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Today's Topics:
1. Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8 (Revision 2)
(S. L. Abhyankar)
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Message: 1
Date: Fri, 4 Jun 2010 00:00:40 -0400
From: "S. L. Abhyankar" <sl.abhyan...@gmail.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8
(Revision 2)
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?????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? S ???? ?
The lesson is again revised
(1) to correct that root verb of ???????? is ??? + ?
(2) to add info that the style of making a clause by using locative cases is
called as ??? ??????
Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8 (Revision 2)
Here is an interesting ????????? very onomatopoetically composed. Also it
displays the flight of imagination of the poet. He leaves it to the reader
to draw the moral.
???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?
??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?
????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?
?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?
Let us start with our study - phrase by phrase, word by word.
???????????????? = ??????: ????????
??????: = Night
???????? = will pass
???????? ??????????
???????? = will be or will become
?????????? = good morning
??????????????? = ???????? ????????
???????? = one who has splendour; sun ??? + ???
??? = splendour
??? A Suffix which helps to make a derived noun, meaning "having". Here ???
+ ??? becomes a derived noun, with meaning "having splendour" One common
place example is the word ??????
???????? = will rise
???????? ?????????
???????? = will smile
?????????
???? = ???? ????? ??? ??????
??? = mud
???? = in mud
? = ????? = is born; grows
? is a sufffix which is used to render a meaning "born of" or "born at" or
"is born"
?????? = that which grows in mud = lotus
????? = glory
????????? = ??????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? glory of lotus
????? ???????? ?????? ????????
????? = thus
???????? = thinking; ???????? is masculine, seventh case singular of ??????
?? a present active participle, derived from the causative of the verb ?? +
???
??????
?????: = ???? ??:, ?????? ???????? ????
???? = into the treasure, into the bosom
??: = gone This is masculine first case singular of the past passive
participle of root verb ???
?????? = having gone into the treasure
????????
???????: = ???? ???? ???? ??, ????????? ???? One who has two wings
???? = two
???? = I struggled with the meaning of ??? One would not find it in a
dictionary. It was very kind of Mr. P. G. Kulkarni and Mr. Krishnanad
Mankikar to explain that ??????? means a black bee. Sanskrit word which can
be found in a dictionary is ?????? As can be seen, this word has two '?'-s
in it. ??? means this '?'-??? ! So, ??????? means "one, who has two '?'-???-s
n its name ! Ooph ! Poetry even in coining a new word !
This phrase ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? merits special attention. Three
words ???????? ?????? ???????? are all in seventh case ??????. This style of
composition makes the phrase, a sub-clause. The meaning of these words is
not to be taken by their meaning in seventh case.
This style of composing a clause is called in Sanskrit grammar as ???
??????. Here
??? suggests locative case of verbal derivative ?. ?. ??. ??. (= ??????
???????????????? ??????????? ????????) e.g. ???????? and
?????? suggests locative case of corresponding subject of that verb, e.g.
????????
Here we have ?????? also in ?????? because it is the adjective of ????????.
As a phrase, the meaning becomes, "(as) the black bee had gone into the
bosom and was thinking.." or "(as) the bee, which had gone into the bosom,
was thinking.."
?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ???? = interjection, mostly to express sadness, or meaning "alas !"
?????? = ??????? Second case singular of ????? meaning "lotus", rather "a
full-grown lotus"
?? ??????? = ??: ???????
??: = elephant
??????? = uprooted, This is declension in past tense, third person, singular
of root verb ??? + ?? meaning "to uproot"
The overall meaning becomes -
As the bee, which had gone into the bosom (of a lotus), was thinking...
"..night will pass and good morning will dawn,
sun will rise and glory of (this) lotus will smile.."
Oh God ! an elephant uprooted the lotus !!
Moral ?
Never think that things will work out the way you would like. The bee
possibly thought that it will have all the time of passing of night until
sunrise and opening of the petals of the lotus, all that time, to enjoy the
nectar at the bosom of the lotus to its heart's content. But alas, an
elephant came along and uprooted the lotus itself !!
Man proposes, God disposes !!
Never do over-indulgence; always take risk-factors also into account.
Thanks again to Mr. Kulkarni for adding also an explanation, that "the bee
could have bored its way out. But it was more thoughtful not to hurt the
lotus. Behaviour of the elephant was rough, not so considerate as of the
bee."
However, I also read a comment, that the elephant uprooted the lotus to
offer it to Goddess LakShmee !
