To determine the grades  on my layout, I use an idea I found in an old MR 
article on making spline roadbed. I use a 24" level. To be 100 % correct, the 
level should be 25" long, but 24" will work. Since I have a milling machine I 
like to play with, I added 1" to the level. Now make an adjustable peice on one 
end of the level. Then mark in 1/4" increments on the adjustable piece. If you 
want a 1% grade, set the adjustable piece to the first mark, 1/4". The bottom 
of the adjustable piece is now 1/4" below the bottom of the level. Put the 
level on the roadbed with the 1/4" piece on the low end of the grade. When the 
bubble in the level is in the middle of the marks, you have a 1% grade. The 
idea is that 25" is 1/4 of 100", so when you put the 25" level on the road bed 
at 1/4", you measure 1/4th of 100" of the grade. The increase in height for  
25" is 1/4" for 1% grade. It may be a little off on curves, but will be very 
close. I realize it is hard to describe this tool without seeing it. But, it 
does work.
Roy J Meissner

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