Re: singing without vibrato

2003-09-03 Thread Sam Weiss
At 07:44 AM 9/3/03, Judith R Cohen wrote:
hi, since vocal cords vibrate, it's kind of impossible to sing without
vibrato; what is usually meant by that is singing without the wide
vibrato...
Not so.  Vibrato is only tangentially related to vibration.  Of course, 
all sound production entails vibration, but the predominant 
characteristic of vibrato -- whether wide or narrow -- is the slight 
=waver=  or =variation= in pitch (along with subtle modulations of volume 
and tone).  It is very possible to sing without vibrato.

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Re: Vibrato

2003-09-02 Thread Sam Weiss
At 12:28 PM 8/29/03, Fred Blumenthal wrote:
My understanding is that when singing, one should do nothing to create, 
encourage, discourage, or affect vibrato - that if the voice is produced 
correctly the vibrato will be correct,
Yes and no. The Zen paradox hidden in this statement centers on the phrase 
if the voice is produced correctly...  I have been studying voice for 
almost three decades, with countless dollars and hours of effort directed 
toward one goal: To sing effortlessly.  All the elements of vocal 
production - - vibrato included -- are subject to manipulation in one way 
or another within the process of honing one's vocal technique.  But this 
technique must remain transparent to the listener, and an effortless 
vibrato that is not too fast or slow is indeed one sign of having achieved 
the goal.

if the vibrato is too fast or otherwise funny there's something
wrong with vocal production.
Maybe in a theoretical sense, but not necessarily wrong for that person 
at that point in her singing career.  Children, for instance, will tend to 
sing with little or no vibrato, while old people tend to have slow 
vibratos. Humans are not machines that can be tweaked at will.  A fast or 
wobbly vibrato may be an unavoidable element in the entire singing 
package or a culturally encouraged artifact of a particular singing 
style.

So discussion of vibrato from the diaphragm, throat, etc. would be moot.
While the effortlessly beautiful vibrato does seem to emanate from the 
vocal folds themselves, this is merely an illusion resulting from a 
correct balance of complex muscular and aerodynamic 
forces.  Nevertheless, it is indeed best to remain unconscious of these 
forces.

 Weigh against this that I was taught to sing choral, folk and early 
music without vibrato.
Just as the type of vibrato can be culturally determined, so can its 
near-total absence.  I'm very curious, however, if discouraging vibrato in 
early music is stylistically authentic (how would one know ?) or merely 
a projection of our notion of simplicity.  Discouraging vibrato among 
choral singers is one way of insuring better intonation in the section. 
Seems to work the same way with orchestral vs. solo instrumentalists.  (I 
would welcome input on this point from orchestral violinists on this list.)

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Re: string orchestra vibrato

2003-09-02 Thread Sam Weiss


At 11:39 AM 9/2/03, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I sometimes suggest to trumpet
players who come to klezmer from a legit background that they pretend
they are mariachis--that is, playing with a strident tone and a huge
vibrato...
...That's not what you were asking, but it's what it made me think
of!
But it does contrast nicely with the earlier observation regarding solo
vocal vibrato, where folk=no vibrato;
classical=vibrato. 

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NJ


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Re: mazinke

2003-08-28 Thread Sam Weiss
While interpreting and deconstructing this tradition bear in mind that the 
definition of the Yiddish word mizinke is youngest daughter.   No big 
deal, but if I were trying to squeeze orange juice out of an apple because 
I was all out of oranges, I  would at least stop calling it an apple.

At 10:41 AM 8/28/03, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

As I said, I'm inclusive. In the old days the parents were 'being freed of 
the
burden' of marrying off their children and so the last was special. I feel 
that
being the parents of a child that is being married is an honor and should 
be
treated as such, be it the first, middle, last, 2 children in one wedding, 

etc., etc.

I think that's the best way, to respect, honor and understand the 
tradition and
the reason for it, while interpreting it in light of today's mores where 
most
parents would not think that the oldest daughter has to be married first, 
etc.

Dick Rosenberg

 I don't necessarily restrict it to mother and father - we played a Bar
 Mitzvah recently where the parents of the Bar Mitzvah boy were Alice 
and
 Margaret).

