Re: [gep-ed] the political economy of conservation (esp ngos)

2023-12-09 Thread 'Kathleen Mcafee' via gep-ed
Dale, here are a few relevant publications. The first one is my favorite.
Re US finance of conservation: from what I’m seeing, it is increasingly linked 
to promoting carbon markets: private investments in forest-conservation and 
other land-based carbon-sink projects that generate offsets.
Kathy
Prakash Kashwan, Rosaleen V. Duffy, Francis Masseì, Adeniyi P. Asiyanbi,
& Esther Marijnen (2021) From Racialized Neocolonial Global Conservation to an 
Inclusive and Regenerative Conservation, Environment: Science and Policy for 
Sustainable Development, 63:4, 4-19, DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2021.1924574
Allen, K. (2018). Why exchange values are not environmental values: Explaining 
the problem with neoliberal conservation. Conservation and Society, 16(3), 
243-256.
Büscher, B., & Fletcher, R. (2020). The conservation revolution: radical ideas 
for saving nature beyond the Anthropocene. Verso Books.
Büscher, B., W. Dressler & R. Fletcher. 2014. Nature Inc.: Environmental 
conservation in the neoliberal age. Tuscon, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
IPBES (2022). Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and 
Valuation of Nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on 
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Balvanera, P., Pascual, U., Christie, M., 
Baptiste, B., and González-Jiménez, D. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 
Germany. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522522
James, A., & Broome, N. P. (2023). A Fine Balance? Value-relations, 
Post-capitalism and Forest Conservation—A Case from India. Conservation and 
Society, 21(3), 188-199.
Pascual, U., Adams, W. M., Díaz, S., Lele, S., Mace, G. M., & Turnhout, E. 
(2021). Biodiversity and the challenge of pluralism. Nature Sustainability, 
4(7), 567-572

Kathleen McAfee
Professor Emer., San Francisco State University
COP28: Climate Finance and Carbon 
Colonialism<https://www.clara.earth/carbon-markets-arent-climate-finance>
New Study: Why REDD+ carbon offsets are 
failing<https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research-and-impact/centers/cepp/projects/berkeley-carbon-trading-project/redd>
Article: Why we should not endorse carbon 
offsets<https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/N2YSPHYTYPXMVC4NZGSV/full?target=10.1080/00330124.2021.1934879>

From: gep-ed@googlegroups.com  on behalf of Dale W 
Jamieson 
Date: Saturday, December 9, 2023 at 5:27 AM
To: 'GEP-Ed List 
Subject: [gep-ed] the political economy of conservation (esp ngos)
dear friends,

i am looking for people who work on the political economy of conservation, and 
significant papers in the field.  i am most interested in US funding for 
conservation either at home or abroad, but also interested in international 
sources.

thx for any help.

dale
**
Dale Jamieson
Director, Center for Environmental and Animal Protection
Affiliated Professor of Law. Medical Ethics, and Bioethics
Professor of Environmental Studies and Philosophy Emeritus
New York University
285 Mercer Street, 7th floor
New York NY 10003-6653
https://as.nyu.edu/faculty/dale-jamieson.html
https://wp.nyu.edu/ceap/

For our report on Animal Markets and Zoonotic Disease in the United States, 
visit 
https://s18798.pcdn.co/ceap/wp-content/uploads/sites/1/2023/07/Animal-Markets-and-Zoonotic-Disease-in-the-United-States.pdf

For our report on The Role of Agency, Sentience, and Cognition in the 
Protection of Aquatic Animals, visit: 
https://wp.nyu.edu/ceap/research/aquatic-animals-report-2023/

For our Climatic Change article on "Research Needs for a Food System 
Transition, visit https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-023-03507-2

No Democratic presidential candidate has won a majority of the white vote since 
the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was proposed by Kennedy, 
championed by Johnson, and more strongly supported by Republicans than 
Democrats.


