RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters -- "COMPATIBLE" not

2003-01-16 Thread Hemant K Chitale


Well, actually 8.1.7 can run without COMPATIBLE.
Quoting from the 8.1.7 Reference Manual [which is actually the 8.1.6
Reference Manual] :
COMPATIBLE 
Parameter type: String
Syntax: COMPATIBLE = release_number
Parameter class: Static
Default value: 8.0.0
Range of values: Default release to current release
Oracle Parallel Server: Multiple instances must have the same value
COMPATIBLE lets you use a new release, while at the same time
guaranteeing 
backward compatibility with an earlier release. This ability is helpful
in 
case it becomes necessary to revert to the earlier release.
This parameter specifies the release with which the Oracle server must

maintain compatibility. It allows you to take advantage of the
maintenance 
improvements of a new release immediately in your production systems

without testing the new functionality in your environment. Some features
of 
the current release may be restricted.
When using the standby database feature, this parameter must have the
same 
value on the primary and standby databases, and the value must be
7.3.0.0.0 
or higher. The default value is the earliest release with which 
compatibility can be guaranteed.
The value of COMPATIBLE must be set to 8.1 or higher in order to use
stored 
columns of UROWID type. You can use ROWID pseudocolumns for
index-organized 
tables regardless of the parameter setting.
And in this database :
$ uname -a 
SunOS smpydd 5.8 Generic_108528-14 sun4u sparc SUNW,Ultra-Enterprise

$ sqlplus '/ as sysdba' 
SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.7.0.0 - Production on Thu Jan 16 10:15:15 
2003
(c) Copyright 2000 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to: 
Oracle8i Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.7.2.0 - Production 
With the Partitioning option 
JServer Release 8.1.7.2.0 - Production
SQL>show parameter compatible
NAME TYPE VALUE 
 ---
-- 
compatible string 8.0.0 
SQL> !grep 'compatible' $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/init$ORACLE_SID.ora 
#Not using compatible 7.3.3 in 8.1.7 Hemant 07-June 
#compatible=7.3.3.0.0
[This database was "mig"rated from 7.3.3 "in
place"]

I have some databases where I did NOT have COMPATIBLE set when
upgrading
from 8.0.x and 8.1.6 to 8.1.7.  I do have COMPATIBLE set in these
databases
where I am now using FGAC/VPD/JVM etc   e.g.
DB : "ORA817" [8.1.7.0.0] on "itsys" Tru64 
[5.1]
[initORA817.ora edited to comment-out COMPATIBLE and
instance restarted]
SQL> show parameter compatible
NAME TYPE VALUE 
 ---
-- 
compatible string 8.1.0 
SQL> shutdown immediate 
Database closed. 
Database dismounted. 
startup 
ORACLE instance shut down. 
SQL> ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 25248740 bytes 
Fixed Size 103396 bytes 
Variable Size 24784896 bytes 
Database Buffers 204800 bytes 
Redo Buffers 155648 bytes
Database mounted. 
ORA-00402: database changes by release 8.1.0.0.0 cannot be used by
release 
8.0.0.0.0 
ORA-00405: compatibility type "New Image Format"
DB : "R11PRD8I" [8.1.7.0.0 32-bit] on "chrtdw"
[Solaris 8] 
WAS running without COMPATIBLE set explicitly. COMPATIBLE was set later
to 
enable LOGON_TRIGGER.
DB "R11PRD" [8.1.7.0.0 32-bit] on "csmdw" [Solaris 8]

WAS running without COMPATIBLE set explicitly. COMPATIBLE was set later
to 
enable FGAC/VPD.
So, COMPATIBLE is, strictly, not required although, in real life, most
8.1.7
database would be using some feature or the other which requires 
it.
Hemant
At 07:53 AM 14-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
Hemant - I believe this applies to
Oracle8i versions. The key point is "try
it". If you have a small test database you can bounce, it will take
you just
a couple of minutes to comment out the COMPATIBLE parameter and bounce
the
database. I agree with you that my assumption was that it was unnecessary
--
until I proved it for myself.
   In college I was really looking forward to my philosophy
class. Thought I
would learn the secret of life or something. Anyway one of the main ideas
I
recall was a bunch of Greek philosophers (Aristotle ?) that spent 
an
afternoon speculating on how many teeth a horse should have, and wrote
up
the discussion. My reaction was "go count them". If you think
you have a bad
horse, take a survey. Oh well, the career paths for a philosophy major
are
limited, so I guess I didn't miss much.
Dennis Williams
DBA, 40%OCP
Lifetouch, Inc.
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 

