Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- On Sat, 30 Jun 2001 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: You better buy an American history book that was written at least 50 years ago-if you want any thing near the truth. Anything written later than that is a waste of paper. Generally, true...but ANY history book will show that the American colonists did NOT 'go to war over the Declaration of Independence' as Aleisha opined, since the Declaration wasn't written and ratified until over a year AFTER hostilities broke out... June === Alternative Kite Radio (basic) Alternative Kite Summer Beachparty Radio (it's always summer somewhere) Alternative Kite Holiday Radio (everyday's a holiday) Check out Alternative Kite Radio at http://www.altkiteradio.trancetechno.com === A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- On Sun, 1 Jul 2001, Aleisha Saba wrote: Now Benjamin Franklin and William Hogarth see their hand in this document for this Article I, Section 8 The Declaration of Independence doesn't have any Articles or Sections... you can be sure - well look at all the stuff Benjamin Franklin invented even unto almost getting knocked on his can with a kite... Franklin 'invented' nothing with his infamous experiment, neither the kite, the key, nor the theory that prompted his experiment. Such experiments had been done throughout Europe for more than a decade before Franklin's attempt, and he was merely trying to recreate what had already been done. But Franklin was his own best publicist, and succeeded in 'selling' the idea that he'd 'discovered' something that no one else had... Because the other experimenters had only published their findings in obscure scientific journals; Franklin trumpeted his feat to the general public... ;-) Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonists, beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence in 1776. So you see, Aleisha, you were wrong to state that the war BEGAN over 'a piece of paper' called the Declaration of Independence. ©2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Terms of Use Advertise TRUSTe Approved Privacy Statement If you think any history book printed in the past 50 years is questionable, then you should be pretty leery of any history courtesy of Microsoft... June === Alternative Kite Radio (basic) Alternative Kite Summer Beachparty Radio (it's always summer somewhere) Alternative Kite Holiday Radio (everyday's a holiday) Check out Alternative Kite Radio at http://www.altkiteradio.trancetechno.com === A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
[CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
Now this is the way to sell a book; like when we were kids if it was banned in Boston -you knew it was a best seller. But then people went to war over a Document entitled the Declaration of Independence and a war was fought over an ear once. So how to sell a book - send yourself a lot of death threats, all the police, the FBI, and terrorize yourself with death threats..throw in a little bit of sex - or earthy matters and people will be panting and fighting to get the book. Saba Welcome, saba22 Sign Up for Newsletters | Log Out Go to Advanced Search June 30, 2001 Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam By DEAN E. MURPHY The New York Times Khalid Duran, a Muslim author who has been called an apostate. Expanded Coverage In Depth: Religion radical Muslim cleric in Jordan has issued a religious opinion that advocates the death of a Muslim scholar in the United States in punishment for a book he wrote about Islam. The cleric, Sheik Abdel Moneim Abu Zant, declared the author, Khalid Duran, an apostate and called on Muslims in the United States to unify against him, a Jordanian newspaper aligned with the cleric reported. The paper also reported that Mr. Abu Zant urged two prominent Sunni Islamic religious institutions to issue judgments of apostasy against Mr. Duran, the equivalent of a death sentence. The book, Children of Abraham, an introduction to Islam, was commissioned by the American Jewish Committee as part of a project to promote better understanding between Jews and Muslims. It was reported to be offensive for distorting Islam by focusing too much on issues like female circumcision, the relationship between men and woman, whether Ramadan observances decreased productivity and whether head scarves contributed to marital infidelity. The edict was reported on June 6 in the weekly Arabic newspaper Al- Shahed, or The Observer, which is aligned with the Islamic Action Front, the party of the Muslim Brotherhood, to which Mr. Abu Zant belongs. It is the main political opposition party in Jordan. The newspaper reported that the book's publication was evidence of an evil intention to besmear the image of Islam in the United States. The intended result of the edict was that Mr. Duran's blood will be shed, the newspaper said. Michael J. Wildes, Mr. Duran's lawyer, said that Mr. Duran, 61, had been moved from his suburban Washington home and was being provided 24-hour private security. The American Jewish Committee condemned the threat but said it had no plans to withdraw the book, which is for sale on the Internet and will be in bookstores soon. In a free society no one should tolerate the threat to kill an author, said David A. Harris, executive director of the Jewish group, which is also publishing a book about Judaism for Muslims. All Americans, not least Muslims, should immediately speak out against this outrage and assault on democratic society. Mr. Duran, who was born in Germany and moved to the United States in the 1980's, said yesterday that he had received death threats over the years because of writings that criticize extremist Islamic groups. But he had never been the target of a religious edict. He said the edict surprised him because unlike much of his academic and journalistic work, Children of Abraham was meant to have no particular point of view. Its aim was to present a variety of opinions. One thing is clear: He has not read the book, Mr. Duran said of Mr. Abu Zant. I hear every day from other Muslims who have read the book that they like the book. David Schenker, a research fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, said the edict by Mr. Abu Zant