 Ah, but more important, was their last child being married (otherwise 
100%
 in agreement)? :-).

 ari


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Re: mazinke

2003-08-28 Thread Sam Weiss
At 01:47 PM 8/28/03, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
And should I stop calling a Gasn Nign (street song) a Gasn Nign
Good point, but my reactionary reaction was less to the title of the 
song/dance and more to the meaning of verses that are sung; it's a question 
of Yiddish literacy rather than tradition.   I understand that it's a 
moot point these days when performing the dance without the vocals, or in 
light of the fact that the Yiddish is little understood.  All I'm saying is 
that if you wouldn't sing Happy Anniversary in English to a Bat Mitzvah 
girl, you shouldn't sing incongruous Yiddish lyrics either.



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Re: Tsena, Tsena

2003-08-15 Thread Sam Weiss
Seems to have been written as an Israeli hit song around 1950.  Text by 
Yehiel Hagiz, music by Issachar Miron and Julius Grossman.  Later 
attributions list Mitchell Parish instead of Grossman.  More recent 
attributions simply list Issachar Miron.  (shades of Goldfarb/Gelbart...?)
Summer 1998 of Sing Out (Volume 43 #1) has an article on it, which I have 
not seen.

At 05:30 PM 8/15/03, Eleanor Shapiro wrote:
Can anyone provide me with background on the Israeli song Tsena, Tsena 
BEFORE it became a hit with the Weavers? -- who wrote it, when, where it 
was sung; how popular was it in Israel; was the history of the lyrics 
different from that of the melody--if so, background on both would be 
helpful.




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Re: please respect the list

2003-07-21 Thread Sam Weiss
At 11:49 AM 7/21/03, you wrote:
List participants are reminded to pay attention to the destinations of 
messages. The default is to send a message to the entire list.
I think it's worth elaborating on this last sentence. Regardless of whether 
you click Reply or Reply All, your message will still go out to the 
entire list.  The only way to generate a private reply is to manually 
delete [EMAIL PROTECTED] from the To: line, and type in an 
individual's address.  It is this aspect which is generating the relatively 
large percentage of unintended public messages.

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Article on P.Bohlman/German Jewish Cabarets

2003-07-12 Thread Sam Weiss


(Link appears at the bottom, in case you want to view the 2
illustrations.)
from U. of Chicago Chronicle, June 12, 2003:
BOHLMAN RESCUES MUSIC OF RARE JEWISH CABARETS 
By Seth Sanders 
Not only can Philip Bohlman discuss the Jewish cabaret music that was
rescued from oblivion by the Austrian Censor's office--he and his
colleagues also can perform it, rescuing it once again. 
Bohlman, Professor in Music and the College, is an ethnomusicologist who
researches Jewish music, the musical cultures of Europe, America and the
Middle East, and the musical dimensions of religion, nationalism and
racism. Just last year he published World Music: A Very Short
Introduction, which brings all of these elements together. 
In a fashion typical of Chicago's Department of Music, where composers
like Shulamit Ran teach, Bohlman's scholarly research and teaching
naturally flow into musical performance. He is artistic director and
emcee for the New Budapest Orpheum Society, a revival of the
longest-running Jewish cabaret in Vienna, which existed from the 1880s
through the end of World War I. 
A closer look at Bohlman's work on the cabaret serves as an introduction
to his research--the sometimes startling way it brings history, social
conflict and entertainment together through music. 
People may remember cabaret as an emblem of German decadence and cynicism
(think The Blue Angel or Cabaret). But what is less well known, Bohlman
explained, is how this very Jewish art form crossed national boundaries
and endured, even in the darkness of the concentration camps. 
You could find these cabarets in Budapest, Prague and Berlin. An
evening would consist of a mix of skits, poetry and comedy, and pop songs
composed on satirical themes, called Spottlieder in German, which poke
fun at people. The stage would be filled with Jewish stereotypes: the
shopkeeper, the Yeshiva boy, the obedient daughter. 
Word about the New Budapest Orpheum Society has spread, due in large part
to the recent double CD, Dancing on the Edge of a Volcano. On
Wednesday, May 28, the troupe took a new program to the United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.
The theme of our show is 'the world turned upside down,' which
alludes to the confusion of the new immigrant, the social turmoil of the
time. 
But, Bohlman explained, the cabarets persisted when the Jewish world was
turned upside down in the worst way.
We do one show based on Theresienstadt, where there were nine
cabarets, an opera and orchestra. There was a famous women's orchestra in
Auschwitz, and operas were regularly performed at
Theresienstadt.
Our repertoire is very synthetic, but it comes from real
turn-of-the-century pop songs, broadside ballads printed on cheap paper
and sold on the street, which would be labeled 'performed by musician X
for Budapest Orpheumgesellschaft.' It's stuff I found in the censors'
records, which was often the only way it would be preserved.
The material was well known but very ephemeral--they often made it
up as they were going on. And it's all in Viennese dialect, which is very
close to Yiddish, said Bohlman. We always include
translations into English; we have a lyricist who really renders them
into song form. The two CDs we recently recorded include one in English
and one in the original languages--German, Yiddish and
Hebrew.
Bohlman and Ilya Levinson, Lecturer in Music, work to reconstruct
the music--sometimes all we have is the text itself, usually with an
engraving of a picture, 'sung to the tune of song X,' so we can figure
out what the music is. 
To animate his careful reconstruction of this lost culture, Bohlman said,
there is nothing like a really bad joke. On stage, I play the Joel
Grey character, Herr Ober or 'headwaiter' figure, who orchestrates
everything that's happening in that social space. One of the main things
I do is tell bad jokes. Everybody feels they can laugh at
them.
In addition to his stage performances, Bohlman is the author or editor of
17 books, and he currently has two books in press.
His many honors include the 1997 Edward J. Dent Medal of the Royal Music
Association and a University Faculty Award for Excellence in Graduate
Teaching. He has been a member of the Chicago faculty since 1987
http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030612/bohlman.shtml



