Blogmaker 0.5 - blog app for Django
PreFab Software has released Blogmaker (tm) 0.5, a full-featured, production-quality blogging application for Django. It supports trackbacks, ping and comments with moderation and honeypot spam prevention. Blogmaker is free, open-source software licensed under a BSD license. Blogmaker powers the blogs at http://blog.blogcosm.com/ and http://prefabcosm.com/blog/. Full announcement: http://blog.blogcosm.com/2007/12/06/ Release page with the full feature list and (limited) documentation: http://blogcosm.com/media/blog/release/README.html Blogmaker is hosted at Google code: http://code.google.com/p/blogmaker/ Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-announce-list Support the Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf/donations.html
Re: [csv module] duplication of end of line character in output file generated
simon.alexandre wrote: Hi all, I use csv module included in python 2.3. I use the writer and encouter the following problem: in my output file (.csv) there is a duplication of the end of line character, so when I open the csv file in Ms-Excel a blank line is inserted between each data line. From the docs for csv.writer(): writer( csvfile[, dialect='excel'[, fmtparam]]) ...If csvfile is a file object, it must be opened with the 'b' flag on platforms where that makes a difference. Windows is a platform where that makes a difference. So try self.writer = csv.writer(file(Test.csv, wb)) Kent OS: W2k Someone has an idea ? thanks in advance the source code is the following: -- import csv class CsvDumper: def __init__(self): self.object = [['la','mb','mc','md'],['ma','mb','mc','md'],['ma','mb','mc','md']] self.writer = csv.writer(file(Test.csv, w)) def DumpCsvFile(self): for row in self.object: self.writer.writerow(row) c = CsvDumper() c.DumpCsvFile() -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python unicode
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Kent: I don't think so. You have hacked an attribute with latin-1 characters in it, but you haven't actually created an identifier. No, I really created an identifier. For instance I can create a global name in this way: globals()[è]=1 globals()[è] 1 Maybe I'm splitting hairs but to me an identifier is a syntactical element that can be used in specific ways. For example the syntax defines attributeref ::= primary . identifier so if identifiers can contain latin-1 characters you should be able to say C.è=1 Kent According to the language reference, identifiers can only contain letters a-z and A-Z, digits 0-9 and underscore. http://docs.python.org/ref/identifiers.html The parser has this restriction, so it gets confused if it finds è. But the underlying implementation just works for generic identifiers. Michele Simionato -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: xml parsing escape characters
Luis P. Mendes wrote: -BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 this is the xml document: ?xml version=1.0 encoding=utf-8? string xmlns=http://www..;lt;DataSetgt; ~ lt;Ordergt; ~ lt;Customergt;439lt;/Customergt; (... others ...) ~ lt;/Ordergt; lt;/DataSetgt;/string This is an XML document containing a single tag, string, whose content is text containing entity-escaped XML. This is *not* an XML document containing tags DataSet, Order, Customer, etc. All the behaviour you are seeing is a consequence of this. You need to unescape the contents of the string tag to be able to treat it as structured XML. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: xml parsing escape characters
Irmen de Jong wrote: Kent Johnson wrote: [...] This is an XML document containing a single tag, string, whose content is text containing entity-escaped XML. This is *not* an XML document containing tags DataSet, Order, Customer, etc. All the behaviour you are seeing is a consequence of this. You need to unescape the contents of the string tag to be able to treat it as structured XML. The unescaping is usually done for you by the xml parser that you use. Yes, so if your XML contains for example stufflt;not a taggt;/stuff and you parse this and ask for the *text* content of the stuff tag, you will get the string not a tag but it's still *not* a tag. If you try to get child elements of the stuff element there will be none. This is exactly the confusion the OP has. --Irmen -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Overloading ctor doesn't work?
Martin Häcker wrote: Hi there, I just tried to run this code and failed miserably - though I dunno why. Could any of you please enlighten me why this doesn't work? Here is a simpler test case. I'm mystified too: from datetime import datetime class time (datetime): def __init__(self, hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0): datetime.__init__(self, 2001, 10, 31, hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds) print time(1,2,3,4) # = 0001-02-03 04:00:00 print time()# = TypeError: function takes at least 3 arguments (0 given) What happens to the default arguments to time.__init__? What happens to the 2001, 10, 31 arguments to datetime.__init__? I would expect the output to be 2001-10-31 01:02:03.04 2001-10-31 00:00:00.00 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Overloading ctor doesn't work?
Paul McGuire wrote: Kent Johnson [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in message news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Martin Häcker wrote: Hi there, I just tried to run this code and failed miserably - though I dunno why. Could any of you please enlighten me why this doesn't work? Here is a simpler test case. I'm mystified too: from datetime import datetime class time (datetime): def __init__(self, hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0): datetime.__init__(self, 2001, 10, 31, hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds) print time(1,2,3,4) # = 0001-02-03 04:00:00 print time()# = TypeError: function takes at least 3 arguments (0 given) What happens to the default arguments to time.__init__? What happens to the 2001, 10, 31 arguments to datetime.__init__? I would expect the output to be 2001-10-31 01:02:03.04 2001-10-31 00:00:00.00 Kent I can't explain this behavior, but this version does work (uses datetime.combine instead of ctor) -- Paul from datetime import datetime, date as dt_date, time as dt_time class time_d (datetime): def __new__(cls, *args): # default to no microseconds if len(args)==3: args = args + (0,) if len(args)==4: tmpdate = datetime.today() h, mi, s, ms = args return datetime.combine(tmpdate, dt_time(h,mi,s,ms)) elif len(args)==7: y,m,d,h,mi,s,ms = args return datetime.combine(dt_date(y,m,d), dt_time(h,mi,s,ms)) else: raise TypeError, wrong number of args print time_d(2001,10,31,1,2,3,4) print time_d(1,2,3,4) print time_d(1,2,3) Ah, right. The light turns on... datetime is immutable so overriding the constructor doesn't change the constructed object. You have to override __new__ instead. http://www.python.org/2.2.1/descrintro.html#__new__ This works: from datetime import datetime class time (datetime): def __new__(cls, hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0): return datetime.__new__(cls, 2001, 10, 31, hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds) print time(1,2,3,4) # = 2001-10-31 01:02:03.04 print time()# = 2001-10-31 00:00:00 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Overloading ctor doesn't work?
Nick Craig-Wood wrote: Martin Häcker [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Now I thought, just overide the ctor of datetime so that year, month and day are static and everything should work as far as I need it. That is, it could work - though I seem to be unable to overide the ctor. :( Its a bug! http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detailaid=720908group_id=5470atid=105470 However its been fixed in a recent Python 2.3. My example was developed in Python 2.4. The problem was the immutability of datetime. Kent (I was bitten by the same thing which used to fail but now works after an upgrade of python 2.3!) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Help with saving and restoring program state
Jacob H wrote:
Hello list...
I'm developing an adventure game in Python (which of course is lots of
fun). One of the features is the ability to save games and restore the
saves later. I'm using the pickle module to implement this. Capturing
current program state and neatly replacing it later is proving to be
trickier than I first imagined, so I'm here to ask for a little
direction from wiser minds than mine!
When my program initializes, each game object is stored in two places
-- the defining module, and in a list in another module. The following
example is not from my actual code, but what happens is the same.
(code contained in globalstate module)
all_fruit = []
(code contained in world module)
class Apple(object): # the class hierarchy goes back to object, anyway
def __init__(self):
self.foo = 23
self.bar = something
globalstate.all_fruit.append(self)
apple = Apple()
I enjoy the convenience of being able to refer to the same apple
instance through world.apple or globalstate.all_fruit, the latter
coming into play when I write for loops and so on. When I update the
instance attributes in one place, the changes are reflected in the
other place. But now comes the save and restore game functions, which
again are simplified from my real code:
My understanding of pickle is that it will correctly handle shared references in the saved data. So
if you pack all your global dicts into one list and pickle that list, you will get what you want.
