To say the least, the test of the hypothesis highlighted in the  article
is contrived and unconvincing. The point is well taken, viz, markets
diminish moral capacity, but if someone classifies a mouse as
equivalent to vermin, as many people do, absolutely nothing
has been demonstrated except that some people don't think
mice are anything but needless pests in the grand scheme
of things.
 
What would be interesting is a social science study carried out by
actual social scientists  --rather than by sob-sister Lefties  pretending 
to be social scientists. There are plenty of human examples from the
market of unethical values and conduct to use as evidence. Names 
like Madoff, Ichann, and Kenneth Lay come to mind. 
 
Besides, who designed a "morally neutral" experiment which  necessarily
resulted in the deaths of X number of mice that otherwise could have
been saved ?  It would have cost nothing,  or very little, to  have
saved the mice that ended up being killed. Unless, like the  "immoral"
subjects in the experiment, the experimenters themselves actually
regard mice as vermin or pests, in any case, not worth much.
 
Full disclosure: Personally I don't really care what happens to  mice.
I would not pay one dime to save a mouse; what for ?   But it  is
very possible to strongly object to hypocrisy and bad "science."
 
I thought very highly of Science 2.0 until reading this  nonsense.
 
Whomever gave this story publication approval should be ashamed
of themselves.
 
My humble opinion
Billy
 
 
----------------------------------------------------
 
 
Science 2.0
 
 
Capitalism Kills Morality - And So Does Socialism, Say  Economists
By News Account
Created May 10 2013 - 1:32pm
Do you support unions, a minimum wage, dislike business  and hate child 
labor and then tell all of your friends on your  iPhone?

People rationalize moral standards when it comes to their own  lives, say 
economists writing in Science. It's easy to lament child  labor and 
exploitation of the work force but if you are not willing to pay  $2,000 for a 
phone, 
you are part of the problem and Tweeting about social issues  on that phone 
helps precisely no one but corporate shareholders.

Markets  are not about social justice, note Professors Armin Falk from the  
University of Bonn and Nora Szech from the University of Bamberg, and so 
markets  reduce moral concerns. They have found that, in comparison to 
non-market  decisions, moral standards are significantly lower if people 
participate in  markets. You're not more ethical if you buy one product, you 
are 
slightly  less ethical if you buy anything at all. 
"Our results show that market participants violate their  own moral 
standards," says Falk. 

In different experiments, several  hundred people were confronted with the 
moral decision between receiving a  monetary amount and killing a mouse 
versus saving the life of a mouse and  foregoing the monetary amount. In other 
words, they could kill a mouse or  get paid. 

The economists ironically invoke some moral  superiority in their market 
choice to use the mice at all.  The animals  involved in the study were 
"surplus mice" raised in laboratories - outside  Germany, no German mice were 
harmed, they want us to know. Since the mice were  no longer needed for 
research 
purposes, they would all have been killed.  Hundreds of young mice that 
would otherwise all have died were saved, they note,  which has to make 100 
million dead laboratory mice per year a little jealous. If  a person decided to 
save a mouse, the experimenters bought the animal to keep it  in the lab.  
"To study immoral outcomes, we studied whether people are  willing to harm 
a third party in exchange to receiving money. Harming others in  an 
intentional and unjustified way is typically considered unethical," says  Falk. 
  

And a lot of people were. 
Simple bilateral markets affect moral  decisions 
A subgroup of people decided between life and money in a  non-market 
decision context (the individual condition). This condition allowed  for 
eliciting 
moral standards held by individuals and was compared to two market  
conditions in which either only one buyer and one seller (bilateral market) or 
a  
larger number of buyers and sellers (multilateral market) could trade with 
each  other. 

If a market offer was accepted a trade was completed, resulting  in the 
death of a mouse.

Compared to the individual condition, a  significantly higher number of 
subjects were willing to accept the killing of a  mouse in both market 
conditions. 

Conclusion: markets result in an  erosion of moral values. "In markets, 
people face several mechanisms that may  lower their feelings of guilt and 
responsibility," explains Szech. In market  situations, people focus on 
competition and profits rather than on moral  concerns. Guilt can be shared 
with 
other traders. In addition, people see that  others violate moral norms as 
well.  
"If I don't buy or sell, someone else  will."  
In addition, in markets with many buyers and sellers,  subjects may justify 
their behavior by stressing that their impact on outcomes  is negligible. 
"This logic is a general characteristic of markets," says Falk.  

Excuses or justifications appeal to the saying, "If I don't buy or sell  
now, someone else will." 

For morally neutral goods, however, such  effects are of minor importance. 
Szech notes "For goods without moral relevance,  differences in decisions 
between the individual and the market conditions are  small. The reason is 
simply that in such cases the need to share guilt or excuse  behavior is 
absent." 
 
 

Citation: Armin Falk and Nora Szech, 'Morals and  Markets', Science 10 May 
2013

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