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Hazzanut retreat: In Search of the Rozhinke

2003-06-16 Thread Sam Weiss
This event may be of interest to musicians and enthusiasts who wish to 
explore the art and repertoire of classic East-European Hazzanut from the 
inside.

http://rozhinke.org

AUGUST 10-13, 2003
Kutshers Country Club, New York
The Rozhinke Retreat is an effort to preserve and continue the great 
Cantorial art tradition of yesteryear. At the turn of the Millenium, we 
have seen many Jewish cultural revivals: Yiddish, Klezmer...  and Hazzanut 
is due a revival of its own.
This retreat has its roots in the great Cantorial stylings of such renowned 
Hazzanim as Yossele Rosenblatt, David Kousevitsky, Zavel Kwartin and many 
others--with an emphasis not on historical examination, but rather living 
reproduction of an art form which is so intrinsically Jewish, and so 
passionate, so filled with pathos and sweetness, that it can only be 
described as Rozhinke --the sweet sound of raisins and almonds.

-Faculty to include world-class Cantors
-Workshops with hands-on singing
-Nightly Cantorial Concerts
-Late Night Sharing Sessions
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Course Of Its Key

2003-06-16 Thread Sam Weiss
OK, here's the entire course:
While the spellings Koussevitzky, Kusevitsky, Kussevitsky, Kusevitzky, 
Kousevitsky, etc. have become notoriously interchangeable for the four 
cantorial brothers, during their lifetime (in America, at least) 
David  preferred (or at least was associated with) spellings without an 
o, only one s, and vitsky rather than vitzky.  Moshe was associated 
with the other options.  Interestingly, everybody steered away from spelling it
Koussewitzky a la the conductor Sergei.

At 05:07 PM 6/16/03, Eliott Kahn wrote:

Nu, only three-part?

At 01:10 PM 6/16/2003 -0400, Sam Weiss wrote:
Sounds like you won't want to miss my exciting 3-part lecture series on 
The Spellings of Kusevitsky

At 12:48 PM 6/16/03, I. Oppenheim wrote:
 Hazzanim as Yossele Rosenblatt, David Kousevitsky

As far as I know it's Koussevitzky

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Fwd: Ciclos for guitar

2003-05-28 Thread Sam Weiss


Mel Bay Publications has issued a
book of Sephardic music for guitar. The book is called Ciclos and
was arranged by Daniel Akiva, a composer with whom I have the pleasure of
working... 
...I was able to convince Mel Bay to take this project on, and it took
them 4 years to complete.
The book includes Akiva's arrangements of Sephardic songs, as well as
several compositions for guitar based on Sephardic songs. The notation is
both conventional and tablature, and a CD is included. The level is for
advanced and professional players.
More information can be found on the Mel Bay site:
http://melbay.com

Yossi Zucker
OR-TAV Music Publications
P.O.B. 1126; Kfar Sava 44110 Israel
Tel. +972-9-767-9869 Fax. +972-9-766-2855
email: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http:/ortav.com


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Re: Jewish Cello Masterpieces

2003-05-07 Thread Sam Weiss
The album did not go unnoticed on this list; I made some complimentary 
comments on it last fall, soon after Richard brought it to our attention.