See code changes below:
(code contained in saveload module)
import pickle
import world
import globalstate
def savegame(path_to_name):
world_data = {}
for attr, value in world.__dict__.items():
# actual code is selective about which attributes
# from world it takes -- I'm just keeping this
# example simple
world_data[attr] = value
the_whole_shebang = [ world_data, globalstate.all_fruit, globalstate.all_items ]
fp = open(path_to_name, w)
pickle.dump(the_whole_shebang, fp)
fp.close()
def loadgame(path_to_name):
fp = open(path_to_name, r)
the_whole_shebang = pickle.load(fp)
world_data, globalstate.all_fruit, globalstate.all_items =
the_whole_shebang
for attr, value in world_data.items():
setattr(world, attr, value)
fp.close()
Kent
--
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Re: fast list lookup
Klaus Neuner wrote: Hello, what is the fastest way to determine whether list l (with len(l)3) contains a certain element? If you can use a set or dict instead of a list this test will be much faster. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: re.search - just skip it
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Input is this:
SET1_S_W CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
SET2_S_W CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
SET3_S_W CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
SET4_S_W CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
;
.py says:
import re, string, sys
s_ora = re.compile('.*S_W.*')
lines = open(y.sql).readlines()
for i in range(len(lines)):
try:
if s_ora.search(lines[i]): del lines[i]
When you delete for example lines[0], the indices of the following lines change. So the former
lines[1] is now lines[0] and will not be checked.
The simplest way to do this is with a list comprehension:
lines = [ line for line in lines if not s_ora.search(line) ]
Even better, there is no need to make the intermediate list of all lines, you
can say
lines = [ line for line in open(y.sql) if not s_ora.search(line) ]
In Python 2.4 you don't have to make a list at all, you can just say
open(z.sql,w).writelines(line for line in open(y.sql) if not
s_ora.search(line))
;)
Kent
except IndexError:
open(z.sql,w).writelines(lines)
but output is:
SET2_S_W CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
SET4_S_W CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
;
It should delete every, not every other!
thx,
RasDJ
--
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Re: Help With Python
Thomas Guettler wrote: # No comma at the end: mylist=[] for i in range(511): mylist.append(Spam) or just mylist = [Spam] * 511 Kent print , .join(mylist) Thomas -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Startying with Python, need some pointers with manipulating strings
Benji99 wrote:
I've managed to load the html source I want into an object
called htmlsource using:
import urllib
sock = urllib.urlopen(URL Link)
htmlSource = sock.read()
sock.close()
I'm assuming that htmlSource is a string with \n at the end of
each line.
NOTE: I've become very accustomed with the TStringList class in
Delphi so forgive me if I'm trying to work in that way with
Python...
Basically, I want to search through the whole string(
htmlSource), for a specific keyword, when it's found, I want to
know which line it's on so that I can retrieve that line and
then I should be able to parse/extract what I need using Regular
Expressions (which I'm getting quite confortable with). So how
can this be accomplished?
The Pythonic way to do this is to iterate through the lines of htmlSource and process them one at a
time.
htmlSource = htmlSource.split('\n') # Split on newline, making a list of lines
for line in htmlSource:
# Do something with line - check to see if it has the text of interest
You might want to look at Beautiful Soup. If you can find the links of interest by the tags around
them it might do what you want:
http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/
Kent
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Re: Possible additions to the standard library? (WAS: About standardlibrary improvement)
Daniel Bickett wrote: |def reverse( self ): | |Return a reversed copy of string. | |string = [ x for x in self.__str__() ] |string.reverse() |return ''.join( string ) def reverse(self): return self[::-1] Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: changing local namespace of a function
Bo Peng wrote:
Dear list,
I have many dictionaries with the same set of keys and I would like to
write a function to calculate something based on these values. For
example, I have
a = {'x':1, 'y':2}
b = {'x':3, 'y':3}
def fun(dict):
dict['z'] = dict['x'] + dict['y']
fun(a) and fun(b) will set z in each dictionary as the sum of x and y.
My function and dictionaries are a lot more complicated than these so I
would like to set dict as the default namespace of fun. Is this
possible? The ideal code would be:
def fun(dict):
# set dict as local namespace
# locals() = dict?
z = x + y
You can part way there using keyword arguments. You just have to use dictionary syntax for changing
values in the dictionary:
def f(d, x=None, y=None):
... d['z'] = x + y
...
a = {'x':1, 'y':2}
b = {'x':3, 'y':3}
f(a, **a)
a
{'y': 2, 'x': 1, 'z': 3}
f(b, **b)
b
{'y': 3, 'x': 3, 'z': 6}
Kent
--
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Re: changing local namespace of a function
Bo Peng wrote:
Yes. I thought of using exec or eval. If there are a dozen statements,
def fun(d):
exec 'z = x + y' in globals(), d
seems to be more readable than
def fun(d):
d['z'] = d['x'] + d['y']
But how severe will the performance penalty be?
You can precompile the string using compile(), you only have to do this
once.
def makeFunction(funcStr, name):
... code = compile(funcStr, name, 'exec')
... def f(d):
... exec code in d
... del d['__builtins__'] # clean up extra entry in d
... return f
...
f = makeFunction('z = x + y', 'f')
a = {'x':1, 'y':2}
b = {'x':3, 'y':3}
f(a)
a
{'y': 2, 'x': 1, 'z': 3}
f(b)
b
{'y': 3, 'x': 3, 'z': 6}
--
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Re: changing local namespace of a function
Bo Peng wrote:
Exec is slow since compiling the string and calls to globals() use a
lot of time. The last one is most elegant but __getattr__ and
__setattr__ are costly. The 'evil hack' solution is good since
accessing x and y takes no additional time.
Previous comparison was not completely fair since I could pre-compile
fun2 and I used indirect __setattr__. Here is the new one:
# solution two: use exec
... def makeFunction(funcStr, name):
... code = compile(funcStr, name, 'exec')
... def f(d):
... exec code in d
... return f
...
