RE: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote on 10/17/2005 12:45:13 PM: > > > Here's a couple of ways to determine levels... > > > > > > 1. using the model 4 transmission test set, attach the tone generator > > > to one analog pstn line and the transmission level test jacks to a > > > second pstn line. Dial from one line to other and measure the tone. > > > Divide by two, and the result is the loss associated with a single > > > analog pstn line from your location to your central office. > > > > Remember, I'm not working with simple POTS lines. I've got an > Adtran TA 612 providing CO lines > > from a T1. There is nothing that says that the RX and TX settings > on the Adtran are the same... > > Therefore, just dividing by 2 won't work. > > Obviously I _assumed_ you were working with analog pots lines. Sorry. > Since I don't have access to your previous/original postings, now I'm > somewhat confused as to exactly how the T1 and 612 are interconnected > wtih asterisk. Is the T1 terminated on asterisk or the CO? Are the ports > on the 612 FXS (for phones) or FXO (for CO lines)? It's a "Smart T1": Internet and CO lines on the same T1, which are broken out by the Adtran. We have 6 CO lines: PSTN T1 -> Adtran 612 FXS -> TDM400 with FXO Modules -> FXS modules Ethernet or | local snom 190's V Firewall (to rest of network) My original e-mail, with a lot more detail regarding my problem (way low sound and much echo) is included at the end. An additional point: When I call on a cell phone, there is no echo. Their echo cancellers kill it. Their cancellers are so good, though, that when I use the echo test, all I hear is a very small amount of quiet garbled noise at the beginning of each word. Very impressive! When will Asterisk's echo cancellers get that good? :) Unfortunately, I did not realize that when I installed the system, and I used calls to my cell phone to determine connection quality. Did I mention that the system is about 800 miles away from me now? :( > > Also, couldn't there be an issue on standard POTS lines where the > effect upon a singnal between > > TX and RX is different? > > I think I need a better understanding of how your assets are interconnected > before I utter more inaccurate statements. From a telco perspective, > a customer line (whether an analog pstn copper pair, or T1-extended) > should never have a different tx vs rx gain/loss at the rj11 point. Should > be exactly the same in both directions. I guess that's kind of the definition of a hybrid? :) > > So how important or valuable will getting a milliwatt test number be? > > Fairly important if you want to identify audio quality/level issues. > Not so important if you were just trying to adjust rxgain/txgain on > a digium TDM analog card. Well, I've got +15db rxgain and -3db txgain. This gives me barely acceptable levels both ways, yet I still have lots of echo. Yet when I put an analog handset on the line, both RX and TX levels are fine. In other words, even if you leave out the large echo I'm getting, why don't my TDM interfaces give me audio levels anywhere *near* what a $10 analog handset gives me? Line loss isn't an issue: there's 12 feet of Cat5 between the channel bank and the TDM card! :) It sure feels like something more than simple levels and delay: something like badly matched impedance. I can't figure out why a handset would sound fine in both directions, when my rx and tx gains have to be *so* out of whack. > In any case, you can still use a distant milliwatt generator to obtain > realistic measurements, regardless of how you use those measurements. OK, then, with that said: Anyone want to give me a milliwatt test number? The closer to Camden, South Carolina or Detroit, Michigan, the better? :) Thank you *everyone* for all of your help and suggestions. I greatly appreciate any information you can add. Tim Massey Original E-mail: Hello! I'm having an echo problem with a TDM card. The TDM card is being fed by a channel bank just 12 or so feet away. When you put an analog handset on the line, both the RX and TX volume seem to be just fine. However, when I use the TDM card, I have to have an rxgain of 13.5, and even then, the audio is relatively quiet. I'm also getting echo on these lines, so I have turned the txgain down as low as I can and still be heard. Right now, it's at -6, but it will have to come up some because that is too quiet. But I still have echo. I am in the middle of trying to get a milliwatt test line to calibrate the rxgain properly. However, this won't help me with the txgain, will it? How can I properly calibrate the txgain? By ear? Or is there a more scientific method? For example, once I have the rxgain calibrated for all of the lines, could I then call into, say, Zap/3 from Zap/4 and run Milliwatt() on Zap/3 and u
RE: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