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Re: Why genre classification is not only necessary but desired

2003-05-07 Thread Sam Weiss
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: 2003/05/07 Wed PM 03:44:02 EDT

If you are over 50, Klezmer means simcha music and recognizable songs in Yiddish.

And if you're over 70 or from Long Island Yiddish
means Jewish and Jewish means Yiddish.


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Re: Four Quesions on Am Yisroel Chai

2003-05-01 Thread Sam Weiss
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 Do you mean, Sam, that the people only exists, 
 Toraitically, in relationship to G*d?

Exactly.


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Re: Four Quesions on Am Yisroel Chai

2003-04-30 Thread Sam Weiss
At 10:12 AM 4/28/03, Gavriel Bellino wrote:
1. What is the source of the words? (I researched the phrase in the
Biblical and Rabbinic literature and drew a blank. Is it a loose
rephrasing of a biblical theme? If so which one? I have a few ideas, but
nothing too elucidating. ) Is it a poetic creation for the sake of a
song, like Hava Nagilah?
The phrase Am Yisrael (the Jewish people) is not liturgical and, as you 
indicate, not scriptural; it probably arose with Zionism, and along with 
it, the slogan Am Yisrael Chai.  But Am Yisrael is very close to some 
biblical phrases, and the differences are noteworthy.  The common biblical 
equivalent to Am Yisrael is simply Yisrael. We also find B'ney Yisrael 
(the progeny of Israel) or Beyt Yisrael (the house of Israel), phrases 
that retain the tribal associations with an ancestor called Yisrael 
(=Jacob) -- along the lines of Beyt Aharon, Beyt Ya'akov, Beyt [ha-]Levi -- 
rather than an independent people.

The biblical phrases that do contain Am- in connection with Yisrael 
seem to further negate the notion of an independent people inasmuch as 
they are always combined with a pronoun (usually referring to God).  Thus 
we find Amcha Yisrael, Ami Yisrael and Amo Yisrael, but no Am Yisrael.

DEUTERONOMY 21.9
Absolve, O Lord, Your people Israel whom You redeemed, and do not let guilt 
for the blood of the innocent remain among Your people Israel.

KINGS 6.13
I will abide among the children of Israel, and I will never forsake My 
people Israel.

CHRONICLES 6.6
But then I chose Jerusalem for My name to abide there, and I chose David to 
rule My people Israel.

DANIEL 9.20
While I was speaking, praying, and confessing my sin and the sin of my 
people Israel...

JEREMIAH 30.3
For days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will restore the fortunes of 
My people Israel and Judah, said the Lord...

PSALMS 135.12
...and gave their lands as a heritage, as a heritage to His people Israel.
JOEL 4.2
I will gather all the nations
And bring them down to the Valley of Jehoshaphat.
There I will contend with them
Over My very own people, Israel,
Which they scattered among the nations.
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Re: Yom-tov Ehrlich

2003-03-12 Thread Sam Weiss
At 12:16 PM 3/13/03, itzik gottesman wrote:
Anyone know of biographical materials, interviews, or have knowledge of 
family members of the Hassidic singer, songwriter, badkhn Yom-tov Ehrlich?
Binyomin Belsky [EMAIL PROTECTED] is a great-nephew of Ehrlich. He can 
help you.

___

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Re: klezmer the Israeli way

2003-03-03 Thread Sam Weiss
Roger,
I have not heard Akiva Horin or Yehoshua Rochman, but I agree with your 
appraisal and description of an Israeli klezmer style and esthetic.  In 
fact, I came to a very similar conclusion about 13 years ago upon hearing 
the recording Tzlilim MiTzefat by Bernie Marinbach, a musician with whom 
I used to share NY bandstands 3 decades ago before he made Aliyah.  I 
understood the difference in the Israeli approach to klezmer (which you 
describe very well below) to result from the fact that it grew out of a 
continuous tradition of playing Jewish instrumental music, and was 
not  discovered de novo, even though particular tunes might be recently 
learned.  The Israeli style is informed by years of playing a =very 
melodic= Chassidic repertoire, so that many of the klezmer tunes don't 
lose their melodic foundation even when enveloped in a virtuosic 
instrumental shell.
(In a sense, the fussy preciousness of Giora Feidman's style takes this 
Chassidic melodicism to mystical extremes.)  Thankfully, there are many 
non-Israeli klezmer musicians who are also in touch with the more melodic 
elements of klezmer tunes who allow these to shine through the virtuosic 
baggage of the early American authentic Klezmer style.

