> On Jan 20, 2016, at 3:33 PM, Zilefac Elvis <[email protected]> wrote:
>
> I did not want to include attachments but as they are requested I am
> attaching the original files.
> File1=dx701S001
>
> File2= dt402DAF0
These are fixed width files. The "upper-left corner of the file looks like this
in a text editor:
402DAF0,LEADER AIRPORT ,SK,station joined ,Daily adjusted
precipitation, mm, Updated to December 2014
1923 1
-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-
1923 2
-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-
1923 3
-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-
1923 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.83 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 6 6.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.52 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 0.00 7.91 1.57
3.65 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.12
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.17
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1923 12 0.11T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1924 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 6.27 0.00
1924 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
So the convention of the file authors is to define location boundaries for
numeric values (eight characters wide, after the first two) and then the
interleaved columns (one character wide) are some sort of annotation. You can
see two such annotation types here but I can see several others (T,A,C at the
very least) in a text editor. One is clearly "M" for missing and the other that
can be seen here is "T" of unknown import. Clearly -9999.99 is a missing value.
You need to use the read.fwf function in package foreign (shipped with every
full copy of R). It's possible that you also want to loop through these files
with readLines just to get the first line, but it's clearly not a column header
line.
--
David.
>
> I read them into R using:
>
> temp1 = list.files(pattern="*.txt") # list all text file names in your
> working directory
> myfiles = lapply(temp1, read.delim)#
>
> The started processing them with:
>
> res<-lapply(temp1,function(x) {con <- file(x);Lines1<-
> readLines(con);close(con);
> Lines2<-Lines1[-1];
> Lines3<- str_split(Lines2,"-9999.99M")})
>
> Thanks
> AT
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Wednesday, January 20, 2016 4:47 PM, David Winsemius
> <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>> On Jan 20, 2016, at 12:53 PM, Zilefac Elvis via R-help
>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Please I need help processing files with strings in R. All the files have
>> two patterns (thus,examine separately):
>
> You do need help, that much is clear. But the first thing to do is retrace
> your initial data-entry steps. You have used the wrong read-function. The
> data in the input file either whitespace-separated (or fixed width format and
> you apparently thought it was a CSV-file.
>
> Asking us to no work with this mess is just unreasonable. Post the original
> input file.
>
> --
> David.
>
>
>> Pattern 1 (see file1 below): Delete Lines 1,2 & 4 in file1. Line 3 contains
>> the column names. Then find anything as.character and delete. Please do not
>> delete any values (e.g. delete T in 0.21T). Also find -999.99M,-999.99 and
>> replace with with NA.
>>
>> File1 output format should be: Year Month Day_1 Day_2 ... Day_31 ## so all
>> months should 31 days. Months with <31 days should have NA where appropraite
>> (e.g. Feb 30=NA, 31=NA)
>>
>> Pattern 2 (see file2 below): Delete Line 1 in file2.Then find anything
>> as.character and delete. Please do not delete any values (e.g. delete T in
>> 0.21T). Also find -999.99M,-999.99 and replace with withNA. File2 has no
>> column names. Please do not include any.
>> File2 output format: Year Month Day_1 Day_2 ... Day_31 but no column names
>>
>> Here is a simple reproducible example for both files/cases:
>>
>>
>> file1=list(df1,df1)df1=list(structure(list(X7011982.....DONNACONA........QC..station.joined......Homogenized.daily.maximum.temperature..........Deg.Celcius...........Updated.to.December.2014
>>
>> =structure(c(20L,19L,21L,1L,2L,3L,4L,5L,6L,7L,8L,9L,10L,11L,12L,13L,14L,15L,16L,17L,18L),.Label
>> =c(" 1918 7
>> -9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M
>> 23.6a 25.9a 25.8a 24.9a 24.9a 29.6a 27.4a 24.5a 28.5a 28.5a
>> 30.1a 25.3a 28.5a 19.6a 24.1a"," 1918 8 23.7a 18.6a 17.6a 19.0a
>> 23.7a 24.7a 18.6a 22.6a 20.1a 21.4a 22.6a 24.9a 24.1a 23.2a 22.0a
>> 17.6a 19.0a 19.0a 23.7a 24.1a 24.9a 27.9a 26.2a 22.6a 24.0a 25.4a
>> 21.4a 24.4a 19.0a 22.6a 23.7a"," 1918 9 22.0a 22.0a 24.0a 19.0a
>> 14.4a 11.2a 17.1a 18.1a 19.0a 12.0a 13.5a 9.6a 11.2a 10.7a 18.1a
>> 18.1a 16.3a 14.4a 14.3a 15.9a 10.1a 9.8a 11.3a 11.4a 13.6a 14.4a
>> 9.3a 9.6a 9.2a 8.4a-9!