-Original Message-
Sent: Tuesday, January 14, 2003 9:09 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L

Which version and platform ?  I've never found COMPATIBLE to be
mandatory
to startup a database.  Every version does set a default value
for COMPATIBLE [I believe it is "8.0" in 8.0.x and
8.1.x].
Hemant
At 12:58 AM 14-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
>No, I tried to startup the DB without compatible parameter. It
throws
>message as
>the same parameter is required.
>
>Nirmal.
>
>-Original Message-
>Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 5:55 PM
>To: Multiple recipients of list ORACL

RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-14 Thread DENNIS WILLIAMS
Hemant - I believe this applies to Oracle8i versions. The key point is "try
it". If you have a small test database you can bounce, it will take you just
a couple of minutes to comment out the COMPATIBLE parameter and bounce the
database. I agree with you that my assumption was that it was unnecessary --
until I proved it for myself.
   In college I was really looking forward to my philosophy class. Thought I
would learn the secret of life or something. Anyway one of the main ideas I
recall was a bunch of Greek philosophers (Aristotle ?) that spent an
afternoon speculating on how many teeth a horse should have, and wrote up
the discussion. My reaction was "go count them". If you think you have a bad
horse, take a survey. Oh well, the career paths for a philosophy major are
limited, so I guess I didn't miss much.

Dennis Williams
DBA, 40%OCP
Lifetouch, Inc.
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 


-Original Message-
Sent: Tuesday, January 14, 2003 9:09 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L



Which version and platform ?  I've never found COMPATIBLE to be mandatory
to startup a database.  Every version does set a default value
for COMPATIBLE [I believe it is "8.0" in 8.0.x and 8.1.x].

Hemant
At 12:58 AM 14-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
>No, I tried to startup the DB without compatible parameter. It throws
>message as
>the same parameter is required.
>
>Nirmal.
>
>-Original Message-
>Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 5:55 PM
>To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
>
>
>
>"compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
>I would think that only the first three are required.
>
>Hemant
>
>At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
> >Nirmal - I believe there are four:
> > db_name
> > control_file
> > db_block_size
> > compatibility
> >
> >This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
> >But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
> >init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
> >parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.
> >
> >
> >
> >Dennis Williams
> >DBA, 40%OCP
> >Lifetouch, Inc.
> >[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> >
> >-Original Message-
> >Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
> >To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
> >
> >
> >List,
> >
> >I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
> >database.
> >
> >Pls anybody list out that?
> >
> >Nirmal.,
> >
> >--
> >Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
> >--
> >Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
> >   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> >
> >Fat City Network Services-- 858-538-5051 http://www.fatcity.com
> >San Diego, California-- Mailing list and web hosting services
> >-
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> >also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing).
>
>Hemant K Chitale
>My web site page is :  http://hkchital.tripod.com
>
>
>--
>Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
>--
>Author: Hemant K Chitale
>   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
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Hemant K Chitale
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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-14 Thread Hemant K Chitale

Which version and platform ?  I've never found COMPATIBLE to be mandatory
to startup a database.  Every version does set a default value
for COMPATIBLE [I believe it is "8.0" in 8.0.x and 8.1.x].

Hemant
At 12:58 AM 14-01-03 -0800, you wrote:

No, I tried to startup the DB without compatible parameter. It throws
message as
the same parameter is required.

Nirmal.

-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 5:55 PM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L



"compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
I would think that only the first three are required.

Hemant

At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
>Nirmal - I believe there are four:
> db_name
> control_file
> db_block_size
> compatibility
>
>This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
>But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
>init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
>parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.
>
>
>
>Dennis Williams
>DBA, 40%OCP
>Lifetouch, Inc.
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>-Original Message-
>Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
>To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
>
>
>List,
>
>I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
>database.
>
>Pls anybody list out that?
>
>Nirmal.,
>
>--
>Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
>--
>Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
>   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>Fat City Network Services-- 858-538-5051 http://www.fatcity.com
>San Diego, California-- Mailing list and web hosting services
>-
>To REMOVE yourself from this mailing list, send an E-Mail message
>to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (note EXACT spelling of 'ListGuru') and in
>the message BODY, include a line containing: UNSUB ORACLE-L
>(or the name of mailing list you want to be removed from).  You may
>also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing).

Hemant K Chitale
My web site page is :  http://hkchital.tripod.com


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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-14 Thread Nirmal Kumar Muthu Kumaran
No, I tried to startup the DB without compatible parameter. It throws
message as
the same parameter is required.