> > Here's a couple of ways to determine levels... > > > > 1. using the model 4 transmission test set, attach the tone generator > > to one analog pstn line and the transmission level test jacks to a > > second pstn line. Dial from one line to other and measure the tone. > > Divide by two, and the result is the loss associated with a single > > analog pstn line from your location to your central office. > > Remember, I'm not working with simple POTS lines. I've got an Adtran TA 612 > providing CO lines > from a T1. There is nothing that says that the RX and TX settings on the > Adtran are the same... > Therefore, just dividing by 2 won't work. Obviously I _assumed_ you were working with analog pots lines. Sorry. Since I don't have access to your previous/original postings, now I'm somewhat confused as to exactly how the T1 and 612 are interconnected wtih asterisk. Is the T1 terminated on asterisk or the CO? Are the ports on the 612 FXS (for phones) or FXO (for CO lines)? > Also, couldn't there be an issue on standard POTS lines where the effect upon > a singnal between > TX and RX is different? I think I need a better understanding of how your assets are interconnected before I utter more inaccurate statements. From a telco perspective, a customer line (whether an analog pstn copper pair, or T1-extended) should never have a different tx vs rx gain/loss at the rj11 point. Should be exactly the same in both directions. > It seems you're just exchanging one set of assumptions for another. But > you're the expert! :) > > > 2. use one of those analog pstn lines to dial the distant milliwatt > > generator (regardless of where its located), and measure the level > > of the tone. Subtract the loss determined from step #1 and now you > > have the loss associated with facilities interconnecting your central > > office all the way to the distant milliwatt generator. > > This doesn't address the problem above, correct? > > > The end result will be whatever loss values you measure/calculate, > > you'll still have to play around with the rxgain & txgain to > > minimize the echo while also maximizing the audio levels. The > > process will become a _qualitative_ eval process, not a quantitative > > one. It doesn't make any real difference which tools you use to get > > there or exactly where the milliwatt generator happens to reside. > > So how important or valuable will getting a milliwatt test number be? Fairly important if you want to identify audio quality/level issues. Not so important if you were just trying to adjust rxgain/txgain on a digium TDM analog card. In any case, you can still use a distant milliwatt generator to obtain realistic measurements, regardless of how you use those measurements. ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
RE: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote on 10/16/2005 07:49:38 AM: > Here's a couple of ways to determine levels... > > 1. using the model 4 transmission test set, attach the tone generator > to one analog pstn line and the transmission level test jacks to a > second pstn line. Dial from one line to other and measure the tone. > Divide by two, and the result is the loss associated with a single > analog pstn line from your location to your central office. Remember, I'm not working with simple POTS lines. I've got an Adtran TA 612 providing CO lines from a T1. There is nothing that says that the RX and TX settings on the Adtran are the same... Therefore, just dividing by 2 won't work. Also, couldn't there be an issue on standard POTS lines where the effect upon a singnal between TX and RX is different? It seems you're just exchanging one set of assumptions for another. But you're the expert! :) > 2. use one of those analog pstn lines to dial the distant milliwatt > generator (regardless of where its located), and measure the level > of the tone. Subtract the loss determined from step #1 and now you > have the loss associated with facilities interconnecting your central > office all the way to the distant milliwatt generator. This doesn't address the problem above, correct? > The end result will be whatever loss values you measure/calculate, > you'll still have to play around with the rxgain & txgain to > minimize the echo while also maximizing the audio levels. The > process will become a _qualitative_ eval process, not a quantitative > one. It doesn't make any real difference which tools you use to get > there or exactly where the milliwatt generator happens to reside. So how important or valuable will getting a milliwatt test number be? Tim Massey ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
RE: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
> > can one use a milliwatt test line from a telco in a different > > areacode/prefix? does the long-distance transmission destroy levels > > unpredictably? You can do that, but think about how you might determine the additional loss associated with the different areacode/prefix milliwatt. To get accurate readings, you'll probably have to use a transmission test set of some sort; an inexpensive one runs about $300 new. The model 4 from www.triplett.com is a better choice if you're going to be doing a lot of asterisk/telephony business. Here's a couple of ways to determine levels... 1. using the model 4 transmission test set, attach the tone generator to one analog pstn line and the transmission level test jacks to a second pstn line. Dial from one line to other and measure the tone. Divide by two, and the result is the loss associated with a single analog pstn line from your location to your central office. 