999!
>> .9M"," 1918 10 9.3a 9.5a 11.3a 10.2a 9.9a-9999.9M 4.6a-9999.9M
>> 9.8a 13.6a 17.0a 15.2a 15.1a 15.9a 8.1a 9.3a 8.8a 6.0a 8.7a
>> 9.8a 9.8a 10.7a 11.3a 9.5a 10.7a-9999.9M 10.7a 16.9a 17.1a 10.7a
>> 12.7a"," 1918 11 8.8a-9999.9M 4.0a 3.4a 4.0a 6.6a 4.0a 7.3a
>> 8.1a 7.3a 2.5a 3.4a 7.7a 6.1a 2.2a 4.0a 4.6a 2.5a 2.2a
>> 1.6a 2.2a 3.0a -3.4a 2.5a 1.6a -3.4a 2.1a 0.0a 2.6a
>> 0.6a-9999.9M"," 1918 12 -10.1a -8.3a -6.3a -5.5a -5.1a -7.2a-9999.9M
>> -3.4a -2.2a -5.5a -6.0a -3.4a 0.6a 3.0a 4.7a 0.6a -5.0a -6.4a
>> -5.9a -2.2a 1.2a 4.0a 5.3a-9999.9M -2.2a -5.5a -7.5a -9.6a -7.3a
>> -6.6a-9999.9M"," 1919 1 2.5a 0.0a -7.3a -6.7a -6.6a -9.2a -5.9a
>> -0.7a -2.9a -13.2a -8.0a -17.1a -7.4a -4.0a -5.5a 0.6a -7.1a
>> -5.5a -2.2a -7.6a -7.0a -3.4a -2.2a -6.7a -8.0a -2.9a -1.5a -5.9a
>> -5.5a -5.8a -3.4a"," 1919 2 -9999.9M 0.0a -4.0a -3.4a -1.5a -2.1a !
-3!
>> .4a -7.2a -2.8a -5.5a -6.7a -5.1a -2.1a -2.1a 1.2a -2.1a -5
>> .9a -2.8a -4.5a -4.5a -3.4a 2.1a 0.0a 0.0a 1.2a -2.1a -8.3a
>> -6.6a-9999.9M-9999.9M-9999.9M"," 1919 3 -9999.9M 0.0a 1.6a 1.7a
>> -5.1a -6.7a -5.1a -3.4a -2.0a 1.2a 3.4a 1.2a -8.3a -7.9a -3.4a
>> -2.0a 1.2a 3.4a 6.6a 1.2a 6.6a 1.2a 6.6a 6.6a 3.4a 10.7a
>> 6.6a 6.6a 0.6a 0.6a -6.8a"," 1919 4 -5.9a -3.4a 2.1a 3.4a
>> 3.0a 3.0a 8.1a 8.1a 6.0a 2.1a 6.6a 8.5a 6.0a 1.7a 4.7a
>> 2.4a 2.1a 8.5a 1.2a 1.7a 9.6a 8.6a 12.8a 9.5a -2.8a 9.8a
>> 4.7a 10.7a 6.6a 11.2a-9999.9M"," 1919 5 16.4a 8.5a 9.4a 6.0a
>> 10.7a 9.8a 8.5a 13.6a 14.4a-9999.9M 16.4a 19.0a 23.2a 16.9a 17.0a
>> 19.6a 11.3a 9.4a 12.1a 17.2a 15.2a 17.0a 15.2a 17.5a 10.2a 22.6a
>> 14.5a 22.0a 24.9a 23.8a 19.0a"," 1919 6 17.7a 25.4a 31.2a 25.3a
>> 26.8a 22.0a 15.8a 19.0a 12.7a 19.6a 19.0a 24.5a 25.1a 27.4a 26.8a
>> 19.0a 20.8a 26.8a 27.9a 25.8a 20.1a 17.7a 19.0a 32.4a 30.7a 22.!