At 08:03 PM 3/1/03, r l reid wrote:
But here's the other thing - the idea of Israeli klezmer I've been 
suspicious of, not that I know a thing about it...  I stopped by the 
cassette shed in
Mea Shirim and (along with a lot of stuff I can but don't buy in BP) say
old time tunes and Klezmer melodies presented by the flutist Akiva Ben
Horin nbd the Klezmeraya Ensemble for Jewish Music.  Inside are some
beautiful, sensitive arangemetns of tunes I do and don't know.  I am struck
by the lack of conspicuous virtousity (which is not to say they don't have
chops, they do), the lack of edge, the lack of parady, the lack of
cynicism

It hit me subjectively as real klezmer, but a very different esthetic
than American klezmer with its cynical distrust of being unhip.
This was so unhip and so nice to listen to.

So now I'm listening around.  Of course I've been listening to list member
Moussa Berlin already, he's known worldwide, unlike Ben Horin and his group.
Also now I am listening to Yehoshua Rochman - who you can at least get in the
US - wow, he blows me away.
So maybe there is something going on there is Israel after all - I can't find
any mention of Akiva ben Horin outside Israel - which is very different yet
well worth seeking out and listening to.
Anyone else familiar with  Akiva ben Horin?

Roger Reid
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Re: Hungarian Jewish song

2003-02-27 Thread Sam Weiss
I'm assuming that the parody has the same melody as the original. Do you 
know the tune? Can you hum it online?

At 06:23 AM 2/27/03, Paul A. Unger wrote:
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Sirnak rinak a barányok,
Panaszkodnak a juhásznak...
(The sheep are crying, complaining to shepherd...)
Sorry, I do not know of any other Hungarian song by the Kalever Rebbe but
the Szol a kakas mar.
However, I heard the following song  :~) which was sung by the Hungarian
Chalutsim movement in 1948-1950:
Sírnak, rínak az arabok
Ha megjönnek a chaluts-ok
Haifa mellett ott laknak a chaluts-ok
Ott ahol a p'luga háza áll
(The Arabs are crying / when the chalutsim come /
The chalutsim live near Haifa there  / where the company [p'luga]
headquarters
are.)
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musical propaganda

2003-02-27 Thread Sam Weiss
At 11:46 AM 2/27/03, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
It'd nice to get back to Jewish music.
I'll do my part to nudge it back.  This is obliquely related to the topic 
of subtle ideas contained in music, from the other (pro-Jewish) side of 
the coin, as well as to the discussion of Szól A Kakas Már.

Cucumber is a Long-Distance phone service provider run by a Jewish 
charitable organization in Lakewood, NJ that had been advertising heavily 
in Jewish venues and recently started to expand its advertising into 
broader markets. Yesterday I heard a radio spot for the company on WCBS 
(the NY area station of CBS News) that didn't mention anything at all about 
their Jewish affiliation, at least not overtly.  But their inane jingle 
(that goes well with the inane brand name) uses the melody of a short 
Lubavitcher Kosachok-type dance tune (the exact title escapes me) to 
deliver the subliminal Jewish message. It's a very clever choice, since 
to the uninitiated general public the simple tune in major has no Jewish 
overtones at all, being one of the many Ukranian tunes that the 
Lubavitchers adopted whole.  It actually took me a couple of hours to make 
the connection myself.

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Cantor Sam Weiss === Jewish Community Center of Paramus, NJ 

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Re: Secunda - Nicholayev

2003-02-27 Thread Sam Weiss
http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/pages/t053/t05395.html