2. use one of those analog pstn lines to dial the distant milliwatt generator (regardless of where its located), and measure the level of the tone. Subtract the loss determined from step #1 and now you have the loss associated with facilities interconnecting your central office all the way to the distant milliwatt generator. Another approach (although less accurate) is to use an ordinary cheap Radio Shack multimeter. Set the meter to measure current (milliamps) and place it directly across tip & ring on the analog pstn line. Measure the current and use ohms law to determine the resistance of the analog loop to the central office. As an example, if you measure 50 milliamps, then use ohm's law resistance = volts / current. Therefore, 50 volts (central office battery) / .050 amps (which is 50 milliamps) equals 1,000 ohms of pstn analog cable resistance. Assuming the telco used 24 gauge copper cable (52 ohms per 1000 feet of cable), the cable length from you to the central office is 19,230 feet (1000 ohms divided by 52 ohms equals 19,230 feet). The 24 gauge cable has a loss of 0.44 db per 1,000 feet, so calculate the expected loss using 19.23 * 0.44 db equals 8.4 db of pstn cable loss. "If" you had access to the central office milliwatt generator, your transmission test set should measure 8.4 db of cable loss. Then if you want to know what the loss is of the facilities associated with measuring the milliwatt generator at some distant central office, use the number measured in step #1 above and subtract the calculated 8.4 db of loss. Keep that result as it becomes the value that you always deduct when measuring any analog cable loss from your central office to that distant milliwatt generator. That calculated approach is obviously less accurate then if actually measuring the loss to your local milliwatt generator, as you're having to make an assumption as to the gauge of copper cable used by your local telco for the analog pstn line, etc. Its fairly common for telco engineers to use either 24 or 26 gauge copper for local telco cables up to about 20,000 feet (distance from your telco office to your home/office location). For home/office locations that are further then about 20,000 feet, it's fairly common for the telco engineers to install some sort of remote equipment cabinet in your neighborhood, and feed that cabinet via digital facilities (such as the gr303 protocol). In effect, placing the equipment cabinet in the neighborhood makes the central office appear much closer to you then what it actually is. However, the same transmission level measurements and calculations still apply. There are lots of ways to back into identifying transmission losses associated with any piece of the telephony network, and some of those approaches will require at least some minimal assumptions. One such assumption (which is very reasonable) is that telephony networks interconnecting your central office to those in other parts of the country (eg, remote milliwatt generators) should have less then 2 db of loss. Therefore, if you measure the loss from your home/office to some distant milliwatt generator, deduct 2 db from your measurement and the result will be a rather accurate value associated with your analog pstn cable facilities. If the echo canceller in asterisk were 100% accurate, etc, you would typically set the rxgain and txgain values in zapata.conf to about 2 db less then your measured/calculated cable loss noted above. (E.g., if you measure a 8 db loss, then set rxgain & txgain to +6 db.) Since we already know the canceller (etc) is not perfect, the assumptions built into the above really have no significant impact. The end result will be whatever loss values you measure/calculate, you'll still have to play around with the rxgain & txgain to minimize the echo while also maximizing the audio levels. The process will become a _qualitative_ eval process, not a quantitative one. It doesn't make any real difference which tools you use to get there or exactly where the milliwatt generator happ
RE: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
> -Original Message-
> From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Mojo with
> Horan & Company, LLC
> Sent: Friday, October 14, 2005 4:07 PM
> To: Asterisk Users Mailing List - Non-Commercial Discussion
> Subject: Re: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
>
>
> can one use a milliwatt test line from a telco in a different
> areacode/prefix? does the long-distance transmission destroy levels
> unpredictably?
>
{clip}
The call may pass through echo cancellation or conditioning equipment along the
way so your mileage may vary however, for the purposes people use them, here I
suspect it would work just fine. It's always best to try to use the milliwatt
source on the local switch to eliminate any additional variables.
Also note that on some CO switches, such as the Telus GDT5 in this area, the
milliwatt generator is an analog source so it's barred from being dialed from
PRI B channels as the resulting signal levels are not calibrated. Try
troubleshooting that one through the repair service...
Hope that helps.