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Re: [gep-ed] food systems at cop 28

2023-11-25 Thread 'Kathleen Mcafee' via gep-ed
Dale, Steve Suppan at IATP has been following ag /food systems in the COPs and 
is keeping up to date. Check his blogs on the Iatp.org web site.

Kathleen McAfee
Professor Emer., San Francisco State University
New Study: Why REDD+ carbon offsets are 
failing<https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research-and-impact/centers/cepp/projects/berkeley-carbon-trading-project/redd>
Article: Why we should not endorse carbon 
offsets<https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/N2YSPHYTYPXMVC4NZGSV/full?target=10.1080/00330124.2021.1934879>

From: gep-ed@googlegroups.com  on behalf of Dale W 
Jamieson 
Date: Saturday, November 25, 2023 at 9:04 AM
To: 'GEP-Ed List 
Subject: [gep-ed] food systems at cop 28
dear friends,

its clear that the UAE is planning on putting food systems at the center of COP 
28.
https://www.thenationalnews.com/climate/cop28/2023/11/20/food-and-climate-resilience-to-be-key-focus-of-cop28-agenda-uaes-mariam-al-mheiri-says/

a Leaders Declaration on Food Systems, Agriculture and Climate Action has 
already been negotiated and will be released on dec 1 but i haven't been able 
to find the text.  if anyone has access to the text i would appreciate you 
sending it to me.

it is clear that insofar as there is substance here (beyond putting food 
systems on the agenda which is a good thing) it will involve the 'blue 
economy', 'regenerative ag', AI and other forms of high tec ag etc., but does 
anyone have any knowledge or thoughts about this representing an opening for 
strategies towards adopting meat reduction strategies in the overconsuming 
countries?

thx, and would appreciate anything you can pass along on these topics.

best,

dale

**
Dale Jamieson
Director, Center for Environmental and Animal Protection
Affiliated Professor of Law. Medical Ethics, and Bioethics
Professor of Environmental Studies and Philosophy Emeritus
New York University
285 Mercer Street, 7th floor
New York NY 10003-6653
https://as.nyu.edu/faculty/dale-jamieson.html
https://wp.nyu.edu/ceap/

For our report on Animal Markets and Zoonotic Disease in the United States, 
visit 
https://s18798.pcdn.co/ceap/wp-content/uploads/sites/1/2023/07/Animal-Markets-and-Zoonotic-Disease-in-the-United-States.pdf

For our report on The Role of Agency, Sentience, and Cognition in the 
Protection of Aquatic Animals, visit: 
https://wp.nyu.edu/ceap/research/aquatic-animals-report-2023/

For our Climatic Change article on "Research Needs for a Food System 
Transition, visit https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-023-03507-2

No Democratic presidential candidate has won a majority of the white vote since 
the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was proposed by Kennedy, 
championed by Johnson, and more strongly supported by Republicans than 
Democrats.

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[gep-ed] Our new study shows how REDD+, offsets, & the voluntary carbon market are failing

2023-09-17 Thread 'Kathleen Mcafee' via gep-ed
Released Sept. 15, the report is already getting press.

About a quarter of all traded carbon credits have been based on REDD+ projects, 
most of them generated by the private company, Verra. Our study compares 
Verra’s data to published scientific literature and our own quantitative 
analysis and case-study research. We demonstrate that “current REDD+ 
methodologies generate credits that represent a small fraction of their claimed 
climate benefit" (p 1), while shifting the burden of climate-change mitigation 
onto rural communities and indigenous peoples.

While our core technical results focus on Verra’s carbon-crediting 
methodologies, our findings are germane to all land-based offsetting schemes, 
including jurisdictional REDD+. They cast doubt on offsetting and market-based 
management – selling nature to save it – more broadly. While other studies have 
shown that REDD+ and similar “nature-based” climate solutions commonly 
overestimate their impact manyfold, this study is wider in scope.