A port on the Black Sea coast, Nikolayev oblast, Ukrainian SSR
The town was founded in 1789 and Jews settled there from its earliest days, 
engaging in commerce and crafts. Many of them moved there from Galicia. In 
1830, among the inhabitants of the town were 24 Jewish families of 
merchants, 691 families of townsmen, and 424 individual Jews. In 1829 a 
government order prohibited the residence of Jews in Nikolayev, using the 
existence of naval bases as a pretext. The Jews were allowed two years to 
arrange their departure. The local authorities opposed the decree, arguing 
that the expulsion of the Jews would harm the development of the town; the 
expulsion was therefore postponed until 1834. At the beginning of the reign 
of Alexander II the right of residence in the town was granted to Jewish 
merchants and industrialists (1857), and later also to craftsmen (1861).
Many Jews lived in the villages and estates in the vicinity of Nikolayev, 
where they conducted their commerce. In 1866 all restrictions were lifted 
and the Jewish community of Nikolayev developed rapidly. In 1880 there were 
8,325 Jews in Nikolayev, and in 1897 the number rose to 20,109 (21.80f the 
total population). In October 1905 pogroms claimed several victims.
During the Civil War (1919 - 20) the Jews of neighboring towns suffered 
severely. In 1926 there were 21,786 Jews (about 20.80f the total 
population) in Nikolayev. Under the German occupation (August 1941), all 
the Jews who had not succeeded in leaving the city were murdered. With the 
liberation of Nikolayev (March 1944), Jews began to return to the city. The 
last synagogue was closed down by the authorities in 1962.

Courtesy of:
Encyclopedia Judaica
©1972, Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd
Jerusalem, Israel
At 01:48 PM 2/27/03, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

According to his biography, Sholom Secunda grew up in the town of 
Nicholayev. Does anyone know where that is (or was)?

Thanks,
Elie




Elie Rosenblatt
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
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Re: From Yiddish Folk Poetry

2003-02-27 Thread Sam Weiss


This is the book to look at. I once consulted it at the YIVO in NY,
so I know that it has a copy.
SHOSTAKOVITCH`S JEWISH SONGS ‘FROM JEWISH FOLK POETRY’, OP.79:
Introductory Essay with original Yiddish Folk Text Underlay. Tel Aviv:
World Council for Yiddish and Jewish Culture and Ministry of Culture,
1989. 162 pp., 1tbl., 4 mus. ex. ( in English, Russian, Hebrew and
Yiddish). 
At 01:41 PM 2/27/03, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Shostakovitch's
Song Cycle Op. 79 is based on the lyrics of yiddish folk songs. Who knows
more about the actual folk songs (not Shostakovitch's composition). I'm
especially loooking for: 
Dos geshtorbene kind 
Shlof, mayn kind 
Her-zshe Khasje 
Reb Elye 
Oyf dem boydem 
Der winter 
Vegn rokhves fun felder 
Oyf a lonke 
Sore, di shusterke 
Any kind of help will do, thank you! 
A. Pancur 

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Cantor Sam Weiss === Jewish Community Center of Paramus,
NJ



Miriam's Song

2003-02-21 Thread Sam Weiss


At 02:26 PM 2/21/03, Fred Blumenthal wrote:
Is there scripture
saying that the Hebrew men excused themselves when Miriam sang by the sea
of reeds?
Fred, that's an argument for the wrong side of the debate. 
Yes, Miriam's singing was clearly only for the women. Exodus
15:20-21.

_
Cantor Sam Weiss === Jewish Community Center of Paramus, NJ


Re: here we go again....

2003-02-21 Thread Sam Weiss
At 12:46 AM 2/21/03, Judith R Cohen wrote:
I was brought up to see Judaism as full of
adult choices and one's own concscience.
That is indeed one of several approaches to Judaism. A much older 
understanding has it that adults face an overwhelming range of choices, and 
that in a healthy human being one's own concscience ultimately serves one's 
own best interests (after following the philosophical chain of 
consequences), and that the role of Judaism is precisely to circumscribe 
that range of choices in the direction of God's Will.  This does have a 
way of relieving, though not removing, the onus from one's concscience and 
transferring it onto the consciences of the leaders and rabbinic 
interpreters of the Torah (in the broadest sense of the word).  It 
therefore explains why loyal Orthodox Jews have less trouble in following 
dictates that don't stand up to neutral logical scrutiny than 
non-Orthodox Jews have in understanding these dictates.  (By neutral 
logic I mean the kind that does not take the Torah as its logical starting 
point.) In classical Judaism the role of human understanding is far less 
important than commonly assumed.  This is made quite clear in the biblical 
Tree of Knowledge vs. Tree of Life episode.

Unfortunately, the chasm that lies between different interpretations of 
one's own religion is normally deeper than the differences between liberal 
understandings of two different religions. That is a tough nut to swallow 
for those who are consumed (as I once was) with the question of Why can't 
we all just get along?

Shabbat Shalom.

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Cantor Sam Weiss === Jewish Community Center of Paramus, NJ 

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