utf8 and authenticity_token are at the "root" level of the params hash, at the 
same level as press_release. They are peers. Press release contains two child 
attributes and their values, because that's the way your form was set up. By 
default, when you use 

        <%= form_for @foo do | f | %>

to start off your form, you are going to get a set of parameters like 

        { ... "foo" => { "name" => "Bar", "style" => "Baz" } ... }

in return.

Walter

> On Apr 20, 2017, at 6:00 AM, fugee ohu <fugee...@gmail.com> wrote:
> 
> Here my params are nested utf8 wraps press_release which in turn wraps venue, 
> venue_country, etc.
> What causes this behavior?
> 
> {"utf8"=>"✓",
>  
> "authenticity_token"=>"qR82bEuyDUS6XD1dxylozc96nGH0kxk/ew+sUe95LT9s+8G9PJqAr06khj0bE9SEPElcinsWxe0Kgzppzq1g0w==",
>  "press_release"=>
>   {"venue"=>"",
>    "venue_country"=>"US",
> 
> 
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