def fun2(d):
... myfun = makeFunction('z = x + y', 'myfun')
... for i in xrange(0,N):
... myfun(d)
... del d['__builtins__']
You are still including the compile overhead in fun2. If you want to see how fast the compiled code
is you should take the definition of myfun out of fun2:
myfun = makeFunction('z = x + y', 'myfun')
def fun2(d):
for i in xrange(0,N):
myfun(d)
del d['__builtins__']
Kent
--
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Re: changing local namespace of a function
Bo Peng wrote: Kent Johnson wrote: You are still including the compile overhead in fun2. If you want to see how fast the compiled code is you should take the definition of myfun out of fun2: I assumed that most of the time will be spent on N times execution of myfunc. Doh! Right. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Subclassing cElementTree.Element
Is it possible to subclass cElementTree.Element? I tried import cElementTree as et class Elt(et.Element): ... pass ... Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in ? TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases cannot create 'builtin_function_or_method' instances I want to create a tree where I can navigate from a node to its parent. The standard Element class doesn't seem to support this so I am trying to make a subclass that does. The XML files in question are large so the speed of cElementTree is very helpful. Thanks, Kent (apologies if this is a duplicate post) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Big development in the GUI realm
Fredrik Lundh wrote: Robert Kern wrote: Fair enough. The only time I've seen it in dead-tree print was in Heinlein's _Time Enough For Love_, unattributed to anyone else. Amazon.com search inside the book finds no hits for malice in this book. http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0441810764/102-7636110-6481700?v=search-insidekeywords=malice if that's true, it would seem that it predates the Hanlon reference by a couple of years: http://www.statusq.org/archives/2001/12/04 on the other hand, Google tells me that Time Enough For Love con- tains a couple of other famous stupidity quotes, including: Never underestimate the power of human stupidity Search inside the book finds this *twice* in Time Enough For Love. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Name of type of object
Jive Dadson wrote: I don't think I've quite got it. The application I'm writing has some similarities to an interactive shell. Like an interactive shell, it executes arbitrary code that it receives from an input stream. When it gets an exception, it should create an informative message, regardless of the type of exception. The traceback routine does that, somehow, some way, but I've tried to read that code and figure out how and I don't get it. The best I have so far is, class Exec_thread(BG_thread): Execute a line of code in the global namespace. def _process(s): Process one instruction try: exec s.product in globals() except (Exception), e: handle_error( typename(e)+ : + str(e) ) Have you looked at the traceback module? If you want to print the same kind of trace you get from Python, just use traceback.print_exc(). import traceback try: # whatever except: traceback.print_exc() Kent But that works only if the exception happens to be derived from Exception. How do I handle the general case? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is this a bug? BOM decoded with UTF8
Diez B. Roggisch wrote: I know its easy (string.replace()) but why does UTF-16 do it on its own then? Is that according to Unicode standard or just Python convention? BOM is microsoft-proprietary crap. Uh, no. BOM is part of the Unicode standard. The intent is to allow consumers of Unicode text files to disambiguate UTF-8, big-endian UTF-16 and little-endian UTF-16. See http://www.unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: changing __call__ on demand
Stefan Behnel wrote: Hi! This somewhat puzzles me: Python 2.4 (#1, Feb 3 2005, 16:47:05) [GCC 3.3.4 (pre 3.3.5 20040809)] on linux2 Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information. . class test(object): ... def __init__(self): ... self.__call__ = self.__call1 ... def __call1(self): ... print 1 ... def __call__(self): ... print 2 ... . t = test() . t() 2 It works the way you want if test is an old-style class: class test: ... def __init__(self): ...self.__call__ = self.__call1 ... def __call1(self): ...print 1 ... def __call__(self): ...print 2 ... t=test() t() 1 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Second posting - Howto connect to MsSQL
John Fabiani wrote: Hi, Since this is (sort of) my second request it must not be an easy solution. Are there others using Python to connect MsSQL? At the moment I'd accept even a windows solution - although, I'm looking for a Linux solution. On Windows, you can use http://sourceforge.net/projects/adodbapi Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Can't subclass datetime.datetime?
Grant Edwards wrote: Is it true that a datetime object can convert itself into a string, but not the other way around? IOW, there's no simple way to take the output from str(d) and turn it back into d? According to this thread, a patch has been checked in that adds strptime() to datetime. So there is something to look forward to... http://tinyurl.com/4fbkb Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Newbie help
Chad Everett wrote: Nope, I am trying to learn it on my own. I am using the book by Michael Dawson. You might be interested in the Python tutor mailing list which is specifically intended for beginners. http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Newbie help
Kent Johnson wrote: You might be interested in the Python tutor mailing list which is specifically intended for beginners. http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor Ah, I don't mean to imply that this list is unfriendly to beginners, or that you are not welcome here! Just pointing out another resource. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: more os.walk() issues... probably user error
rbt wrote: rbt wrote: This function is intended to remove unwanted files and dirs from os.walk(). It will return correctly *IF* I leave the 'for fs in fs_objects' statement out (basically leave out the entire purpose of the function). It's odd, when the program goes into that statment... even when only a 'pass', and nothing else is present, nothing is returned. Why is that? I'm testing Python 2.4 on Linux x86 and WinXP. Results are the same on either platform. def build_clean_list(self, path): file_skip_list = ['search_results.txt'] dir_skip_list = ['dev', 'proc', 'Temporary Internet Files'] fs_objects = os.walk(path, topdown=True) fs_objects is a generator, not a list. This loop is exhausting fs_objects, so when you return fs_objects is at the end of iteration, there is nothing left. ## for fs in fs_objects: ## ##for f in fs[2]: ##if f in file_skip_list: ##print f ##fs[2].remove(f) ## ##for d in fs[1]: ##if d in dir_skip_list: ##print d ##fs[1].remove(d) Add this here: yield fs and take out the return. This turns build_clean_list() into a generator function and you will be able to iterate the result. Kent return fs_objects Just to clarify, it's wrong of me to say that 'nothing is returned'... in either case, this is what is returned: Here's what was returned and its type: generator object at 0x407dbe4c type 'generator' But, I can't iterate over the returned object when I descend into the for statement I mentioned above. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: more os.walk() issues... probably user error
rbt wrote: ## for fs in fs_objects: ## ##for f in fs[2]: ##if f in file_skip_list: ##print f ##fs[2].remove(f) ## ##for d in fs[1]: ##if d in dir_skip_list: ##print d ##fs[1].remove(d) Will the changes I made (file and dir removals from os.walk()) be reflected in the generator object? Is it safe to remove objects this way and pass the results in a generator on to another function? Sorry for all the questions, I just like to fully understand something before I start doing it with confidence. Yes. The docs for os.walk() explicitly state, When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place (perhaps using del or slice assignment), and walk() will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames. So changes to the dir list affect the iteration; changes to the file list directly affect the value you return to the caller. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Alternative to standard C for
James Stroud wrote: It seems I need constructs like this all of the time i = 0 while i len(somelist): if oughta_pop_it(somelist[i]): somelist.pop(i) else: i += 1 There has to be a better way... somelist[:] = [ item for item in somelist if not oughta_pop_it(item) ] Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: need some advice on x y plot
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
how ?
i have tried to use unix timestamps, and i have also tried with
DateTime objects
do i need to use a scale that isn't linear (default in most) ?
how do i putt this off ?
Here is some code that works for me. It plots multiple datasets against time.
The input data looks like this:
2005-04-04 16:00:00 141.154.195.129 - W3SVC1 SP6018ASP2 208.254.37.191 443 GET
/rkadqsr/newskills/newskills.cfm selectedTab=1 200 0 53440 599 1594 HTTP/1.1
adqsr.skillport.com Mozilla/4.0+(compatible;+MSIE+6.0;+Windows+NT+5.1)
CookiesEnabled=1;+ASPSESSIONIDACTSSRAT=MCNLNLGADPOFGFKAHJHLDDKG;+CFID=785030;+CFTOKEN=27203160
https://adqsr.skillport.com/rkadqsr/login/login.cfm
2005-04-04 16:00:00 208.254.38.216 - W3SVC1 SP6018ASP2 208.254.37.191 443 POST
/_rkadqsrBackend_od_cgi/aiccisapi.dll - 200 0 372 274 4547 HTTP/1.0
adqsr.skillport.com aiccisapi - -
2005-04-04 16:00:00 208.254.38.240 - W3SVC1 SP6018ASP2 208.254.37.191 443 POST
/_rkadqsrBackend_od_cgi/aiccisapi.dll - 200 0 372 3019 250 HTTP/1.0
adqsr.skillport.com aiccisapi - -
import datetime, time
import Gnuplot
dataPath = 'ex05040416.log'
datasets = {}
startTime = None
f = open(dataPath)
for line in f:
try:
dat, tim, c_ip, cs_username, s_sitename, s_computername, s_ip, s_port, \
cs_method, cs_uri_stem, cs_uri_query, sc_status, sc_win32_status,
sc_bytes, \
cs_bytes, time_taken, cs_version, cs_host, cs_User_Agent,
cs_Cookie, cs_Referer = line.split()
except ValueError:
print Can't parse, line
continue
tim = time.mktime(time.strptime(dat+' '+tim, %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S))
delay = int(time_taken)
if startTime is None:
startTime = tim
tim -= startTime
#print tim, delay
datasets.setdefault(sc_status, []).append([tim, delay])
g = Gnuplot.Gnuplot(debug=1)
plotter = g.plot
for key, values in datasets.items():
plotter(values)
plotter = g.replot
raw_input('Please press return to continue...\n')
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Re: sort problem
Michele Petrazzo wrote: Lasse Vågsæther Karlsen wrote: How about: list.sort(key=lambda x: x[3]) Better to use key=operator.itemgetter(3) Yes, on my linux-test-box it work, but I my developer pc I don't have the 2.4 yet. I think that this is a good reason for update :) or learn about decorate-sort-undecorate: lst = [ ...whatever ] lst = [ x[3], i, x for i, x in enumerate(lst) ] lst.sort() lst = [ x for _, _, x in lst ] Kent Thanks, Michele -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question on re.IGNORECASE
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi,
I'm having some problems with basic RE in python. I was wondering
whether
somebody could provide a hint on what's going wrong with the following
script. Comments are included.