Nirmal.

-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 5:55 PM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L



"compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
I would think that only the first three are required.

Hemant

At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
>Nirmal - I believe there are four:
> db_name
> control_file
> db_block_size
> compatibility
>
>This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
>But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
>init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
>parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.
>
>
>
>Dennis Williams
>DBA, 40%OCP
>Lifetouch, Inc.
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>-Original Message-
>Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
>To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
>
>
>List,
>
>I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
>database.
>
>Pls anybody list out that?
>
>Nirmal.,
>
>--
>Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
>--
>Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
>   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>Fat City Network Services-- 858-538-5051 http://www.fatcity.com
>San Diego, California-- Mailing list and web hosting services
>-
>To REMOVE yourself from this mailing list, send an E-Mail message
>to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (note EXACT spelling of 'ListGuru') and in
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>(or the name of mailing list you want to be removed from).  You may
>also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing).

Hemant K Chitale
My web site page is :  http://hkchital.tripod.com


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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-13 Thread Jesse, Rich
Curious, for which platform is 8.1.8 available?  And *why*?

Rich


Rich Jesse   System/Database Administrator
[EMAIL PROTECTED]  Quad/Tech International, Sussex, WI USA

> -Original Message-
> From: DENNIS WILLIAMS [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]]
> Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 10:55 AM
> To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
> Subject: RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters
> 
> 
> Well, I just tried it on 8.1.8, and here is what I receive:
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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-13 Thread DENNIS WILLIAMS
Well, I just tried it on 8.1.8, and here is what I receive:

SVRMGR> !cat inittest816.ora
control_files = ("/oracle8/oradata/test816/control01.ctl",
"/oracle8/oradata/te)
SVRMGR> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area142688680 bytes
Fixed Size  94632 bytes
Variable Size91721728 bytes
Database Buffers 50331648 bytes
Redo Buffers   540672 bytes
ORA-01506: missing or illegal database name

-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 10:20 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L


The only one parameter.. control_files.
Rest are optional.

Best Regards,
K Gopalakrishnan

 


-Original Message-
WILLIAMS
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 7:44 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L


Hemant - I was just going from my hastily written class notes. Sorry about
misspelling the parameter. However, just tried it and 8.1.6 won't start
without the COMPATIBLE parameter set in init.ora.

Dennis Williams
DBA, 40%OCP
Lifetouch, Inc.
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 


-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 8:55 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L



"compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
I would think that only the first three are required.

Hemant

At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
>Nirmal - I believe there are four:
> db_name
> control_file
> db_block_size
> compatibility
>
>This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
>But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
>init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
>parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.
>
>
>
>Dennis Williams
>DBA, 40%OCP
>Lifetouch, Inc.
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>-Original Message-
>Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
>To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
>
>
>List,
>
>I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
>database.
>
>Pls anybody list out that?
>
>Nirmal.,
>
>--
>Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
>--
>Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
>   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>Fat City Network Services-- 858-538-5051 http://www.fatcity.com
>San Diego, California-- Mailing list and web hosting services
>-
>To REMOVE yourself from this mailing list, send an E-Mail message
>to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (note EXACT spelling of 'ListGuru') and in
>the message BODY, include a line containing: UNSUB ORACLE-L
>(or the name of mailing list you want to be removed from).  You may
>also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing).

Hemant K Chitale
My web site page is :  http://hkchital.tripod.com


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Fat Ci

Re: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-13 Thread Keith Moore
It seems like I remember misspelling 'control_file' once and discorvering
that even it has a default. Of course with Oracle, it could depend on the
version, O/S, patch level, phase of the moon, etc.

Keith

- Original Message -
To: "Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 8:54 AM


>
> "compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
> I would think that only the first three are required.
>
> Hemant
>
> At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
> >Nirmal - I believe there are four:
> > db_name
> > control_file
> > db_block_size
> > compatibility
> >
> >This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
> >But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
> >init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
> >parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.
> >
> >
> >
> >Dennis Williams
> >DBA, 40%OCP
> >Lifetouch, Inc.
> >[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> >
> >-Original Message-
> >Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
> >To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
> >
> >
> >List,
> >
> >I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
> >database.
> >
> >Pls anybody list out that?
> >
> >Nirmal.,
> >
> >--
> >Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
> >--
> >Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
> >   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> >
> >Fat City Network Services-- 858-538-5051 http://www.fatcity.com
> >San Diego, California-- Mailing list and web hosting services
> >-
> >To REMOVE yourself from this mailing list, send an E-Mail message
> >to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (note EXACT spelling of 'ListGuru') and in
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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-13 Thread K Gopalakrishnan
The only one parameter.. control_files.
Rest are optional.

