We may need Genetic research on "higher caste" Hindus related to Euro-asia, but We certainly don't need Genetic help with many Muslims in India and Pakistan, as many of them happen to be "Hindus" originally and not of Arab descent.
We may need research on this but I read muslims that have "Sheikh" prefix are originally Brahmins.
I also would like to share that in Tamilnadu, a muslim princess from Delhi married the Deity of Srirangam, the sleeping form of Lord Vishnu. Even to this day the Deity is offered Islamic Checkered Lungi and paan with salt(muslim version of Paan)
This Deity was worshipped by Lord Ram himself.
Ravi
From: "Rasheed Ahmed" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Subject: Aryan Invasion Research Paper Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2004 10:18:35 -0600
I've found a paper on GenomeResearch <http://www.genome.org/> which claims to establish the origins of Hindu Caste System and prove the validity of the Aryan Invasion theory. As a geneticist/microbiologist, can you review this (or have it reviewed by someone) and let me know how "conclusive" and valid the research reported by this paper is in establishing Aryan Invasion theory?
A PDF version of the paper is attached. A simplified explanation of the theory is given in the two articles below:
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Genetic Study Confirm Origin of Hindu Caste System
Latest genetic research supports the anthropological and historical theory that the Hindu caste system and the link between the Europeans invasion from west. Those born into higher castes in India may be more related to Europeans, while lower castes may be more similar to Asians, the research finds.
The original Hindu caste system is said to have started when Indo-European nomadic groups called Aryans invaded India about 5000 years ago. They set themselves as priests and then divided the society they encountered into a four-part caste system -- Brahmans (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors), Vaisyas (merchants and traders) and Sudras (workers and peasants) who were born to serve the other three. There also are castes within castes; in all, there are more than 1,000.
Lowest in the social order are the Harijans or Untouchables. They did all the dirty work.
Researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, and India studied the linkage between the Europeans and high caste in India by DNA. "We've been working in India, asking questions about the origins of the caste system and tribal populations," says Dr. Michael Bamshad, an assistant professor at the University of Utah's Eccles Institute of Human Genetics in Salt Lake City. "We were also interested in the effects of social forces on biological variations."
Bamshad and his colleagues conducted their research by drawing blood from eight different populations in the lower, middle and upper castes. They compared five different types of genetic data, Bamshad says. "Two of those types are inherited only from your mother -- called mitochondrial data -- and two of those types are from the Y chromosome, so they come only from the father."
The researchers compared the data to about "750 Africans, Asians and Europeans and then compared the affinities of the castes of different ranks with those continental groups," Bamshad says.
The genetic data from the mother shows "some evidence of European markers," Bamshad reports. The higher the caste, the "higher the frequency of those European markers," he says.
But genes passed on from the father show a more striking pattern. "When we looked at father markers, we see that the castes are more similar to Europeans than Asians, again with the upper classes being closer to Europeans than the lower classes," Bamshad says.
Though discrimination against the ancient caste system was declared illegal by bothe Nepalese and Indian government, it still continues as part of day to day life in both countries.
The findings, which appear in the May issue of Genome Research, support the historical data showing that India was in part populated by people from Turkey, the Middle East, the Caucasus or Eastern Europe, Bamshad says.
"And it also suggests that those who migrated from Europe often left their descendents in the higher castes rather than the lower castes," Bamshad says. "The evidence from the Y chromosomes shows that it was the men who married into the upper castes, and it appears that more men than women moved into India, and that certainly is consistent with the concept of a marauding army."
Bamshad's research falls under the rubric of molecular anthropology, says Peter Underhill, senior research scientist in genetics at Stanford University. "The main thrust of this research project is to better understand the Indian population, where it came from, how it developed."
"This research, which attempts to correlate genetics with the historical record, provides good genetic evidence, and such correlations are reassuring," Underhill says. "What's particularly nice about this paper is that it doesn't emphasize one slice of the genome. It weaves in genetics from both men and women."
While Bamshad's research has no direct relevance, "it would be of some interest to medical genetic studies. It's another piece of the puzzle that might help scientists understand certain traits within the Indian population," Underhill says.
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Vol. 11, Issue 6, 931-932, June 2001
INSIGHT/OUTLOOK Indian Caste Origins: Genomic Insights and Future Outlook
Partha P. Majumder
Anthropology and Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta 700035, India
ARTICLE
The main feature of Indian society, seen at its strongest in the rural areas, is caste. A caste is a collection of people who share similar cultural and religious values and practices. Members within a caste generally marry among themselves; intercaste marriages are a cultural taboo. These social regulations governing the institution of marriage have resulted in a substructuring of the Indian gene pool. There are also elaborate social regulations of avoidance of marriages within castes, and thus there is genomic substructuring even within a caste.
The origins of the castes in India remain an enigma. Many castes are known to have tribal origins, as evidenced from various totemic features that manifest themselves in these caste groups (Kosambi 1964 <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/931#B3> ). The caste system in northern India may have developed as a class structure from within tribes: As agriculture spread from the Indus River valley to the Gangetic basin, knowledge and ownership of the means of food production may have created hierarchical divisions within tribal societies (Kosambi 1964 <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/931#B3> ). Karve (1961) <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/931#B2> has also argued that "something very like castes were in India" even before Aryan speakers entered India.
