Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
Am Dienstag, 25. April 2006 18:00 schrieb ext K. Mike Bradley: Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very document. It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin, /sbin. It's from the very beginning of Unix. Harddisks where small (or they even used tapes), so /*bin contained only enough stuff to boot the system and mount more filesystems, which contained the stuff needed by the users (thus /usr). HTH... Dirk -- Dirk Heinrichs | Tel: +49 (0)162 234 3408 Configuration Manager | Fax: +49 (0)211 47068 111 Capgemini Deutschland | Mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Hambornerstraße 55 | Web: http://www.capgemini.com D-40472 Düsseldorf | ICQ#: 110037733 GPG Public Key C2E467BB | Keyserver: www.keyserver.net pgpgmNy8kD9Ld.pgp Description: PGP signature
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
Am Dienstag, 25. April 2006 20:11 schrieb ext Herman Grootaers: The division is not so strange as it seems. In */sbin the binaries placed are used by the systemuser root, that means the binaries can be used by anyone. in */bin the binaries are under user-control that is they are owned by the user who created the binary. Neither /bin nor /usr/bin is under user control. They just contain tools which can be used by unpriviledged users. In /sbin are therefore the general utilities which are necessary to boot the system, in /bin the rest of the utilities, in /usr and /opt are placed the programs which are installed by the user. The first one is for the standard applications, the latter is for the optional software, although some will install in /usr. No, sorry, this is simply wrong. /sbin and /bin contain the things necessary at boot time, /sbin should only be relevant to root, while /bin contains things which can be _used_ by anyone. /usr/bin and /usr/sbin contains things which are not anymore relevant for booting (read: to mount other filesystems). However, the distinction between /usr/bin and /usr/sbin is the same as for /bin and /sbin. Bye... Dirk -- Dirk Heinrichs | Tel: +49 (0)162 234 3408 Configuration Manager | Fax: +49 (0)211 47068 111 Capgemini Deutschland | Mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Hambornerstraße 55 | Web: http://www.capgemini.com D-40472 Düsseldorf | ICQ#: 110037733 GPG Public Key C2E467BB | Keyserver: www.keyserver.net pgpYOHlQxTurh.pgp Description: PGP signature
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
Am Mittwoch, 26. April 2006 02:39 schrieb ext K. Mike Bradley: I am used to Windows people and if I bottom post they wonder why there is a reply with no message. Try to explain it to them. http://www.netmeister.org/news/learn2quote.html should help. Bye... Dirk -- Dirk Heinrichs | Tel: +49 (0)162 234 3408 Configuration Manager | Fax: +49 (0)211 47068 111 Capgemini Deutschland | Mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Hambornerstraße 55 | Web: http://www.capgemini.com D-40472 Düsseldorf | ICQ#: 110037733 GPG Public Key C2E467BB | Keyserver: www.keyserver.net pgpE82UhBGx2O.pgp Description: PGP signature
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
On Tue, 25 Apr 2006 20:39:25 -0400, K. Mike Bradley wrote: I am used to Windows people and if I bottom post they wonder why there is a reply with no message. Either they are using small screens/large fonts or you need to trim your quotes. It shouldn't usually be necessary to quote so much before your first response that there is no original comment visible. -- Neil Bothwick No program done by a hacker will work unless he is on the system. signature.asc Description: PGP signature
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created? It has a /bin and /sbin with similar binaries as the root equivalents. I have read that it's called the secondary hierarchy and it's sharable and meant to be read only (these days) ... but what is it for and why do we have duplication of /bin and /sbin? http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html Justin -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
RE: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very document. It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin, /sbin. -Original Message- From: Justin Findlay [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Tuesday, April 25, 2006 11:36 AM To: gentoo-user@lists.gentoo.org Subject: Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created? It has a /bin and /sbin with similar binaries as the root equivalents. I have read that it's called the secondary hierarchy and it's sharable and meant to be read only (these days) ... but what is it for and why do we have duplication of /bin and /sbin? http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html Justin -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very document. It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin, /sbin. /bin contains commands that may be used by both the system administrator and by users, but which are required when no other filesystems are mounted /usr/bin : Most user commands That's why. Justin -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created? The idea is that / can be a very small partition and contains everything necessary to boot and administer the system, and /usr can be a separate partition or logical volume. Some advantages to this setup are: 1. If the partition containing /usr is corrupted, the system will still boot, and you have enough tools (fdisk, mkfs, tar, cpio, etc) to repair and restore it. 2. /usr can be on a network server. 3. On the network server, exporting /usr presents no risk to /. Even if /usr is filled up, the server will continue to function and can still be administered. This is why: - command interpreters like bash, ash, etc go in /bin - network clients and remote shells (ssh, telnet, etc) go in /usr/bin - network, filesystem, and disk utilities go in /bin - large text editors (emacs, etc) go in /usr/bin - small text editors (vi, vim) go in /bin - X, KDE, Gnome, et al are in /usr - and so on... That said, you wll find a lot of desktop systems (mine included) that have / and /usr on the same filesystem. It's a matter of taste and what you will be using the system for whether you should make /usr a separate filesystem or not. -Richard -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
On Tuesday 25 April 2006 18:00, K. Mike Bradley wrote: Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very document. It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin, /sbin. -Original Message- From: Justin Findlay [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Tuesday, April 25, 2006 11:36 AM To: gentoo-user@lists.gentoo.org Subject: Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created? It has a /bin and /sbin with similar binaries as the root equivalents. I have read that it's called the secondary hierarchy and it's sharable and meant to be read only (these days) ... but what is it for and why do we have duplication of /bin and /sbin? The duplications is of old. The binaries are to be stored in /sbin; /bin; /usr/bin; /usr/sbin and optionally in /opt/bin or /opt/sbin. The division is not so strange as it seems. In */sbin the binaries placed are used by the systemuser root, that means the binaries can be used by anyone. in */bin the binaries are under user-control that is they are owned by the user who created the binary. In /sbin are therefore the general utilities which are necessary to boot the system, in /bin the rest of the utilities, in /usr and /opt are placed the programs which are installed by the user. The first one is for the standard applications, the latter is for the optional software, although some will install in /usr. Problem however is that the different writers of software do not comply with this division and come up with an other scheme to install their software. That makes maintenance of a system with parts of more than one distribution harder to maintain than in a single distribution, It also makes tracking down bugs harder. I hope this will help. == Herman Grootaers -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Thank you Richard. BTW, on this list it is considered polite to quote messages above your replies (no top-posting), and to trim the quoted message down to just the necessary parts. -Richard -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
Hi, I know the question has already been answered but a little bit of time ago I wrote this in response to a similar question. I hope it helps others that are reading the q. http://www.linux-noob.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2120 Mark -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
RE: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
Sorry I top posted. Forgot I was on a Linux list. I am used to Windows people and if I bottom post they wonder why there is a reply with no message. Thanks to all of you. That really helped my understanding. -- gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list