6a !
>> 19.0a 13.6a 17.5a 24.1a-9999.9M"," 1919 7 23.7a 24.4a 27.9a 29.6a
>> 23.7a 21.3a 23.7a 20.1a 23.7a 21.3a 17.0a 17.8a 23.7a 27.4a 18.2a
>> 23.2a 24.5a 26.2a 25.8a 27.9a 29.0a 25.3a 25.1a 23.9a 22.6a 23.9a
>> 20.8a 25.8a 20.1a 23.2a 23.7a"," 1919 8 20.8a 18.2a 20.1a 20.1a
>> 25.1a 20.8a 24.6a 18.5a 17.6a 22.0a 24.0a 23.2a 24.0a 24.0a 20.8a
>> 24.0a 23.7a 23.8a 17.1a 23.8a 24.6a 23.8a 19.6a 24.0a 24.0a 16.9a
>> 18.2a 18.6a 18.6a 23.2a 20.8a"," 1919 9 24.0a 21.3a 24.4a 18.1a
>> 19.0a 19.0a 17.7a 11.4a 10.7a 12.7a 15.2a 15.2a 18.6a 12.7a 15.2a
>> 10.1a 12.0a 12.7a 19.6a 18.5a 28.5a 28.5a 10.7a 14.5a 15.8a 11.3a
>> 11.3a 20.8a 23.2a 11.3a-9999.9M"," 1919 10 11.3a 8.2a 8.2a 16.4a
>> 10.7a 17.5a 7.7a 6.0a 11.3a 7.3a 12.1a 7.7a 10.2a 15.9a 18.2a
>> 9.0a 10.7a 9.8a 8.2a 7.3a 7.7a 8.9a 9.5a 12.1a 10.2a 10.2a
>> 4.0a 10.7a 2.9a 5.3a 3.0a"," 1919 11 8.2a 2.2a 1.2a !
!
>> 2.6a 1.7a 2.6a 6.1a 8.2a 7.7a 5.3a 4.7a 8.9a 4.7a
>> 1.7a -4.0a 2.2a 7.7a 7.7a 0.6a -4.5a 2.6a 3.4a 2.5a -3.4a
>> -5.9a -5.1a -5.5a -6.4a 8.9a 3.0a-9999.9M"," 1919 12 -4.0a -9.2a
>> -10.5a -5.1a -4.5a -6.9a -4.0a -4.0a 3.0a 2.2a -9.2a -3.4a 5.3a
>> -6.4a -6.9a -20.4a -20.4a -17.6a -10.5a -13.8a -8.7a -3.4a -2.9a
>> -4.5a -5.5a -5.5a -2.9a -0.8a -10.1a -6.9a -5.9a"," Year Mo Day 01
>> Day 02 Day 03 Day 04 Day 05 Day 06 Day 07 Day 08 Day 09 Day 10 Day
>> 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Day 15 Day 16 Day 17 Day 18 Day 19 Day 20
>> Day 21 Day 22 Day 23 Day 24 Day 25 Day 26 Day 27 Day 28 Day 29 Day
>> 30 Day 31","7011982, DONNACONA , QC, station jointe , Temperature
>> quotidienne maximale homogeneisee, Deg Celcius, Mise a jour jusqu a decembre
>> 2014","Annee Mo Jour 01 Jour 02 Jour 03 Jour 04 Jour 05 Jour 06 Jour 07 Jour
>> 08 Jour 09 Jour 10 Jour 11 Jour 12 Jour 13 Jour 14 Jour 15 Jour 16 Jour 17
>> Jour 18 Jour 19 Jour 20 Jour 21 Jour 22 Jour 23 Jour 24 Jour 25 Jour 26 Jo!
ur !