TIA.
-myself
python2.3
Python 2.3.4 (#1, Nov 18 2004, 13:39:30)
[GCC 3.2.3 20030502 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.3-39)] on linux2
Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information.
import re
pattern = re.compile('.*HTTP/(\d\.\d) *(\d*) *(.*)$')
pattern.search(GGHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n, re.IGNORECASE)
_sre.SRE_Match object at 0xb75c6ed0
pattern.search(GHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n, re.IGNORECASE)
# this makes no sense to me. Why is the previous line matched
Because the second argument to pattern.search() is the position where the
search starts, not a flag. re.IGNORECASE == 2 so your search is skipping the
first two chars.
Try giving the flags as a second argument to re.compile():
import re
re.IGNORECASE
2
pattern = re.compile('.*HTTP/(\d\.\d) *(\d*) *(.*)$', re.IGNORECASE)
pattern.search(GGHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n)
_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x00965980
pattern.search(GHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n)
_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x009659D0
pattern.search(Ghttp/1.1 200 OK\r\n)
_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x009651B0
Kent
# and this not?
pattern.search(GHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n)
_sre.SRE_Match object at 0xb758d020
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Re: ANN: Beginning Python (Practical Python 2.0)
Magnus Lie Hetland wrote: I guess it has actually been out for a while -- I just haven't received my copies yet... Anyways: My book, Beginning Python: From Novice to Professional (Apress, 2005) is now out. Apress is offering a $10 rebate if you purchase the book before October 30. See for example http://www.bookpool.com/sm/159059519X Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Binding a variable?
Paul Dale wrote: Hi everyone, Is it possible to bind a list member or variable to a variable such that No, Python variables don't work that way. temp = 5 The name 'temp' is now bound to the integer 5. Think of temp as a pointer to an integer object with value 5. list = [ temp ] the name 'list' is bound to a list whose only member is a reference to the integer 5 temp == 6 Ok now temp is bound to a new integer, but the list hasn't changed - it's member is still a reference to 5 list would show list = [ 6 ] You have to put a mutable object into the list - something whose state you can change. For example this works, because temp and lst[0] are references to the same mutable (changeable) list: temp = [6] lst = [temp] lst [[6]] temp[0] = 5 lst [[5]] Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: need some advice on x y plot
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: i am running a query on a database and making a list of time, value pairs kinda like this plot_points = ([time, value], [time, value], [time, value]) gnuplot complains that it needs a float for one of the values. i can plot just the value, and it shows up ( no x value found) how should i proceed? Convert one of the values to a float? What are your time and value numbers? Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Redirect os.system output
jas wrote: I would like to redirect the output from os.system to a variable, but am having trouble. I tried using os.popen(..).read() ...but that doesn't give me exactly what i want. Here is an example using subprocess: http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/msg/9fa3a3c287e8e2a3?hl=en; Kent ..this is windows by the way. For example: tmp = os.popen(hostname).read() ...works as expected. however, tmp = os.popen(cmd).read() ...i would like to have access to the cmd process...i.e. enter commands like a normal command line. os.system() allows this, but i dont want output to the screen..i wanna store it to a variable. then send content of variable elsewhere, receive more input and submit it. almost emulate the windows command prompt. any ideas? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python vs Ruby
Casey Hawthorne wrote: I have heard, but have not been able to verify that if a program is about 10,000 lines in C++ it is about 5,000 lines in Java and it is about 3,000 lines in Python (Ruby to?) My experience is that Java:Python is roughly 2:1, the highest I have seen (on small bits of code) is 3:1. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: coloring a complex number
Arthur wrote:
Spending the morning avoiding responsibilities, and seeing what it would
take to color some complex numbers.
class color_complex(complex):
def __init__(self,*args,**kws):
complex.__init__(*args)
self.color=kws.get('color', 'BLUE')
In general when you subclass an immutable type you have to override __new__
rather than __init__. There is some explanation and example here:
http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html#__new__
Kent
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Re: Python vs Ruby
Bryan wrote: i would not say sion's ratio of 5:1 is dubious. for what it's worth, i've written i pretty complex program in jython over the last year. jython compiles to java source code and the number of generated java lines to the jython lines is 4:1. Ugh. The code generated by jythonc is *nothing like* the code you would write by hand to do the same thing. This is a meaningless comparison. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Module Importing Question
James Stroud wrote: Hello All, I have two modules that I use interchangably depending on the circumstances. These modules are imported by yet another module. I want the importation of these two alternatives to be mutually exclusive and dependent on the state of the outermost module A diagram: mainApp ==imports== aModule ==imports== [oneMod | orTheOtherMod] I want the importing of oneMod or orTheOtherMod to depend on the state of the mainApp. aModule is frozen, as are oneMod and orTheOtherMod. How might I accomplish this? I don't know what you mean by frozen, so maybe this is no good, but I would avoid having aModule look back at the state of mainApp. Instead use another module to communicate state. This could be a simple as # in mainApp import helper if something: import oneMod as theMod else: import orTheOtherMod as theMod helper.theMod = theMod import aModule # in aModule import helper.theMod as theMod theMod.someFunction() Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Question about inheritance...
KraftDiner wrote: This is what I've got so far: class Rect(Shape): def __init__(self): super(self.__class__, self).__init__() Should be super(Rect, self).__init__() def render(self): super(self.__class__, self).render() ditto In this example it doesn't make any difference but with a deeper inheritance hierachy it does. See http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html#cooperation Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Tricky Areas in Python
Steven D'Aprano wrote: Alex Martelli wrote: Those two are easy. However, and this is where I show my hard-won ignorance, and admit that I don't see the problem with the property examples: class Base(object) def getFoo(self): ... def setFoo(self): ... foo = property(getFoo, setFoo) class Derived(Base): def getFoo(self): Unless the answer is Why are you using setters and getters anyway? This isn't Java you know. Oh wait! Yes I do... the setter doesn't actually take an argument to set the property too. Is that it, or have a missed a cunningly hidden deeper problem? Derived.getFoo() will not override the use of Base.getFoo() to access the attribute foo. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: High Order Messages in Python
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
counting that out(regardless whether it is (dis)advantage or not), what
else a block can do but not a named function ?
My limited understanding is that the advantage is
- simpler syntax
- high level of integration into the standard library (*many* methods that take
closure arguments). Blocks are used not just for iteration but for the kinds of
things shown in the examples to PEP 343 http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0343.html
For example to open a file and read from it uses two closures, one to wrap a
block with the file open/close, one to iterate lines (from the pickaxe book):
File.open(testfile) do |file|
file.each_line { |line| puts line }
end
Kent
Alex Martelli wrote:
[EMAIL PROTECTED] [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
could someone enlighten me what is the advantage of block over named
function ?
One thing that I can see a difference may be lexical scope ?
Yes, but -- according to the latest Ruby book, the mixed lexical
scope of blocks is a highly controversial notion in the Ruby community;
so I wouldn't necessarily count it as an _advantage_ of Ruby blocks...
Alex
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Re: output from external commands
darren kirby wrote:
quoth the James Colannino:
So, for example, in Perl I could do something like:
@files = `ls`;
So I guess I'm looking for something similiar to the backticks in Perl.