Kris Boutilier
Information Services Coordinator
Sunshine Coast Regional District
___
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Re: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
can one use a milliwatt test line from a telco in a different areacode/prefix? does the long-distance transmission destroy levels unpredictably? Shaw Terwilliger wrote: On Fri, Oct 14, 2005 at 11:38:00AM -0600, Rich Adamson wrote: A milliwatt generator creates an audio signal at 1,004 hz and 0db. It has nothing at all to do with a T1 signalling, etc. You can yell into a analog telephone set and create audio levels greater then 0 db. Whoever is feeding you the above words apparently has no knowledge of telephony whatsoever. I got a similar run-around from my telco (SBC). The customer and technical service people had no idea that this type of line existed. They sent me to the tech dispatch people, who seemed to know what kind of line this was, but said, "we don't have these kind of numbers... that we give out to anybody." It's just a number that plays a tone at a reference volume when you call it. Maybe you can get the number from some area telco consultants/installers. ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users -- Mojo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Office Manger, Horan & Company, LLC (907) 747- x112 ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
Re: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
On Fri, Oct 14, 2005 at 11:38:00AM -0600, Rich Adamson wrote: > A milliwatt generator creates an audio signal at 1,004 hz and 0db. It > has nothing at all to do with a T1 signalling, etc. You can yell into > a analog telephone set and create audio levels greater then 0 db. > > Whoever is feeding you the above words apparently has no knowledge of > telephony whatsoever. I got a similar run-around from my telco (SBC). The customer and technical service people had no idea that this type of line existed. They sent me to the tech dispatch people, who seemed to know what kind of line this was, but said, "we don't have these kind of numbers... that we give out to anybody." It's just a number that plays a tone at a reference volume when you call it. Maybe you can get the number from some area telco consultants/installers. -- Shaw Terwilliger <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> SourceGear LLC signature.asc Description: Digital signature ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
Re: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
> > > I am in the middle of trying to get a milliwatt test line to calibrate the > > > rxgain properly. However, this won't help me with the txgain, will it? > > > How can I properly calibrate the txgain? By ear? Or is there a more > > > scientific method? > > > I contacted Rhino to see if they had any suggestions, and they were > > able to give me a few. What finally worked was setting the Asterisk gains > > back to 0 for all channels, then adjusting the gains down on the channel > > banks > > themselves for the phone (FXS) interfaces only. A huge improvement! My > > current adjustements are the following: > > According to the company that installed the channel bank, there is a 0db and > -10db > setting on the smart jack for the T1. They claim that this was most likely > set to -10db by the ILEC when the T1 was installed, and that would be > causing the low audio volume. At the T1 Smartjack point, the level setting is for the T1 digital signal, not the audio level. The two have nothing to do with each other. > Does this make sense to anyone? Wouldn't the -10db affect the *digital* > levels, not the analog > waveform encoded within the digital signal? Correct. > I'm still trying to get a milliwatt test line to calibrate from. They claim > that they won't give that out to end users because "it could fry the T1 > card". > Sigh. That last statement indicates their level of knowledge; almost zero. A milliwatt generator creates an audio signal at 1,004 hz and 0db. It has nothing at all to do with a T1 signalling, etc. You can yell into a analog telephone set and create audio levels greater then 0 db. Whoever is feeding you the above words apparently has no knowledge of telephony whatsoever. ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
Re: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote on 10/12/2005 01:23:57 PM: > On Wed, Oct 12, 2005 at 12:05:32PM -0400, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: > > I am in the middle of trying to get a milliwatt test line to calibrate the > > rxgain properly. However, this won't help me with the txgain, will it? > > How can I properly calibrate the txgain? By ear? Or is there a more > > scientific method? > I contacted Rhino to see if they had any suggestions, and they were > able to give me a few. What finally worked was setting the Asterisk gains > back to 0 for all channels, then adjusting the gains down on the channel banks > themselves for the phone (FXS) interfaces only. A huge improvement! My > current adjustements are the following: According to the company that installed the channel bank, there is a 0db and -10db setting on the smart jack for the T1. They claim that this was most likely set to -10db by the ILEC when the T1 was installed, and that would be causing the low audio volume. Does this make sense to anyone? Wouldn't the -10db affect the *digital* levels, not the analog waveform encoded within the digital signal? I'm still trying to get a milliwatt test line to calibrate from. They claim that they won't give that out to end users because "it could fry the T1 card". Sigh. Tim Massey ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
Re: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