Best Regards,
K Gopalakrishnan

 


-Original Message-
WILLIAMS
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 7:44 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L


Hemant - I was just going from my hastily written class notes. Sorry about
misspelling the parameter. However, just tried it and 8.1.6 won't start
without the COMPATIBLE parameter set in init.ora.

Dennis Williams
DBA, 40%OCP
Lifetouch, Inc.
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 


-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 8:55 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L



"compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
I would think that only the first three are required.

Hemant

At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
>Nirmal - I believe there are four:
> db_name
> control_file
> db_block_size
> compatibility
>
>This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
>But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
>init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
>parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.
>
>
>
>Dennis Williams
>DBA, 40%OCP
>Lifetouch, Inc.
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>-Original Message-
>Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
>To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
>
>
>List,
>
>I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
>database.
>
>Pls anybody list out that?
>
>Nirmal.,
>
>--
>Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
>--
>Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
>   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>Fat City Network Services-- 858-538-5051 http://www.fatcity.com
>San Diego, California-- Mailing list and web hosting services
>-
>To REMOVE yourself from this mailing list, send an E-Mail message
>to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (note EXACT spelling of 'ListGuru') and in
>the message BODY, include a line containing: UNSUB ORACLE-L
>(or the name of mailing list you want to be removed from).  You may
>also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing).

Hemant K Chitale
My web site page is :  http://hkchital.tripod.com


-- 
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-- 
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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-13 Thread DENNIS WILLIAMS
Hemant - I was just going from my hastily written class notes. Sorry about
misspelling the parameter. However, just tried it and 8.1.6 won't start
without the COMPATIBLE parameter set in init.ora.

Dennis Williams
DBA, 40%OCP
Lifetouch, Inc.
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 


-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 8:55 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L



"compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
I would think that only the first three are required.

Hemant

At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:
>Nirmal - I believe there are four:
> db_name
> control_file
> db_block_size
> compatibility
>
>This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
>But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
>init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
>parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.
>
>
>
>Dennis Williams
>DBA, 40%OCP
>Lifetouch, Inc.
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>-Original Message-
>Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
>To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L
>
>
>List,
>
>I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
>database.
>
>Pls anybody list out that?
>
>Nirmal.,
>
>--
>Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
>--
>Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
>   INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>Fat City Network Services-- 858-538-5051 http://www.fatcity.com
>San Diego, California-- Mailing list and web hosting services
>-
>To REMOVE yourself from this mailing list, send an E-Mail message
>to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (note EXACT spelling of 'ListGuru') and in
>the message BODY, include a line containing: UNSUB ORACLE-L
>(or the name of mailing list you want to be removed from).  You may
>also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing).

Hemant K Chitale
My web site page is :  http://hkchital.tripod.com


-- 
Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
-- 
Author: Hemant K Chitale
  INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]

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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-13 Thread Hemant K Chitale

"compatibility" or "compatible" is not a mandatory init.ora parameter.
I would think that only the first three are required.

Hemant

At 06:08 AM 13-01-03 -0800, you wrote:

Nirmal - I believe there are four:
db_name
control_file
db_block_size
compatibility

This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.



Dennis Williams
DBA, 40%OCP
Lifetouch, Inc.
[EMAIL PROTECTED]

-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L


List,

I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
database.

Pls anybody list out that?

Nirmal.,

--
Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
--
Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
  INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]

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also send the HELP command for other information (like subscribing).


Hemant K Chitale
My web site page is :  http://hkchital.tripod.com


--
Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
--
Author: Hemant K Chitale
 INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]

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RE: Minimum required init.ora parameters

2003-01-13 Thread DENNIS WILLIAMS
Nirmal - I believe there are four:
db_name
control_file
db_block_size
compatibility
 
This is from John Hibbard, a great Oracle Education instructor.
But why not try for yourself? Save off your init.ora, then create a new
init.ora with just the above parameters. If Oracle comes up, then remove
parameters. If there is another parameter, Oracle will tell you.



Dennis Williams 
DBA, 40%OCP 
Lifetouch, Inc. 
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 

-Original Message-
Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 4:59 AM
To: Multiple recipients of list ORACLE-L


List,
 
I'm interested to know the minimum required parameters to startup the
database.
 
Pls anybody list out that?
 
Nirmal.,

-- 
Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.net
-- 
Author: DENNIS WILLIAMS
  INET: [EMAIL PROTECTED]

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