Duncan Murdoch <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
What S4 is missing is "encapsulation". Wikipedia's article on object-oriented programming gives a good definition:
"Encapsulation - Ensures that users of an object cannot change the internal state of the object in unexpected ways; only the object's own internal methods are allowed to access its state. Each object exposes an interface that specifies how other objects may interact with it."
Neither of these properties holds in S4.
I don't like the definition of encapsulation in the Wikipedia. If nothing else, I think the second part about objects exposing an interface specifying how to interact with them should come first --- and S4 provides that.
I agree the second part is more important. If you have the second part, you can handle the first part by convention, e.g. by exposing ways to do things with the internals through a public interface, and adopting the convention that you should never go in and meddle directly.
But I don't think S4 does the second part. S4 fixes the representation of an object, but it doesn't specify how other objects should interact with it. That's done in other languages through the methods of the class, but S4 classes don't have any methods, S4 generics have methods. Generics can be created independently of the class, and the author of the class will not know to create methods for them.
In my experience, the ability to create "obvious" interfaces to classes is the important part of encapsulation. Python's object system, for example, does not (easily) provide protections against abuse, but other than some initial misgivings, I've not missed it.
I don't know Python, but a quick look at the reference manual online makes it look class-oriented like Java rather than generic-oriented like S4.
I think this would be relatively easy to add to R. I'd do it as follows:
Put the class methods in an environment, and put the class slots in a different one. There would only be one method environment for the class, but a separate one for each instance. Set the methods environment to be the parent of each instance's slot environment.
Single inheritance could work by setting the ancestor's method environment as the parent of the method environment, but it's harder to handle multiple inheritance. However, since there's only one copy of the method environment needed, making copies of the methods for each declared class wouldn't be a big deal.
Duncan Murdoch
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