The authors include social scientists who consider the historical context in 
which carbon trading has evolved. The report discusses how REDD+, the flagship 
international conservation scheme, has failed to slow deforestation, and why 
most REDD+ projects are designed to change the behavior of the poor rather than 
to challenge the politically and economically powerful extractive industries 
that drive forest destruction. It describes how conflicts of interests in the 
self-regulating voluntary carbon market produce false claims of success, and 
how a race to the bottom in the offset industry is creating a flood of 
worthless credits.

As a lead coauthor, I'd be happy to talk or correspond about our analysis, 
especially as it pertains to the rationales this 'market-based management' 
approach and the development and global-justice dimensions of offsetting and 
REDD+.

Executive 
summary<https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/page/Quality-Assessment-of-REDD+-Carbon-Crediting-EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY.pdf>
Full 
report<https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/page/Quality-Assessment-of-REDD+-Carbon-Crediting.pdf>
Project 
webpage<https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research-and-impact/centers/cepp/projects/berkeley-carbon-trading-project/redd>
Bloomberg: 
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-14/popular-carbon-credits-fail-to-offset-emissions-probe-shows
Guardian: 
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/15/rainforest-carbon-credit-schemes-misleading-and-ineffective-finds-report

Kathy

Kathleen McAfee
Professor Emer., San Francisco State University
New Study: Why REDD+ carbon offsets are 
failing
Article: Why we should not endorse carbon 
offsets<https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/N2YSPHYTYPXMVC4NZGSV/full?target=10.1080/00330124.2021.1934879>

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[gep-ed] New study shows California offsetting produces carbon 'ghost credits'

2021-05-01 Thread Kathleen McAfee
In case you missed it - This week saw the release of 3 linked publications
that show how the offsetting part of California cap-&-trade program
creates 'ghost credits' that allow Chevron, PG, and other major emitters
to release more greenhouse gasses than our climate law would otherwise
allow.

The rules of the program let project developers game the system by
deceptively claiming that the trees on forested parcels of land are
storing more carbon and are in greater danger of being logged than is
actually the case.

ProPublica reporter Lisa Song and MIT's James explain
<https://www.propublica.org/article/the-climate-solution-actually-adding-millions-of-tons-of-co2-into-the-atmosphere>
how credits worth mega-millions have been paid to forest owners, including
tribes in California and New Mexico. They site a new scientific paper
pre-print <https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441870v1> (by
Bay Area scientists Barbara Haya, Danny Cullenward, and others) and a
related web site <https://carbonplan.org/research/forest-offsets-explainer>
showing how these payouts are based cherry-picked data and lax oversight by
state regulators (CARB).

CARB, the offsetting entrepreneurs, and tribal spokespeople defend the
policy, often highlighting good things some owners have does with the funds
such as the Yurok buying back lands that were taken from them. But if our
public policy is to promote such activities, shouldn't we be supporting
them directly instead of making good forest management dependent on
allowing Chevron, etc. to continue to cook the planet?

(This was my point in the op ed I wrote
<https://calmatters.org/commentary/my-turn/2021/03/cap-and-trade-offsets-at-a-crossroads-in-californias-climate-policy/>
in CalMatters 1 month ago.)

Happy May Day!

Kathy
-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu

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[gep-ed] Forest carbon-offset "solutions" are worse than doing nothing

2020-07-26 Thread Kathleen McAfee
My article in *The Mint*:

"...Policies that prioritise the use of land for carbon storage impose a
carbon ontology upon forested regions: carbon sequestration becomes the
greatest value and primary purpose of landscapes and the eco-social systems
that are interdependent with them. ...*" *


https://www.themintmagazine.com/the-trillion-tree-delusion?fbclid=IwAR2Tad8SJ-x0kWbxwk0cq30B9Z87cDHbrOeb_C7TjbQHMx0fYT1ksPIiPfM

-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu

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Re: [gep-ed] Re: just a thought

2020-03-19 Thread Kathleen McAfee
You may list me for possible guest lecturing on climate policy, mainly
California's (what's working and why cap-&-trade and offsets are not),
problems of offsetting as a climate solution (why forest carbon offsets
won't "save the Amazon", etc.), and the environmental injustice aspects of
all this. Of course the content would be different for undergrads and
postgrads, but I try to include hopeful directions, either way.