Forgive me if I've asked something that's a bit basic for this list.
Any help would be greatly appreciated :) Thanks very much in advance.
If all you want is filenames this will work:
import glob
files = [%s % f for f in glob.glob(*)]
or
import os
files = os.listdir('.')
Python has built-in support for many file manipulations, see the os, os.path
and shutil modules.
Kent
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Re: Redirect os.system output
jas wrote: Any other ideas? or examples of using subprocess to do what I was asking? Actually I thought I was giving an example of what you were asking: - on windows - send a series of commands to a command process - capture the result to a variable The example I referenced sends a series of HELP commands to cmd.exe, captures the output of the commands and saves it to a file. What did I miss? Kent Kent Johnson wrote: jas wrote: I would like to redirect the output from os.system to a variable, but am having trouble. I tried using os.popen(..).read() ...but that doesn't give me exactly what i want. Here is an example using subprocess: http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/msg/9fa3a3c287e8e2a3?hl=en; Kent ..this is windows by the way. For example: tmp = os.popen(hostname).read() ...works as expected. however, tmp = os.popen(cmd).read() ...i would like to have access to the cmd process...i.e. enter commands like a normal command line. os.system() allows this, but i dont want output to the screen..i wanna store it to a variable. then send content of variable elsewhere, receive more input and submit it. almost emulate the windows command prompt. any ideas? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Redirect os.system output
jas wrote: Ok, I tried this... C:\python Python 2.4.1 (#65, Mar 30 2005, 09:13:57) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information. import subprocess as sp p = sp.Popen(cmd, stdout=sp.PIPE) result = p.communicate(ipconfig) 'result' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. basically I was opening to send the ipconfig command to cmd.exe and store the result in the result variable. But you can see there was an error with result. This works for me: import subprocess as sp p = sp.Popen(ipconfig, stdout=sp.PIPE) result = p.communicate()[0] print result Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: XML Tree Discovery (script, tool, __?)
Istvan Albert wrote: All I can add to this is: - don't use SAX unless your document is huge - don't use DOM unless someone is putting a gun to your head +1 QOTW -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Scanning a file
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I want to scan a file byte for byte for occurences of the the four byte
pattern 0x0100.
data = sys.stdin.read()
print data.count('\x00\x00\x01\x00')
Kent
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Re: OEM character set issue
Dennis Lee Bieber wrote: On Fri, 28 Oct 2005 15:55:56 +0200, Ladvánszky Károly [EMAIL PROTECTED] declaimed the following in comp.lang.python: On my hungarian Win2k, some of the accented characters of the file names appear incorrectly when Python is driven from the command line. However, they The MS-DOS command window tends to use a different character encoding than full Windows widgets. You can chaneg the encoding used by the command window with the chcp command. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: extracting numbers from a file, excluding fixed words
dawenliu wrote:
Hi, I have a file with this content:
xxx xx x xxx
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
(many more 1's and 0's to follow)
y yy yyy yy y yyy
The x's and y's are FIXED and known words which I will ignore, such as
This is the start of the file and This is the end of the file. The
digits 1 and 0 have UNKNOWN length. I want to extract the digits and
store them in a file. Any suggestions will be appreciated.
Off the top of my head (not tested):
inf = open('input.txt')
out = open('output.txt', 'w')
skips = [
'xxx xx x xxx',
'y yy yyy yy y yyy',
]
for line in inf:
for skip in skips:
if skip in line:
continue
out.write(line)
inf.close()
out.close()
Kent
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Re: Function returns none
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I'm trying to write a website updating script, but when I run the
script, my function to search the DOM tree returns None instead of what
it should.
When you call findelement() recursively you have to return the value from the
recursive call to the next caller up. See example below.
Kent
I have this program:
import sys
from xml.dom.minidom import parse
# search the tree for an element with a particular class
def findelement(current, classtofind, topnode = None):
if topnode == None: topnode = current
# if it's an xml element...
if current.nodeType == 1:
print current.nodeName, ':', current.getAttribute('class')
if current.getAttribute('class') == classtofind:
print 'Returning node:', current
return current
elif current.hasChildNodes():
findelement(current.firstChild, classtofind, topnode)
Should be
return findelement(current.firstChild, classtofind, topnode)
and similarly wherever you call findelement().
elif current.nextSibling:
findelement(current.nextSibling, classtofind, topnode)
elif (current.parentNode != topnode) \
and (current.parentNode.nextSibling != None):
findelement(current.parentNode.nextSibling, classtofind,
topnode)
else:
print 'Returning None...'
return None
# others (text, comment, etc)
else:
if current.nextSibling:
findelement(current.nextSibling, classtofind, topnode)
elif (current.parentNode != topnode) \
and (current.parentNode.nextSibling != None):
findelement(current.parentNode.nextSibling, classtofind,
topnode)
else:
print 'Returning None...'
return None
# parse the document
blog = parse('/home/noah/dev/blog/template.html')
# find a post
postexample = findelement(blog.documentElement, 'post')
print 'Got node: ', postexample
-
My output is this:
-
html :
head :
title :
body :
h1 :
ul :
li :
h2 :
ol :
li : post
Returning node: DOM Element: li at -0x48599c74
Got node:None
-
The function finds the right element fine, and says it will return DOM
Element: li at -0x48599c74, but the program gets None instead. What's
happening here? Any suggestions?
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Re: frozenset/subclassing/keyword args
Mark E. Fenner wrote: Speaking of which, in the docs at the bottom of the description of the builtin set/frozenset, there is a link to a page describing differences between the builtin sets and the sets module sets. This link is broken locally and on the python.org docs. Locally, it reads: file:///usr/share/doc/python-docs-2.4.2/html/lib/module-comparison-to-builtin-set.html While it should read: file:///usr/share/doc/python-docs-2.4.2/html/lib/comparison-to-builtin-set.html A little further down the page it says See About this document... for information on suggesting changes. If you click the link there it will tell you how to submit a doc bug which is the best way to get this fixed. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Flat file, Python accessible database?
Karlo Lozovina wrote: I've been Googling around for _small_, flat file (no server processes), SQL-like database which can be easily access from Python. Speed and perforamnce are of no issue, most important is that all data is contained within single file and no server binary has to run in order to use the dbase. Oh, and I'm using Python under Cygwin. Depending on what you mean by SQL-like you might like KirbyBase http://www.netpromi.com/kirbybase.html Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Object-Relational Mapping API for Python
Aquarius wrote: I explored Java's Hibernate a bit and I was intrigued by how you can map entity objects to database tables, preserving all the relations and constraits. I am interested if there is something like this for Python - I noticed some APIs in the Cheeseshop, but most of them were alpha, better, or seemed to be forsaken a long time ago. Can you recommend me anything? SQLObject, PyDO, Durus and Django's database API. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Learning multiple languages (question for general discussion)
John Salerno wrote: I thought it might be interesting to get some opinions on when you know when you're done learning a language. I've been learning C# for a few months (albeit not intensively) and I feel I have a good grasp of the language in general. Never? When you move on? You can become proficient in a couple of months but that is different from expert which is different from knows everything there is to know. I have been using Python for several years and I still learn from the old hands in this news group. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How can I do this in Python?
