Paper langkok di http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1901782
Pada Jumat, 10 Mei 2013 13:43:19 UTC+7, Andiko menulis: > > February 2, 2012 - SEAF News > Indonesian campaign poster symbolism and political identity > By Sarah L. Bhatia > > > http://aparc.stanford.edu/news/indonesian_campaign_poster_symbolism_and_political_identity_20120202 > > Riding around on the back of a motorcycle in 2009, Jeremy Menchik snapped > photos of hundreds of Indonesian campaign posters. That number has now > grown to over 5000 images, which Menchik and Colm Fox have painstakingly > coded and analyzed to better understand the politics of identity in > Indonesia. The initial results of their research reveal similarities > between the United States and Indonesia, and shed light on the transitional > democracies of the Arab Spring. > > Menchik is a 2011–12 Shorenstein Fellow at Stanford University, and will > take up a position as an assistant professor in international relations at > Boston University in 2013. > > Fox is a doctoral student at the George Washington University’s Department > of Political Science. > > How important is political identity in Indonesia? Why? > > Indonesia is the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, and one of > the most diverse. But what we found was that rather than being unique, > Indonesian politicians behave remarkably similar to American politicians in > using a variety of regional, religious, and ethnic identity symbols to > court voters. > > For example, just recently on NPR, I heard Mitt Romney and Newt Gingrich > using broken Spanish to appeal to Latino voters in Florida. That is no > different than candidates for mayor in northern Sumatra, who often print > one poster with them wearing Islamic clothing for one neighborhood, and > another poster with them wearing Batak clothing for a different > neighborhood. And a third where they are draped in the Indonesian flag. > > Our research suggests that despite the obvious differences between a > developed, Western country like the United States, and a developing, > Muslim-majority country like Indonesia, politicians often act similarly > when they are trying to win elections. > > What is an important factor in determining a candidate’s use of identity > symbols? > > What we found is that the election rules matter, a lot. Candidates are far > more likely to use religious and ethnic symbols in a plurality > (“winner-take-all”) system like the United States than in a proportional > representation system (PR) like Indonesia. This is an important finding, > because tinkering with election rules is one of the tools that > international relations practitioners can use to reduce ethnic and > sectarian violence. And what we are saying is that it works. Changing > election rules can change the types and levels of identities that are > politicized. And that is an important lesson for conflict resolution. > > What are some of the most surprising results to come out of your research? > > The first is how badly the dominant explanations for identity > politics—modernization theory and secularization theory—fared when they > were tested on a large dataset. We are at an interesting juncture in time, > where our theories of religion and politics have not caught up with the way > the world works. > > A second surprising finding is how much electoral rules shape the use of > identity symbols. Indonesia is a Muslim-majority country, but you would not > know it in many of the PR elections. Having strong party backing is so > crucial to winning seats in the legislature that it overrides candidates’ > religious identity. This points to a similarity between a developed, > consolidated Western democracy like the United States, and a developing, > unconsolidated Muslim-majority country like Indonesia. The rules are really > important for understanding "how politics works" in the Muslim world. > > Finally, it was interesting to see the continued importance of history for > understanding contemporary political behavior. Regional rebellions that > happened in the 1950s continue to echo in politics today. There are > certainly ways that changing electoral rules and economic development can > result in a shift in political identity, but without understanding the > specific Indonesian context, a lot of our results do not make sense. That > is an important lesson that for understanding how people in a Muslim > country vote; the regionally specific history of that country is very > important. > > During last year’s Arab Spring, the ideal of democracy was celebrated > throughout the world. How might your research shed light on understanding > the complexities of these transitioning democracies? > > Well this research has clear implications for the Arab Spring, > particularly for understanding the future of Egypt. Just because religious > parties like the Muslim Brotherhood or the Salafist Nour party come into > office does not mean that democracy is doomed, or that religious minorities > are going to suffer. As long as secular Muslims, Christians, liberals, and > other groups have a stake in elections, we are likely to see cross-ethnic > and cross-religious coalitions emerge. This is a very good thing. One > obvious difference, however, is that we did not see a lot of overt military > participation in politics in Indonesia after 1999. The military was largely > absent. And that is one way that Egypt is very different from Indonesia. If > there is a big threat to democracy in Egypt, it is not coming from the > politicization of identity—it is coming from the suppression of the > people's voice by the military. > -- . * Posting yg berasal dari Palanta RantauNet, dipublikasikan di tempat lain wajib mencantumkan sumber: ~dari Palanta R@ntauNet~ * Isi email, menjadi tanggung jawab pengirim email. =========================================================== UNTUK DIPERHATIKAN, melanggar akan dimoderasi: - DILARANG: 1. E-mail besar dari 200KB; 2. E-mail attachment, tawarkan & kirim melalui jalur pribadi; 3. One Liner. - Anggota WAJIB mematuhi peraturan serta mengirim biodata! 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