On Thu, Mar 19, 2020 at 5:59 AM shapshapj  wrote:

> Hi I write and teach on China, some of you may know my textbook China’s
> Environmental Challenges.  I would actually be very happy to offer guest
> lectures via zoom or skype as it would enliven my days, if anyone has a
> unit that fits.  Email me directly at shap...@american.edu.
>
> And by the way, I have a new book coming out this summer, coauthored with
> Yifei Li, China Goes Green: Coercive Environmentalism for a Troubled
> Planet, from Polity.  Maybe some of you would like a review copy. Let me
> know.
>
> Judy
>
>
>
> On Tuesday, March 17, 2020 at 11:31:08 PM UTC-4, Ronald Mitchell wrote:
>>
>> One other thought on the whole online learning thing – Zoom or other apps
>> for streaming lectures might be an excellent, low-carbon way to bring in
>> guest speakers.  We could each “trade” guest lectures on our well-known
>> subjects (the lectures we can give in our sleep), reducing workload of
>> developing lectures for us while giving our students better content.
>>
>>
>>
>> I am not offering to coordinate this – just a suggestion in case anyone
>> thinks it’s a good idea.
>>
>>
>>
>> Ron
>>
>>
>>
>> Ronald Mitchell, Professor
>>
>> Department of Political Science and Program in Environmental Studies
>>
>> University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1284
>>
>> rmitc...@uoregon.edu
>>
>> https://rmitchel.uoregon.edu/
>>
>> IEA Database Director: https://iea.uoregon.edu/
>>
>>
>>
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-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu

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Re: [gep-ed] fyi

2019-07-08 Thread Kathleen McAfee
day, July 8, 2019 at 12:56 PM
> *To: *Gep-Ed 
> *Subject: *[gep-ed] fyi
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> This commentary might interest some GEP members:
>
>
>
> Labor Unions And the Green New Deal: Love, Hate, Or Indifference?
> <https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fprakashdolsak%2F2019%2F07%2F06%2Flabor-unions-and-the-green-new-deal-love-hate-or-indifference%2F%23357a86c26b83=02%7C01%7Cstacy.vandeveer%40umb.edu%7C2599190248c34f555ef108d703c54390%7Cb97188711ee94425953c1ace1373eb38%7C0%7C0%7C636982018098582292=Dj3uukmygNWei8AqjT8RQHxHGEuHkyHvJYXrNTNcfeY%3D=0>
>
>
>
> thanks,
>
>
>
> Aseem
>
>
>
> 
>
> Aseem Prakash
> Professor, Department of Political Science
> Walker Family Professor for the College of Arts and Sciences
> Founding Director, UW Center for Environmental Politics
> University of Washington, Seattle
> https://faculty.washington.edu/aseem/
> <https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Faseem%2F=02%7C01%7Cstacy.vandeveer%40umb.edu%7C2599190248c34f555ef108d703c54390%7Cb97188711ee94425953c1ace1373eb38%7C0%7C0%7C636982018098592288=hSfGIuBHPUtz7yi%2Fu1dAJvx%2BingyEftG8WvsyHlmiMs%3D=0>
>
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-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu

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[gep-ed] scholars' open letter on California tropical forest offsets proposal

2018-11-08 Thread Kathleen McAfee
Dear friends and colleagues,
  Forgive me if you've already seen this open letter to the California
Air Resources Board. *Please sign it have done research relevant to
REDD+/PES, carbon trading/offsets, tropical forest conservation, etc. and
agree with our message of caution.* We have 50+ signatures so far; hope to
get more by *Nov. 11.* We'll present it at a pubic ARB session on Nov. 16.
Links to letter & sign-on are below. Here's the story:

The ARB may soon approve yet another way for the state's biggest
greenhouse-gas emitters to buy their way out of their legal obligations by
purchasing dubious offsets, this time in the global South. ARB's proposed
new Tropical Forest Standard would link California's cap-and-trade program
to subnational states in the forested tropics. This is a bad idea for
reasons we have tried to summarize in the letter. It would set a terrible
international precedent as California officials continue to promote the
state's climate policy as a model for the world.