The Aryan world comprised three classes (varnas): priests, nobles, and commoners. Aryans as the conquering people possibly placed their three classes on the indigenous Indian society. The varna organization is hierarchical. Initially, the system had names for two ranks, Brahma (Brahmin) and Kshatra (Kshatriya), Brahmin being of a socially higher rank than Kshatriya. The third rank was made up of Vis, that is, all the subjects. To this society, a fourth rank was added: Shudra, who had no rights to Aryan ritual. In southern India, the menial workers, the so-called "untouchables", were placed in a new varna, Panchama (meaning fifth). It is conceivable that the Aryan speakers had greater contact, including genetic admixture, with the Brahmins, who were professionally the torchbearers and promoters of Aryan rituals. The Aryan contact should have been progressively less as one descended the varna ladder. The genetic expectation, therefore, is that the proportions of those genes (or genomic features, such as haplotypes or haplogroups) that "characterized" the Aryan speakers should progressively decline from the highest varna to the lowest and a reverse trend should be observed with respect to those genes that "characterized" the indigenous Indians.
Although some previous studies have sought to test this expectation, the observed trends were equivocal. The primary reason was the lack of data on a large uniform set of markers from populations of India and central/west Asia (the region from which the Aryans speakers who entered India originated). The study by Bamshad et al. (2001) <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/931#B1> , who have also sought to test the above expectation, is clearly a landmark. Using a very large battery of genomic markers and DNA sequences, spanning autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal genomic regions, they have shown that the observed trend of genetic admixture estimated from castes belonging to different varnas is congruent with expectations. This trend was observed in each of the three data subsets. The only exception was in respect of mtDNA restriction site haplotypes, which was also noted in a recent study conducted by us (Roychoudhury et al. 2000 <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/931#B4> ). However, after combining these haplotype data with DNA sequence data, Bamshad and colleagues were able to capture the expected trend. Thus, this study not only provides a wonderful genomic view of the castes and of their origins, but also underscores the need for careful statistical analysis of genomic data for drawing appropriate inferences.
The use of "upper", "middle", and "lower" to designate caste hierarchy is much more recent than the use of varna. Whereas varnas are traditionally defined, different anthropologists have used different definitions of upper, middle, and lower castes, in terms of the castes that they included in each of these clusters. Sometimes these differences in definitions have stemmed from socio-cultural similarities or differences as noted or perceived by different anthropologists, and sometimes ranked caste-cluster compositions were altered for convenience, such as pooling to adjust for small sample sizes. As noted earlier, in studies such as Bamshad et al.'s, the most appropriate classification is by varna. As the reader will note, the authors have analyzed their data using different compositions of hierarchical caste-clusters and have obtained homologous results. However, it needs to be emphasized that traditional varna system is the only unequivocally accepted hierarchical system. In studies pertaining to the origins of castes, one is liable to draw incorrect inferences by including castes belonging to different varnas in the same ranked cluster.
Bamshad et al. have chosen to study caste populations drawn from a restricted geographical region of India. They have rightly emphasized the need to replicate their findings. This is absolutely essential because, as Karve (1961) <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/931#B2> has noted, "it is not generally realized that the caste society in a sense was a very elastic society." Indeed, a caste bearing the same name may have very different origins in different geographical regions. There are examples in which a tribe dispersed over a large geographical region, took up different occupations in different sub-regions, and "fitted" itself into the caste hierarchy on different rungs. Karve's work has also indicated that each of the different Brahmin castes (Chitpavan, Sarasvat, etc.) in Maharashtra probably has a different origin. Thus, the origin of caste populations may not be uniform over the entire India geographical space, and it is crucial to undertake studies to replicate Bamshad et al.'s findings. Finally, I would also like to suggest that in future studies bearing on the origins of the Indian castes, it would be a good idea to include tribal populations inhabiting the same region along with the caste populations.
FOOTNOTES
E-MAIL [EMAIL PROTECTED]; FAX 91-33-577 3049.
Article and publication are at www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.192401.
REFERENCES
* Bamshad, M., Kivisild, T., Watkins, W.S., Dixon, M.E., Ricker, C.E., Rao, B.B., Naidu, J.M., Prasad, B.V.R., Reddy, P.G., Rasanayagam, A. 2001. Genome Res. 11: 994-1004 <http://www.genome.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=genome&resid =11/6/994> [Abstract/Free Full Text]. * Karve, I. 1961. Hindu Society - An Interpretation. Deshmukh Prakashan, Poona. * Kosambi, D.D. 1964. The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline, 1991 Reprint. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. * Roychoudhury, S., Roy, S., Dey, B., Chakraborty, M., Roy, M., Roy, B., Ramesh, A., Prabhakaran, N., Usha Rani, M.V., Vishwanathan, H. 2000. Curr. Sci. 79: 1182-1192.
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