Uhmmm ...! The poet sets people to start thinking further, right ?
I had another idea also in mind, in taking up this ?????????. In these four
lines we have ????????, ????????, ????????, ????????, ????????, ???, ???????
all verb-forms - either declensions or participles. Even the suffix ? in ????
has a derivation from a verb.
Of these ????????, ????????, ????????, ???????? are all declensions in
future tense, third person, singular of different root verbs ???, ??, ??? +
?, ???
???????? is masculine, seventh case singular of ???????? a present active
participle, derived from the causative of the verb ?? + ???
??? is masculine, seventh case, singular of past passive participle ?? of
root verb ???
??????? is declension in past tense, third person, singular of root verb ???
+ ??
Verbs in Sanskrit become a subject of interesting, but very comprehensive
study. It is possibly no exaggeration to say that Sanskrit owes much of its
charm for how one can play around with verbs ! Prominently,
1. A root verb is called as ????
2. Verbs in Sanskrit are of ten classes called as ??
3. Some verbs may belong to more than one ??-s
4. The patterns of declension are of two types, called as ????????? and
?????????
5. When a ???? has declension of both patterns ????????? and ????????? it
is called as ??????
6. Declensions of verbs are influenced by tense or mood, person and number
7. There are ten tenses and moods -
(For ease of understanding given below for each type is third person
singular form of the verb ??)
the tenses are seven
Present Tense ???????? ???
Three types of Past Tense ????
???? called as "Aorist" by grammarians. This is not in common use. Example
is ?????
??? (???????? ???????) e.g. ?????
???? (?????????????) e.g. ????
Three types of Future Tense ????????
???? e.g. ????????
???? e.g. ?????
???? e.g. ?????????
and the moods are three
Imperative Mood ???? ???? Imperative mood is for giving an order, e.g. ????
Mood typically indicated by "should" in English ???? ???? e.g. ?????
Mood of benedictions, benevolent wishes and blessings as indicated by "May
God bless you" in English ????? ???? e.g. ??????
8. There are three persons - first person (I, we) second person (you), third
person (he-she-it, they)
9. Numbers are three - singular, dual, plural
In the dictionary, one will usually find a verb identified as follows -
????:??:???? ????. ??. ??. ??.?. ??. ??. ??.1???1?.????????2??1?.???????3??? +
???1?.??????-?? ??????4???1?.????????5?? + ??? (???????)1?.???????????????6???
+ ??1?.???????-????????
In the above table
?. = ?????????
?. = ??????
????. ??. ??. ??. = ???????? ?????-????????? ???????
?. ??. ??. ??. = ??????-???????????? ??????????? ????????
There are many adjectival and adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs.
1. Past passive participles such as ??
2. Present active participles such as ????????
3. Adjectives obtained from verbs ????????? ?????? by using suffixes ? ????
????
4. Infinitive obtained by using suffix ????
5. Adverbial derivatives obtained by using suffix ???? e.g. ????? means
"upon going"
In Sanskrit, words are formed
1. by declension of nouns, pronouns and adjectives influenced by gender,
case and number
2. by declension of verbal roots influenced by tense or mood. voice,
causative, person and number
3. by declension of adjectival derivatives obtained from verbs
And there are of course the
4. indeclinables - among them adverbs, conjunctions and interjections
5. adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs, which also are indeclinables.
For doing word-by-word study we can use five structures to present a study
of words of these five types.
For example we can see a presentation of words in this ????????? in the
following manner.
????:??????? ????:???????:?????????????:?????????????:??????:??????????
????????????.????????.night
????:??????? ????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ???????:
?????????????:?????????????????????1?.???????'????'-?????????:?????:??.will
go, will pass
????:??????? ????:????????:?????????????In this manner, thus
????:??????? ????:???????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ??
?????????????:?????????????: ?????????. ?. ??. ??. ?????????? + ???1?.??? =
Yes???????????????.????????.when thinking
In the table for ???????? please note ?. ?. ??. ??. = ?????? ??????????????
?? ??????????? ????????
Wow! We already have structures for four of the five types of words in
Sanskrit !
And what a study !
Do not these structures give a very satisfactory and confidant feeling that
"well, the ????????? is really thoroughly understood !" ?
As an exercise, you can compile a study of all the other words !
???????? |
*-o-O-o-*
???????? ,
?????????????????? ???????? |
???????? ?????? ????????? ?
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