On Wed, Oct 12, 2005 at 12:05:32PM -0400, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: > I am in the middle of trying to get a milliwatt test line to calibrate the > rxgain properly. However, this won't help me with the txgain, will it? > How can I properly calibrate the txgain? By ear? Or is there a more > scientific method? Maybe I can help. I had a similar problem. I was using a Digium TE205P card and two Rhino channel banks, and every call that was bridged from a phone on an FXS interface to a PSTN line on an FXO interface was (1) loud and (2) had an echo with a tiny delay (maybe 30ms). The echo sounded almost like excess sidetone, but was delayed enough to phase shift the speech and make things sound hollow. I could verify that what was being transmitted was coming back on the RX channel of the PSTN interface (using ztmonitor). I'm using Nortel analog, wall-powered phones (pretty nice models). I had echo cancellation on, and had tried all possible configuration settings for taps, etc. Nothing killed my echo. I had tried adjusting all the gains down in Asterisk for all the interfaces, but that didn't work. I contacted Rhino to see if they had any suggestions, and they were able to give me a few. What finally worked was setting the Asterisk gains back to 0 for all channels, then adjusting the gains down on the channel banks themselves for the phone (FXS) interfaces only. A huge improvement! My current adjustements are the following: On the Rhino channel banks: For FXS (phones) interfaces: rx -4 dB tx -4 dB For FXO (PSTN lines) interfaces: rx 0 dB (default) tx 0 dB (default) In Asterisk's zaptel.conf: context=phones rxgain=3.0; This is to compensate for the drop in volume because of ; the -4 dB setting on the channel bank for rx. txgain=3.0; This is to compensate for the drop in volume because of ; the -4 dB setting on the channel bank for tx. context=pstn rxgain=1.4; This was bumped up last, as a result of a milliwatt test. ; txgain=1.4; This was also bumped up, because it makes the outbound ; calls a bit louder, and doesn't seem to overdrive the ; line. I figure the gain loss on rx (which was calibrated ; with the milliwatt test) should be similar to tx gain lost, ; although I couldn't directly test this. Now, when I turn on echo cancellation for all my interfaces, the echo is completely gone. After compensating for the gain drop on the channel banks with asterisk boost, the call volumes sound good too. -- Shaw Terwilliger <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> SourceGear LLC signature.asc Description: Digital signature ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
Re: [Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
Hello :) For example, once I have the rxgain calibrated for all of the lines, could I then call into, say, Zap/3 from Zap/4 and run Milliwatt() on Zap/3 and use ztmonitor on Zap/4 to calibrate it? I'm sure it's not perfect, but would it be close enough? That's exactly what you do. Once I had adjusted my rxgains to calibrate them to the signal that the phoneco gave me, I just dialed out of one line and into another. Everything's supposedly digital on the phoneco side, so no loss should occur. (because with the rxgains you've already compensated for what will happen on the inbound trip through the copper). So by then adjusting your txgains on each channel, you can feel confident that the phoneco is accurately representing to you how you sound from its point of view. A second question: doesn't it seem wrong that my rxgain and txgain are so far off when I'm just talking to a channel bank 12 feet away? I sure don't have cable loss. It sure seems like the impedance is way off or something. Is there a way to test this further, rather than just cranking up the gain? My guess is that using the milliwatt line will just tell me to make the rxgain higher, which will probably just make the echo issues worse... It does seem like something else is wrong. You shouldn't require such high rxgains in my opinion, but I have no idea what could be causing this need. Mojo ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
[Asterisk-Users] Calibrating both RX and TX gain?
Hello! I'm having an echo problem with a TDM card. The TDM card is being fed by a channel bank just 12 or so feet away. When you put an analog handset on the line, both the RX and TX volume seem to be just fine. However, when I use the TDM card, I have to have an rxgain of 13.5, and even then, the audio is relatively quiet. I'm also getting echo on these lines, so I have turned the txgain down as low as I can and still be heard. Right now, it's at -6, but it will have to come up some because that is too quiet. But I still have echo. I am in the middle of trying to get a milliwatt test line to calibrate the rxgain properly. However, this won't help me with the txgain, will it? How can I properly calibrate the txgain? By ear? Or is there a more scientific method? For example, once I have the rxgain calibrated for all of the lines, could I then call into, say, Zap/3 from Zap/4 and run Milliwatt() on Zap/3 and use ztmonitor on Zap/4 to calibrate it? I'm sure it's not perfect, but would it be close enough? A second question: doesn't it seem wrong that my rxgain and txgain are so far off when I'm just talking to a channel bank 12 feet away? I sure don't have cable loss. It sure seems like the impedance is way off or something. Is there a way to test this further, rather than just cranking up the gain? My guess is that using the milliwatt line will just tell me to make the rxgain higher, which will probably just make the echo issues worse... Tim Massey ___ --Bandwidth and Colocation sponsored by Easynews.com -- Asterisk-Users mailing list Asterisk-Users@lists.digium.com http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users To UNSUBSCRIBE or update options visit: http://lists.digium.com/mailman/listinfo/asterisk-users
