On Thu, 2 Jun 2005, hadley wickham wrote:

An environment is a hash table, and copying occurs only on modification,
when any language would have to copy in this context.

Yes, I'm aware that copying only occurs on modification.  However, it
was my understanding that

a <- list(a =1)
a$b <- 4

would create a new copy of a, whereas in Java say


It depends, but I was talking about *environments*, not lists, and

a<-new.env()
assign("b",4,a)
assign("c", 42, a)
etc

wouldn't copy anything. Bill Venables had an article about environments for caching previously computed results in an early issue of R News.


        -thomas

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