>> 27 Jour 28 Jour 29 Jour 30 Jour 31"),class ="factor")),.Names
>> ="X7011982.....DONNACONA........QC..station.joined......Homogenized.daily.maximum.temperature..........Deg.Celcius...........Updated.to.December.2014",class
>> ="data.frame",row.names =c(NA,-21L)))
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> file2=list(df2,df2)df2=list(structure(list(X250M001.MOULD.BAY.................NT.station.joined.....Daily.adjusted.precipitation..mm..Updated.to.December.2014
>> =structure(1:24,.Label =c("1948 1
>> -9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M","1948
>> 2
>> -9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M","1948
>> 3
>> -9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999!
.99!
>> M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M","1948 4
>> -9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M","1948
>> 5
>> -9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M
>> 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 1.69 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T
>> 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.39 0.00 0.21T","1948
>> 6 0.00 0.00 0.30T 3.34T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 7.19T 0.21T
>> 1.04 0.00 4.29 1.69 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.65
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.21T-9999.99M","1948 7 0.21T 0.51T 0.00 2.74
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.00 !
!
>> 0.00 1.57 1.57 2.30 0.74T 0.00 0.30T 0.74 0.53
>> 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 3.34 2.30
>> 13.43 ","1948 8 0.30T 2.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.21T 0.65 3.65 3.25
>> 0.21T 3.90 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.30T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.65 1.95 0.21T 0.21T","1948 9 0.00 0.21T 0.21T
>> 0.21T 0.21T 0.69T 7.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T
>> 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.21T 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 7.28 4.68 2.34 1.95 3.90 1.30
>> 0.21T-9999.99M","1948 10 1.04 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.65 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T","1948 11 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.21T 1.04 0.21T 0.00 0.00 1.69
>> 0.21T 0.21T!
!
>> 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -9999.99M","1948 12
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 ","1949 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39
>> 0.65 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.65 0.39
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 ","1949 2 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> -9999.99M-9999.99M-9999.99M","1949 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0!
.!
>> 21T 0.00 1.69 0.00 1.04 1.69 0.65 0.21T 0.51T
>> 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 ","1949 4 0.00 0.00 0.39
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T
>> 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.65
>> 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> -9999.99M","1949 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.39
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.39
>> 0.21T 0.39 0.39 0.21T 1.04 ","1949 6 0.39 0.21T 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.51T 0.21T 0.00 0.39 0.21T 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.21T 0.39 0.39 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> -9999.99M","1949 7 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.51T 0.51T 0.21T 0.51T
>> 0.30T 0.00 0.00!
!
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30T 0.30T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.51T 0.51T 6.25 22.63 0.00 0.51T 0.21T 0.30T 0.30T
>> 0.00 0.00 ","1949 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.51T 0.51T 0.00 0.30T 0.30T 0.00 0.00 6.56 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.21T
>> 0.21T 0.51T 0.00 0.30T 0.21T 0.21T","1949 9 0.30T 0.30T
>> 0.00 0.39 0.39 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T
>> 0.21T-9999.99M","1949 10 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.39
>> 0.65 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.39 0.21T 0.65
>> 0.65 0.21T 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.21T 0.00
>> 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ","1949 11 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 !
!
>> 1.04 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.21T-9999.99M","1949 12 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.39 0.00 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.21T 0.00
>> 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21T 0.00 0.00 "),class ="factor")),.Names
>> ="X250M001.MOULD.BAY.................NT.station.joined.....Daily.adjusted.precipitation..mm..Updated.to.December.2014",class
>> ="data.frame",row.names =c(NA,-24L)))
>>
>> ______________________________________________
>> [email protected] mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
> David Winsemius
> Alameda, CA, USA
> <dt402DAF0.txt><dx701S001.txt>
David Winsemius
Alameda, CA, USA
______________________________________________
[email protected] mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