did not carry the same religious authority as the one against Salman Rushdie, which was issued in 1989 by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Mr. Schenker described Mr. Abu Zant as more of a populist religious figure than an accomplished Islamic religious scholar. Even before its publication, the book and its author were criticized by some Muslims in the United States, including the Council on American-Islamic Relations, or CAIR, an advocacy group in Washington that often sides with Muslim hard-liners on Middle East issues. The groups questioned Mr. Duran's credentials and suggested that the book sensationalized some issues, like the treatment of women in Islamic societies. Officials at the American Jewish Committee said that attacks by CAIR most likely laid the foundation for Mr. Abu Zant's edict, particularly since the article in Al-Shahed mentioned the American group. But Ibrahim Hooper, a spokesman for CAIR, said the Jewish organization was making too much of the Al- Shahed article. Mr. Hooper described the article as an editorial in a party newspaper that nobody ever heard of. He said that Mr. Abu Zant was making a recommendation to the Sunni religious authorities, not issuing a death sentence of his own. Even if he said what the American Jewish Committee says he said, it is
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- On Sat, 30 Jun 2001, Aleisha Saba wrote: But then people went to war over a Document entitled the Declaration of Independence This statement once again proves what an idiot you are. I suggest you go to your local college and buy and READ their textbook for American Colonial History 101... I'll even give you a clue, Aleisha, as an early Independence Day gift: The American Revolutionary War started in April 1775; the Declaration of Independence wasn't drafted until the late spring of 1776 and ratified in July of 1776. June === Alternative Kite Radio (basic) Alternative Kite Summer Beachparty Radio (it's always summer somewhere) Alternative Kite Holiday Radio (everyday's a holiday) Check out Alternative Kite Radio at http://www.altkiteradio.trancetechno.com === A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- - Original Message - From: Aleisha Saba [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Saturday, June 30, 2001 12:47 PM Subject: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam ..throw in a little bit of sex - or earthy matters and people will be panting and fighting to get the book. Saba sex OR earthy matters? i didn't know you had an interest in the geosciences aleisha me too, gets me hot to read about a tasty bit of stratigraphy now and again A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- Well c. June is our expert here on sodomy, lesbianism, homosexuality and things like that. You two would make an ideal couple; that is, however, if you like females who are taller sitting down than standing up? Saba So as the sailor's used to say, put a flag over her head and do it for Old Gay Pride? A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- - Original Message - From: Aleisha Saba [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Saturday, June 30, 2001 2:51 PM Subject: Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam -Caveat Lector- Well c. June is our expert here on sodomy, lesbianism, homosexuality and things like that. on the contrary, saba baby, if i do a word search on my ctrl archive on sodomy then guess who's posts show up more than anybody elses, by a large margin? do i need to tell *you*? hehe You two would make an ideal couple; that is, however, if you like females who are taller sitting down than standing up? another obsession of yours is that you keep using weight as an ad hominem attack. it happens a lot. that and calling women pig. i guess you are one of these tall leggy types ( i am myself), but you know something? i really do prefer short, overweight women. putting her down cause she is (you allege anyway) short and overwieght makes her more attractive to me. why are your personal attacks so damn lame? is that all you got in your (ahem) arsenal? ;) nyah nyah you are a fat pig nyah nyah you are a gay homosexual nyah nyah when i read your posts i hear cartman's voice. anyone else got a cool fantasy voice for saba? Saba So as the sailor's used to say, put a flag over her head and do it for Old Gay Pride? hung around a few harbour bars have we aleisha? *wink* A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- On Sat, 30 Jun 2001, c. wrote: You two would make an ideal couple; that is, however, if you like females who are taller sitting down than standing up? another obsession of yours is that you keep using weight as an ad hominem attack. it happens a lot. that and calling women pig. i guess you are one of these tall leggy types I doubt it. People who fixate on certain aspects in other people are really having problems coming to terms with those same aspects in themselves. I got the 'short' aspect of her strange analogy, but fail to see where it relates to weight. when i read your posts i hear cartman's voice. anyone else got a cool fantasy voice for saba? Dana Carvey's Church Lady... Isn't THATSPECIAL! Or Lily Tomlin's switchboard operator who speaks in a real nasal voice and snorts like a pig... So as the sailor's used to say, put a flag over her head and do it for Old Gay Pride? hung around a few harbour bars have we aleisha? *wink* It would seem so. She seems to have much more knowledge in these matters than I do. Me, I'm just a plain old heterosexual female who's never had any complaints from any of the men I've been with ;-) June === Alternative Kite Radio (basic) Alternative Kite Summer Beachparty Radio (it's always summer somewhere) Alternative Kite Holiday Radio (everyday's a holiday) Check out Alternative Kite Radio at http://www.altkiteradio.trancetechno.com === A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- Aleisha, You better buy an American history book that was written at least 50 years ago-if you want any thing near the truth. Anything written later than that is a waste of paper. On Sat, 30 Jun 2001 09:35:13 -0400 YnrChyldzWyld [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: -Caveat Lector- On Sat, 30 Jun 2001, Aleisha Saba wrote: But then people went to war over a Document entitled the Declaration of Independence This statement once again proves what an idiot you are. I suggest you go to your local college and buy and READ their textbook for American Colonial History 101... I'll even give you a clue, Aleisha, as an early Independence Day gift: The American Revolutionary War started in April 1775; the Declaration of Independence wasn't drafted until the late spring of 1776 and ratified in July of 1776. June === Alternative Kite Radio (basic) Alternative Kite Summer Beachparty Radio (it's always summer somewhere) Alternative Kite Holiday Radio (everyday's a holiday) Check out Alternative Kite Radio at http://www.altkiteradio.trancetechno.com === A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om A HREF=http://www.ctrl.org/;www.ctrl.org/A DECLARATION DISCLAIMER == CTRL is a discussion informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substancenot soap-boxingplease! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright fraudsis used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. Archives Available at: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html A HREF=http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/archives/ctrl.html;Archives of [EMAIL PROTECTED]/A http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ A HREF=http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/;ctrl/A To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
Re: [CTRL] Fwd: Muslim Cleric Calls for Death of Author Who Wrote on Islam
-Caveat Lector- Thanks Lassey - I do have some old books here (plus 1000 or more in addition to those) and some date back to late 1600 period (of English origin). The Revolutuionary War was the War of Independence.then came the document where it was as a judge would say in court, reduced to writing. Old Hells Fire Club had a lot to do with this document as it broke up because of this upcoming war - some wanted American to be loyal to the King but John Wilkes sided with Americans in wanting freedom - these Hogarth prints I have are over 200 years old = some of the plates engraved in late 1600 period. They (the prints) tell a history of England and I find too in Art - well Hogarth prints full of masonic secrets, like the five dollar bills with hidden dates? So thanks Lassey - appreciate the thougtht. Only book I have read as of late is Kris' book BARRY AND THE BOYS and boy that is a must read if you are sincerly a conspracy advocate...This was the War of Independence - period. Now Benjamin Franklin and William Hogarth see their hand in this document for this Article I, Section 8 refers to the Arts an Sciences but people do not understand what this really means...Hogarth was responsible for first copyright act and you can be sure - well look at all the stuff Benjamin Franklin invented even unto almost getting knocked on his can with a kite.and he was Illuminati in the English Club and this is why he is often credited with being English Spy.his son was, I think loyal to the crown. Thanks again Lassy and this is a nice item you might enjoy - The War of Independence, and then, it was reduced to writing? Saba American Revolution (1775-1783), conflict between 13 British colonies in North America and their parent country, Great Britain. It was made up of two related events: the American War of Independence (1775-1783) and the formation of the American government as laid out by the Constitution of the United States in 1787. First, the war achieved independence from Great Britain by the colonies. Second, the newly created United States of America established a republican form of government, in which power resided with the people. The revolution had many causes. Long-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an independent nation with representative political institutions. More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed the relationship between the colonies and their mother country. Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonists, beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Once independent, the new state governments implemented republican constitutions, and a Continental Congress directed the American war effort. Then in 1781 the rebellious states created a loose union under the Articles of Confederation. At the end of the war in 1783, Britain recognized its former colonies as an independent nation. In 1789 the people of the several states ratified the Constitution that created a stronger central government. II. The British Colonies in 1750 Print section A. The American People Print section Britain's 13 North American colonies experienced an extraordinary rate of population growth. In 1700 the population was about 250,000; seven decades later there were about 2,500,000 inhabitants, a tenfold increase. This phenomenal growth was a prerequisite for a successful independence movement. In 1700 there were 20 people in Britain for every American colonist; by 1775 this ratio had fallen to 3 to 1. The American population also changed in composition. The proportion of the colonists who were of English culture and ancestry steadily declined during the 1700s as the result of the arrival, by forced or voluntary migration, of new racial and ethnic groups. Among the 80 percent of Americans who were of European descent, there were important cultural divisions. Migrants from Germany, Scotland, and Ireland made up at least 30 percent of the white population. Members of these groups often settled in their own communities, especially in the mid-Atlantic colonies of Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Others migrated into the backcountry regions of the Southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia), thus adding ethnic diversity to a region already divided along racial lines. Only the New England colonies of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire remained predominantly English in composition and culture. In 1775 about one-fifth of the people of the mainland colonies were of African ancestry. Unlike Latin America and the West Indies, North American slaves had a high rate of natural increase. About 250,000 Africans were brought to the mainland colonies before 1775, but the total black population numbered 567,000 on the eve of independence. Most