Lad wrote: Can you please explain in more details (1) choice? If you are using CGI you might be interested in the VoidSpace logintools which seems to handle much of this process. See http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/logintools.html#no-login-no-access Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Calling Class' Child Methods
Steve Holden wrote: Andrea Gavana wrote: The class Custom has a lot of methods (functions), but the user won't call directly this class, he/she will call the MainClass class to construct the GUI app. However, all the methods that the user can call refer to the Custom class, not the MainClass class. That is, the methods that the user call should propagate to the Custom class. However, I know I can do: # Inside MainClass def SomeMethod(self, param): self.customwidget.SomeMethod(param) It seems that what you need is a generic delegation. This pattern (in Python, anyway) makes use of the fact that if the interpreter can't find a method or other attribute for an object it will call the object's __getattr__() method. Another alternative is to delegate specific method by creating new attributes in MainClass. In MainClass.__init__() you can write self.SomeMethod = self.customwidget.SomeMethod to automatically delegate SomeMethod. You can do this from a list of method names: for method in [ 'SomeMethod', 'SomeOtherMethod' ]: setattr(self, method, getattr(self.customwidget, method)) This gives you more control over which methods are delegated - if there are some Custom methods that you do *not* want to expose in MainClass this might be a better approach. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: re sub help
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
hi
i have a string :
a =
this\nis\na\nsentence[startdelim]this\nis\nanother[enddelim]this\nis\n
inside the string, there are \n. I don't want to substitute the '\n'
in between
the [startdelim] and [enddelim] to ''. I only want to get rid of the
'\n' everywhere else.
Here is a solution using re.sub and a class that maintains state. It works when
the input text contains multiple startdelim/enddelim pairs.
import re
a = this\nis\na\nsentence[startdelim]this\nis\nanother[enddelim]this\nis\n * 2
class subber(object):
def __init__(self):
self.delimiterSeen = False
def __call__(self, m):
text = m.group()
if text == 'startdelim':
self.delimiterSeen = True
return text
if text == 'enddelim':
self.delimiterSeen = False
return text
if self.delimiterSeen:
return text
return ''
delimRe = re.compile('\n|startdelim|enddelim')
newText = delimRe.sub(subber(), a)
print repr(newText)
Kent
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Re: modifying source at runtime - jython case
Jan Gregor wrote: Hello folks I want to apply changes in my source code without stopping jython and JVM. Preferable are modifications directly to instances of classes. My application is a desktop app using swing library. Can you be more specific? Python and Jython allow classes to be modified at runtime without changing the source code or compiling new code. For example you can add and remove methods and attributes from a class and change the base classes of a class. You can also modify individual instances of a class to change their attributes and behaviour independently of other instances of the class. What are you trying to do? For example see http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_frm/thread/8f7d87975eab0ca4/18215f7ce8f5d609?rnum=15#18215f7ce8f5d609 http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_frm/thread/a0b19b37ac48deaa/e599041de4b8feb0?rnum=22#e599041de4b8feb0 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: modifying source at runtime - jython case
Jan Gregor wrote: my typical scenario is that my swing application is running, and i see some error or chance for improvement - modify sources of app, stop and run application again. so task is to reload class defitions (from source files) and modify also existing instances (their methods). Ok, I think my first reply completely missed the mark. IIUC what you want is hard. This recipe might help: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/160164 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Pylab and pyserial plot in real time
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hiya,
I've got a PIC microcontroller reading me humidity data via rs232, this
is in ASCII format. I can view this data easily using hyperterminal or
pyserial and convert it to its value (relative humidty with ord(input))
But what im trying to do is plot the data in real time, ideally with
pylab - as it looks simple to use and simple is the way i want to go!
My code is below, it doesnt show a graph, I was wondering whether
someone could suggest whats wrong?
You have to call pylab.show() for the graph to be drawn. I don't know if it
will work incrementally if you call show() in the loop.
Kent
thank you in advance
David
import serial
from pylab import *
ser = serial.Serial(0)
t = arange(0.0, 1.0+0.01, 0.01)
xlabel('time')
ylabel('RH %')
title(' RH sensor data sampled at 1 sec intervals ')
#grid(true)
x = 0
while 1:
s = ser.read()
b = ord(s)
h = []
h.append(b)
x = x + 1
plot(t,h)
ser.close
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Re: need help extracting data from a text file
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hey there,
i have a text file with a bunch of values scattered throughout it.
i am needing to pull out a value that is in parenthesis right after a
certain word,
like the first time the word 'foo' is found, retrieve the values in the
next set of parenthesis (bar) and it would return 'bar'
i think i can use re to do this, but is there some easier way?
It's pretty easy with an re:
import re
fooRe = re.compile(r'foo.*?\((.*?)\)')
fooRe.search('foo(bar)').group(1)
'bar'
fooRe.search('This is a foo bar baz blah blah (bar)').group(1)
'bar'
Kent
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Re: Regular expression question -- exclude substring
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, I'm having trouble extracting substrings using regular expression. Here is my problem: Want to find the substring that is immediately before a given substring. For example: from 00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01 target_mark, want to get 00 target 01 which is before target_mark. My regular expression (00.*?01) target_mark will extract 00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01. If there is a character that can't appear in the bit between the numbers then use everything-but-that instead of . - for example if spaces can only appear as you show them, use (00 [^ ]* 01) target_mark or (00 \S* 01) target_mark Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Regular expression question -- exclude substring
James Stroud wrote:
On Monday 07 November 2005 16:18, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Ya, for some reason your non-greedy ? doesn't seem to be taking.
This works:
re.sub('(.*)(00.*?01) target_mark', r'\2', your_string)
The non-greedy is actually acting as expected. This is because non-greedy
operators are forward looking, not backward looking. So the non-greedy
finds the start of the first start-of-the-match it comes accross and then
finds the first occurrence of '01' that makes the complete match, otherwise
the greedy operator would match .* as much as it could, gobbling up all '01's
before the last because these match '.*'. For example:
py rgx = re.compile(r(00.*01) target_mark)
py rgx.findall('00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01 target_mark 00 dowhat 01')
['00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01 target_mark 00 dowhat 01']
py rgx = re.compile(r(00.*?01) target_mark)
py rgx.findall('00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01 target_mark 00 dowhat 01')
['00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01', '00 dowhat 01']
??? not in my Python:
rgx = re.compile(r(00.*01) target_mark)
rgx.findall('00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01 target_mark 00 dowhat 01')
['00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01']
rgx = re.compile(r(00.*?01) target_mark)
rgx.findall('00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01 target_mark 00 dowhat 01')
['00 noise1 01 noise2 00 target 01']
Since target_mark only occurs once in the string the greedy and non-greedy
match is the same in this case.