Until now the ARB has mainly taken its cues from environmental economists,
its own technical staff, big green NGOs, carefully vetted officials and
indigenous spokespeople from Brazil and Mexico, and consultants with
personal and career interests in carbon trading and forest conservation
financed by offsets. The ARB board and staff seem unaware of the actual
record and problems of REDD+ PES, and when told about this, respond that
their proposed "jurisdictional REDD" would surmount such problems. Our
letter voices widespread concerns about forest carbon offset programs
shared by so many geographers and other researchers who are closer to
understanding how these projects are working on the ground.

We three authors are approaching this from different perspectives but we
think the case against this TFS initiative is very strong. We are not
condemning REDD+, etc., nor offsets in general in the letter. We are
stressing the ways that the TFS could implicate the state in harmful
practices, would fail to achieve any net environmental gain, and fails to
meet California's legislated requirements.

Please sign if you agree, and circulate the letter to other scholars with
academic credentials who have worked on REDD/PES, carbon
trading/offsetting, tropical forests/conservation/development, etc. We will
be adding more citations: suggestions appreciated.

** You can add your name to the letter at THIS LINK
<https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScIUh1PGTF-rdZXynXXARsiWH0m1aYsoZt31o4W2iqYfvXrMQ/viewform>
:

Here
<https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pbwBoZDg26BaWgP28jcuCC316CSTFDq1/view?usp=sharing>
is
a link to the letter.

Here
<https://drive.google.com/file/d/1plIObM7Ig3plgHYdlciQjPpLjGEEWYmA/view?usp=sharing>
  is information about the Tropical Forest Standard and how to submit
individual letters to the ARB.  Do let us know if you have questions or
comments.

Kathy
-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu

*Everyone can enjoy a life of luxurious leisure if the machine-produced
wealth is shared, or most people can end up miserably poor if the
machine-owners successfully lobby against wealth redistribution. *Stephen
Hawking

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Re: [gep-ed] The Oxfam scandal shows that, yes, nonprofits can behave badly. So why aren’t they overseen like for-profits? (fwd)

2018-02-19 Thread Kathleen McAfee
Thanks for that important point and question, Tim.

On Mon, Feb 19, 2018 at 2:36 PM, Forsyth,TJ <t.j.fors...@lse.ac.uk> wrote:

