);
if (!is_none) {
PyStackRef_CLOSE(val);
stack_pointer += -1;
@@ -5687,7 +5679,7 @@
case _GUARD_IS_NOT_NONE_POP: {
_PyStackRef val;
val = stack_pointer[-1];
- int is_none = PyStackRef_Is(val, PyStackRef_None);
+ int is_none = PyStackRef_IsNone(val);
PyStackRef_CLOSE(val);
stack_pointer += -1;
assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
diff --git a/Python/generated_cases.c.h b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
index 182c9cf9919845..36ec727eed3fc9 100644
--- a/Python/generated_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
@@ -183,9 +183,7 @@
/* Skip 1 cache entry */
// _BINARY_OP_INPLACE_ADD_UNICODE
{
- #ifndef NDEBUG
PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
- #endif
PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
int next_oparg;
#if TIER_ONE
@@ -195,7 +193,7 @@
next_oparg = CURRENT_OPERAND0();
#endif
_PyStackRef *target_local = &GETLOCAL(next_oparg);
- DEOPT_IF(!PyStackRef_Is(*target_local, left), BINARY_OP);
+ DEOPT_IF(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*target_local) != left_o,
BINARY_OP);
STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
/* Handle `left = left + right` or `left += right` for str.
*
@@ -3824,7 +3822,7 @@
_PyStackRef should_be_none;
should_be_none = stack_pointer[-1];
assert(STACK_LEVEL() == 2);
- if (!PyStackRef_Is(should_be_none, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (!PyStackRef_IsNone(should_be_none)) {
_PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
"__init__() should return None, not '%.200s'",
@@ -4760,7 +4758,7 @@
/* Skip 1 cache entry */
_PyStackRef cond = POP();
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_False);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsFalse(cond);
int offset = flag * oparg;
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
INSTRUMENTED_JUMP(this_instr, next_instr + offset,
PY_MONITORING_EVENT_BRANCH);
@@ -4774,7 +4772,7 @@
INSTRUCTION_STATS(INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_NONE);
/* Skip 1 cache entry */
_PyStackRef value_stackref = POP();
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(value_stackref, PyStackRef_None);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsNone(value_stackref);
int offset;
if (flag) {
offset = oparg;
@@ -4796,7 +4794,7 @@
/* Skip 1 cache entry */
_PyStackRef value_stackref = POP();
int offset;
- int nflag = PyStackRef_Is(value_stackref, PyStackRef_None);
+ int nflag = PyStackRef_IsNone(value_stackref);
if (nflag) {
offset = 0;
}
@@ -4819,7 +4817,7 @@
/* Skip 1 cache entry */
_PyStackRef cond = POP();
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_True);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsTrue(cond);
int offset = flag * oparg;
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
INSTRUMENTED_JUMP(this_instr, next_instr + offset,
PY_MONITORING_EVENT_BRANCH);
@@ -5040,13 +5038,7 @@
_PyStackRef b;
right = stack_pointer[-1];
left = stack_pointer[-2];
- #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
- // On free-threaded builds, objects are conditionally immortalized.
- // So their bits don't always compare equally.
int res = Py_Is(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left),
PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right)) ^ oparg;
- #else
- int res = PyStackRef_Is(left, right) ^ oparg;
- #endif
PyStackRef_CLOSE(left);
PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
b = res ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
@@ -6663,7 +6655,7 @@
_PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
_PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
Py_XSETREF(exc_info->exc_value,
- PyStackRef_Is(exc_value, PyStackRef_None)
+ PyStackRef_IsNone(exc_value)
? NULL : PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(exc_value));
stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
stack_pointer += -1;
@@ -6680,7 +6672,7 @@
/* Skip 1 cache entry */
cond = stack_pointer[-1];
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_False);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsFalse(cond);
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
JUMPBY(oparg * flag);
stack_pointer += -1;
@@ -6700,7 +6692,7 @@
// _IS_NONE
{
value = stack_pointer[-1];
- if (PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (PyStackRef_IsNone(value)) {
b = PyStackRef_True;
}
else {
@@ -6712,7 +6704,7 @@
{
cond = b;
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_True);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsTrue(cond);
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
JUMPBY(oparg * flag);
}
@@ -6733,7 +6725,7 @@
// _IS_NONE
{
value = stack_pointer[-1];
- if (PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None)) {
+ if (PyStackRef_IsNone(value)) {
b = PyStackRef_True;
}
else {
@@ -6745,7 +6737,7 @@
{
cond = b;
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_False);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsFalse(cond);
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
JUMPBY(oparg * flag);
}
@@ -6763,7 +6755,7 @@
/* Skip 1 cache entry */
cond = stack_pointer[-1];
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(cond));
- int flag = PyStackRef_Is(cond, PyStackRef_True);
+ int flag = PyStackRef_IsTrue(cond);
RECORD_BRANCH_TAKEN(this_instr[1].cache, flag);
JUMPBY(oparg * flag);
stack_pointer += -1;
@@ -7100,7 +7092,7 @@
gen_frame->previous = frame;
DISPATCH_INLINED(gen_frame);
}
- if (PyStackRef_Is(v, PyStackRef_None) &&
PyIter_Check(receiver_o)) {
+ if (PyStackRef_IsNone(v) && PyIter_Check(receiver_o)) {
_PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
retval_o = Py_TYPE(receiver_o)->tp_iternext(receiver_o);
stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
@@ -7880,7 +7872,7 @@
/* Skip 2 cache entries */
value = stack_pointer[-1];
// This one is a bit weird, because we expect *some* failures:
- DEOPT_IF(!PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None), TO_BOOL);
+ DEOPT_IF(!PyStackRef_IsNone(value), TO_BOOL);
STAT_INC(TO_BOOL, hit);
res = PyStackRef_False;
stack_pointer[-1] = res;
@@ -7955,7 +7947,7 @@
_PyStackRef res;
value = stack_pointer[-1];
assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(value));
- res = PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_False)
+ res = PyStackRef_IsFalse(value)
? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
stack_pointer[-1] = res;
DISPATCH();
diff --git a/Tools/cases_generator/analyzer.py
b/Tools/cases_generator/analyzer.py
index e02e07ec748231..eca851e6de87ae 100644
--- a/Tools/cases_generator/analyzer.py
+++ b/Tools/cases_generator/analyzer.py
@@ -548,7 +548,10 @@ def has_error_without_pop(op: parser.InstDef) -> bool:
"PyStackRef_FromPyObjectImmortal",
"PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew",
"PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal",
- "PyStackRef_Is",
+ "PyStackRef_IsExactly",
+ "PyStackRef_IsNone",
+ "PyStackRef_IsTrue",
+ "PyStackRef_IsFalse",
"PyStackRef_IsNull",
"PyStackRef_None",
"PyStackRef_TYPE",
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