Kent
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Confusion about __call__ and attribute lookup
I am learning about metaclasses and there is something that confuses me. I understand that if I define a __call__ method for a class, then instances of the class become callable using function syntax: class Foo(object): ... def __call__(self): ... print 'Called Foo' ... f=Foo() f() Called Foo To create a class instance, you call the class. This made me think that the class' class must define __call__, and indeed it does, and calling it as an unbound method also creates a class instance: dir(type) [..., '__call__', ...] f=type.__call__(Foo) f __main__.Foo object at 0x00A35EB0 But why doesn't Foo.__call__ shadow type.__call__? Normally an instance attribute takes precedence over a class attribute. Is it something special about how function call syntax is handled internally, or do all special methods work this way, or is there something else going on? PS Is there any place in the standard Python docs where the details of attribute lookup are spelled out? Thanks, Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Confusion about __call__ and attribute lookup
Leif K-Brooks wrote: New-style classes look up special methods on the class, not on the instance: For my future reference, is this documented somewhere in the standard docs? Thanks, Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Confusion about __call__ and attribute lookup
John J. Lee wrote: Kent Johnson [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: Leif K-Brooks wrote: New-style classes look up special methods on the class, not on the instance: For my future reference, is this documented somewhere in the standard docs? Maybe somewhere in here :-( http://www.python.org/doc/newstyle.html I have never found it there. I think something like the writeup Serge referenced should be in the language reference. I just sent the suggestion to [EMAIL PROTECTED] Thanks to both of you, Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python Book
David Rasmussen wrote: What is the best book for Python newbies (seasoned programmer in other languages)? I like Learning Python. Python in a Nutshell is good if you want something brief. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: generate HTML
Jim wrote:
Perhaps you are trying to do this:
'text to go here: %s' % ('text',)
? For that you need a double-quoted string:
text to go here: %s % ('text',)
Uh, no, not in Python:
'text to go here: %s' % ('text',)
'text to go here: text'
text to go here: %s % ('text',)
'text to go here: text'
Kent
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Re: Need advice on subclassing code
Rusty Shackleford wrote: Hi -- We have some code that returns an object of a different class, depending on some parameters. For example: if param x is 1 and y is 1, we make an object of class C_1_1. if param x is 1 and y is 2, we make an object of class C_1_2. C_1_1 and C_1_2 share a common C ancestor, and in practice may be identical, but theoretically, could have the same function name with two different implementations underneath. We have a file where all the C_X_Y classes are defined. Is this the best solution? Is there some way of doing a default vs. non-default deal, without having to manually hardcode all the different possible subclasses? How are you instantiating the correct class? You should be able to provide a default behaviour. For example if the classes are all defined in module C you could have a factory like this: import C def makeC(x, y): subtype = 'C_%d_%d' % (x, y) cls = getattr(C, subtype, C.C) return cls(x, y) Then in module C just define the subtypes you need to specialize; all other values of x and y will get the base class C.C. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: searching for files on Windows with Python
Shane wrote: I've been giving Google a good workout with no luck. I would like to be able to search a Windows filesystem for filenames, returning a list off absolute paths to the found files, something like: def findFiles(filename, pathToSearch): ... ... return foundFileNames Is the os module where I should start? I always use Jason Orendorff's path module for this kind of stuff. It's way easier to use than os.whatever: import path files = path.path(pathToSearch).walkfiles(filename) will give a list of path.path objects in pathToSearch whose names match filename (which is a glob so wildcards are recognized). path.path is a subclass of str so the results can be used wherever you want the full path. http://www.jorendorff.com/articles/python/path/index.html Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: searching for files on Windows with Python
Peter Hansen wrote: Kent Johnson wrote: import path files = path.path(pathToSearch).walkfiles(filename) A minor enhancement (IMHO) (though I certainly agree with Kent's recommendation here): since there is nothing else of interest in the path module, it seems to be a fairly common idiom to do from path import path and skip the doubled path.path bit. Certainly it's your choice. I find most programs using path only reference path.path once, to create a starting path; other paths are created from that using files() or / etc. In this case it is less typing to say import path basePath = path.path(...) instead of from path import path basePath = path(...) from path import path only wins on number of chars if you reference path *three* times. YMMV :-) Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Web-based client code execution
Stephen Kellett wrote: In message [EMAIL PROTECTED], Steve [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes AJAX works because browsers can execute javascript. I don't know of a browser that can execute python. Basically your stuck with java or javascript because everything else really isn't cross platform. ActiveState do a version of Python that can run in a script tag like JavaScript and VBScript. This requires Windows Scripting Host. They also do a similar thing for Perl, not sure about TCL. See http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/msg/2d34acee66b40830 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is there a way to create a button in either pygame or livewires?
Nathan Pinno wrote: Hey all, Is there a way to create a button in either pygame or livewires, that is able to be clicked and when clicked sends a command to restart the program? Maybe something here: http://www.pygame.org/wiki/gui Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Web-based client code execution
Paul Watson wrote: Kent Johnson wrote: Stephen Kellett wrote: ActiveState do a version of Python that can run in a script tag like JavaScript and VBScript. This requires Windows Scripting Host. They also do a similar thing for Perl, not sure about TCL. See http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/msg/2d34acee66b40830 Please correct my misunderstanding if I am wrong, but I thought that this runs server-side only and requires Microsoft IIS as the httpd server. Is that correct? I haven't tried it but the referenced article seems to be about including Python in a web page to be run in-browser by IE. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Web-based client code execution
Paul Watson wrote: My desire to have the code distributed through a web page is just to ensure that the user is running the correct version and has not hacked it in any way. I suppose I can checksum the local client application and compare it with what is on the server. Then, make a way to update... ARGH! I have used Java Web Start to distribute Jython applications from a web page. There are a few glitches getting it set up but then it works well. Solves 'ensure that the user is running the correct version' nicely. Not sure if it protects against hacking. My Jython and Web Start recipe is here: http://personalpages.tds.net/~kent37/Python/JythonWebStart.html Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Persist a class (not an instance)
Is there a way to persist a class definition (not a class instance, the actual class) so it can be restored later? A naive approach using pickle doesn't work: import pickle class Foo(object): ... def show(self): ... print I'm a Foo ... p = pickle.dumps(Foo) p 'c__main__\nFoo\np0\n.' Hmm, doesn't look too promising. In a new interpreter: import pickle p='c__main__\nFoo\np0\n.' Foo = pickle.loads(p) Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in ? File C:\Python24\lib\pickle.py, line 1394, in loads return Unpickler(file).load() File C:\Python24\lib\pickle.py, line 872, in load dispatch[key](self) File C:\Python24\lib\pickle.py, line 1104, in load_global klass = self.find_class(module, name) File C:\Python24\lib\pickle.py, line 1140, in find_class klass = getattr(mod, name) AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'Foo' The idea is to persist classes that are created and modified at runtime. Thanks, Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python book for a non-programmer
Simon Brunning wrote: I have a non-programming friend who wants to learn Python. It's been so long since I've been in her shoes that I don't feel qualified to judge the books aimed at people in her situation. Python Programming for the absolute beginner http://premierpressbooks.com/ptr_detail.cfm?group=Programmingisbn=1%2D59200%2D073%2D8 Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science http://www.fbeedle.com/99-6.html And the Introductory Books page in the wiki lists many: http://wiki.python.org/moin/IntroductoryBooks Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Persist a class (not an instance)
Sybren Stuvel wrote: Kent Johnson enlightened us with: Is there a way to persist a class definition (not a class instance, the actual class) so it can be restored later? From the docs: Similarly, classes are pickled by named reference, so the same restrictions in the unpickling environment apply. Note that none of the class's code or data is pickled [...] OK that confirms that pickle won't work. Is there another approach that will? Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Looking for good beginner's tutorial
Roy Smith wrote: My wife wants to learn Python. Can anybody suggest a good tutorial for her to read? She's a PhD molecular biologist who is a pretty advanced Unix user. She mucks about with Perl scripts doing things like text processing and even some simple CGI scripts, but has no formal programming training. http://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: string slicing
Ishwor wrote:
s = 'hello'
m = s[:]
m is s
True
I discussed the *is* operator with some of the pythoners before as
well but it is somewhat different than what i intended it to do. The
LP2E by Mark David says -
m gets a *full top-level copy* of a sequence object- an object with
the same value but distinct piece of memory. but when i test them
with *is* operator then the result is True. Why is this happening??
This behaviour is due to the way strings are handled. In some cases strings are 'interned' which
lets the interpreter keep only a single copy of a string. If you try it with a list you get a
different result:
s=list('hello')
s
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
m=s[:]
m
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
m is s
False
Kent
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Re: string slicing
Ishwor wrote: On Sun, 05 Dec 2004 09:44:13 -0500, Kent Johnson [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: This behaviour is due to the way strings are handled. In some cases strings are 'interned' which lets the interpreter keep only a single copy of a string. If you try it with a list you get a different result Thanx Kent. so for lists Python doesn't keep the same object in the cache??? Right, AFAIK lists are not cached in this way. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Import a module without executing it?
Jay O'Connor wrote: The real question, I suppose, is what is a good technique to find what modules and classes implement or refer to particular names You might like to try ctags. I have had a good experience with it. It's not as automatic as I would like - you have to build a cross-reference table before you can use it - and it only finds implementors, not referrers. It integrates with lots of editors, I have used it with TextPad. http://ctags.sourceforge.net/ Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Import a module without executing it?
Andy, this is a nice example. It prompted me to look at the docs for compiler.visitor. The docs are,
um, pretty bad. I'm going to attempt to clean them up a little. Would you mind if I include this
example?