> Dear Aseem and colleagues
> Congratulations on your excellent article in the WP. But please can I
> suggest that we all pause before fixing this narrative of the Oxfam crisis?
>
> I am not for one second condoning the behaviour of the staff in Haiti, nor
> Oxfam’s economy of the truth in reporting it. But I do want to stress how
> the story about Oxfam, and the recent flurry of added allegations about the
> aid sector, have come at a time in the UK when there is a very clear
> campaign to discredit overseas aid. The UK passed a law in 2015 to make it
> a legal requirement to spend 0.7 percent of GNP on overseas aid, which has
> been vigorously opposed by the same politicians and newspapers who have
> fought to leave the EU. Many analysts believe that reducing trust in one of
> the oldest brands associated with international aid is an effective route
> to influencing public debate about aid along those same libertarian lines.
>
> Your article asks: "Why do nonprofit organizations behave in unprincipled
> ways?” That’s a very good question. But I think we also have to ask “What
> are the influences on the information we receive about nonprofits?” and “Do
> other sectors get the same scrutiny?”  I suggest we need to be more
> cautious about how to interpret this widespread criticism of the aid sector
> before assuming the stories are facts, and that the lessons are clear.
>
> Best regards
> Tim F
> Professor, Department of International Development,
> London School of Economics and Political Science
>
>
>
>
> On 19 Feb 2018, at 18:32, as...@u.washington.edu wrote:
>
>
>
>
> Colleagues:
>
> Several scholars on this list study nonprofits/NGOs and have written on
> governance failures. The article
> we published on the Oxfam scandal in the Washington Post/Monkey Cage Today
> might interest them:
> The Oxfam scandal shows that, yes, nonprofits can behave badly. So why
> aren’t they overseen like for-profits?
>
> https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/
> 02/19/the-oxfam-scandal-shows-that-yes-nonprofits-can-
> behave-badly-so-why-arent-they-overseen-like-for-profits/?utm_term=.
> 2c52a0e35df4
>
> The civic sector plays an important role in the contemporary society.Yet,
> the Oxfam scandal (and other scandals that are now getting revealed as well
> as the cover-up at Oxfam since 2011 of the Haiti episode) raises serious
> questions about our theoretical understanding of the NGO/nonprofit sector.
>
> Yes, this is not the first scandal. Nevertheless, if a moral leader such
> as Oxfam has serious governance failures, we should seriously examine our
> conception of the NGO/NPO sector -- with the intent to reform it. To do so,
> we need to study both the successes and failures of NPO/NGO governance.
>
> Aseem
>
>
> 
>
> Aseem Prakash
> Professor, Department of Political Science
> Walker Family Professor for the College of Arts and Sciences
> Founding Director, UW Center for Environmental Politics
> 39 Gowen Hall, Box 353530
> University of Washington
> Seattle, WA 98195-3530
>
> http://faculty.washington.edu/aseem/
> http://depts.washington.edu/envirpol/
>
>
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-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu

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[gep-ed] JOB: International Social Movements & Organizations, San Francisco State, tenure-track

2016-09-28 Thread Kathleen McAfee
This new job is in a Department of International Relations. We are a
multidisciplinary group and we are nice to each other. The students at SF
State are the best reason to work here.

The Department of International Relations (IR) at San Francisco State
University seeks a tenure-track Assistant Professor with research and
teaching interests in international civil society, social movements, and
organizations, including nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The position
starts fall semester 2017 and offers the opportunity to participate in a
highly diverse, internationally focused campus community with strong
student interest in social justice and human rights.

The position requires graduate and undergraduate teaching in international
relations or related global-studies topics (usually five courses per year),
student mentoring and advising, an active scholarship program in one's area
of specialty, and ongoing committee and service assignments. The successful
candidate should possess broad familiarity with theory and approaches to IR
or related social sciences. S/he must have a PhD by the time of appointment
and a record of publications or strong, publishable manuscripts.

Applicants should send material by email to i...@sfsu.edu:
1) A letter of application;
2) A statement of research and teaching interests, along with syllabi if
available;
3) A curriculum vitae;
4) At least one academic publication or other sample of scholarly writing.

Consideration of applications will commence November 7 and will continue
until the position is filled. Candidates under consideration for interviews
will be asked to provide three letters of recommendation.

San Francisco State University, part of the California State University
system, serves 30,000 undergraduate and graduate students. Faculty are
expected to be effective teachers and demonstrate professional achievement
through research, scholarship, and/or creative work. San Francisco State
University is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer with a
strong commitment to diversity. We welcome applicants of all ethnic, racial
and gender identities, sexual orientations as well as people with
disabilities. We particularly encourage applicants from historically
underrepresented groups.


-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu

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Re: [gep-ed] national poilcy positions

2015-11-12 Thread Kathleen McAfee
al Studies
>>
>> University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1284
>>
>> rmitc...@uoregon.edu
>>
>> http://rmitchel.uoregon.edu/
>>
>> IEA Database Director: http://iea.uoregon.edu/
>>
>>
>>
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>
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-- 
Kathleen McAfee
Associate Professor, International Relations
San Francisco State University
kmca...@sfsu.edu
Office hours HSS 381 most Thursdays 4:30-6:30

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