Thanks,
Kent
Andy Gross wrote:
Here's a quick example that will pull out all functions defined in the
top-level of a module:
---
#/usr/bin/env python
from compiler import parse, walk
from compiler.visitor import ASTVisitor
testdata = r'''
def aFunction(anArg):
return anArg + 1
'''
class SimpleVisitor(ASTVisitor):
def visitFunction(self, parsedFunc):
print Function %(name)s at %(lineno)s takes %(argnames)s \
with code %(code)s % parsedFunc.__dict__
if __name__ == __main__:
ast = parse(testdata)
walk(ast, SimpleVisitor(), verbose=True)
---
[EMAIL PROTECTED]:~$ ./test.py
Function aFunction at 2 takes ['anArg'] with code
Stmt([Return(Add((Name('anArg'), Const(1])
HTH,
/arg
On Dec 7, 2004, at 11:14 PM, Caleb Hattingh wrote:
Andy
thx for that. I had a file called 'tktest.py' lying around, and I did:
' a = compiler.parseFile('tktest.py')
And a looks something like this:
***
Stmt([Import([('Tkinter', None)]), Function(None, 'add_rows', ['w',
'titles', 'rows'], [], 0, None,
Stmt([Discard(CallFunc(Getattr(Name('w'), 'configure'),
[Keyword('state', Const('normal'))], None, None)), For(AssName('r',
'OP_ASSIGN'), Name('rows'), Stmt([For(AssTuple([AssName('t',
'OP_ASSIGN'), AssName('v', 'OP_ASSIGN')]), CallFunc(Name('zip'),
[Name('titles'), Name('r')], None, None),
Stmt([Discard(CallFunc(Getattr(Name('w'), 'insert'), [Const('end'),
Mod((Const('%s:\t%s\n'), Tuple([Name('t'), Name('v')])))], None,
None))]), None), Discard(CallFunc(Getattr(Name('w'), 'insert'),
[Const('end'), Const('\n')], None, None))]), None),
Discard(CallFunc(Getattr(Name('w'), 'configure'), [Keyword('state',
Const('disabled'))], None, None))])), Assign([AssName('app',
'OP_ASSIGN')], CallFunc(Getattr(Name('Tkinter'), 'Tk'), [], None,
None)), Assign([AssName('t', 'OP_ASSIGN')],
CallFunc(Getattr(Name('Tkinter'), 'Text'), [Name('app'),
Keyword('state', Const('disabled'))], None, None)),
Discard(CallFunc(Getattr(Name('t'), 'pack'), [], None, None)),
Assign([AssName('info', 'OP_ASSIGN')], List([List([Const('Ali'),
Const(18)]), List([Const('Zainab'), Const(16)]),
List([Const('Khalid'), Const(18)])])),
Discard(CallFunc(Name('add_rows'), [Name('t'), List([Const('Name'),
Const('Age')]), Name('info')], None, None)),
Discard(CallFunc(Getattr(Name('app'), 'mainloop'), [], None, None))])
***
Pretty impressive :)
Do you know of more batteries that can process this stuff further, for
interest sake (and maybe the OP)?
thx again
Caleb
On Tue, 7 Dec 2004 15:57:16 -0500, Andy Gross [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
You'll want to use the compiler package. compiler.parseFile will
return an AST that you can inspect (which is not really 'reflection',
btw).
/arg
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Re: converting html escape sequences to unicode characters
harrelson wrote: I have a list of about 2500 html escape sequences (decimal) that I need to convert to utf-8. Stuff like: #48708; #54665; #44592; #47196; #48372; #45244; #44144; #50640; #50836; #45236; #47732; #44552; #51060; #50620; #47560; #51648; #51104; Anyone know what the decimal is representing? It doesn't seem to equate to a unicode codepoint... In well-formed HTML (!) these should be the decimal values of Unicode characters. See http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/charset.html#h-5.3.1 These characters appear to be Hangul Syllables: http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAC00.pdf import unicodedata nums = [ 48708, 54665, 44592, 47196, 48372, 45244, 44144, 50640, 50836, 45236, 47732, 44552, 51060, 50620, 47560, 51648, 51104, ] for num in nums: print num, unicodedata.name(unichr(num), 'Unknown') = 48708 HANGUL SYLLABLE BI 54665 HANGUL SYLLABLE HAENG 44592 HANGUL SYLLABLE GI 47196 HANGUL SYLLABLE RO 48372 HANGUL SYLLABLE BO 45244 HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEL 44144 HANGUL SYLLABLE GEO 50640 HANGUL SYLLABLE E 50836 HANGUL SYLLABLE YO 45236 HANGUL SYLLABLE NAE 47732 HANGUL SYLLABLE MYEON 44552 HANGUL SYLLABLE GEUM 51060 HANGUL SYLLABLE I 50620 HANGUL SYLLABLE EOL 47560 HANGUL SYLLABLE MA 51648 HANGUL SYLLABLE JI 51104 HANGUL SYLLABLE JAM Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: gather information from various files efficiently
Keith Dart wrote: try: dict[a].append(b) except KeyError: dict[a] = [b] or my favorite Python shortcut: dict.setdefault(a, []).append(b) Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: getopt: Make argument mandatory
Frans Englich wrote: On Wednesday 15 December 2004 14:07, Diez B. Roggisch wrote: In my use of getopt.getopt, I would like to make a certain parameter mandatory. I know how to specify such that a parameter must have a value if it's specified, but I also want to make the parameter itself mandatory(combined with a mandatory value, the result is that the user must specify a value). Use optparse - in the examples section you'll find what you need. I'm slow here, do you mean in of the callback examples in 6.21.4? http://docs.python.org/lib/module-optparse.html No, try here - this section seems to have been deleted from the Python 2.4 docs! http://www.python.org/doc/2.3.4/lib/optparse-extending-examples.html Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Wrapper objects
Nick Coghlan wrote: Simon Brunning wrote: This work - http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/52295? Only for old-style classes, though. If you inherit from object or another builtin, that recipe fails. Could you explain, please? I thought __getattr__ worked the same with new- and old-style classes? Thanks, Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How do I convert characters into integers?
Markus Zeindl wrote: I have got a string from the user, for example Hi!. Now I get every character with a loop: code buffer = for i in range(len(message)): ch = message[i-1:i] for ch in message: ... is simpler and more idiomatic. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Jython performance
Sean Blakey wrote: On Wed, 22 Dec 2004 17:03:55 -0200, Gabriel Cosentino de Barros [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On the Best GUI for small-scale accounting app? tread some people mentioned jython. I went to read about it, but i was wondering if anyone has any real project done with it and can give real world comments about performance. I've been very happy with it's performance, after the one-time interpreter startup. That matches my experience as well. I have written a medium-sized GUI app using Jython and Swing and I am very happy with the performance. Most of the heavy lifting is done in Java libraries anyway - primarily Swing, dom4j and Velocity in my case. The initial import of a module is relatively slow and I often defer importing a module until it is needed. Other than that I have been pleased with the performance. Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: mathmatical expressions evaluation
Tonino wrote: thanks all for the info - and yes - speed is not really an issue and no - it is not an implementation of a complete financial system - but rather a small subset of a investment portfolio management system developed by another company ... What I am trying to achieve is to parse a formula(s) and generate a result ... Why do you need to parse the formulas at runtime? It sounds like they are known in advance and you could just write functions to implement the calculations. Kent I will look into the pyparsing suggested and maybe even leave out numarrays for now - as it seems a bit overkill ... The formula are a bit complex and maybe even difficult to write out Thanks all - I will post my progress ;) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Lambda going out of fashion
Robin Becker wrote: Alex Martelli wrote: . By the way, if that's very important to you, you might enjoy Mozart (http://www.mozart-oz.org/) .very interesting, but it wants to make me install emacs. :( Apparently you can also use oz with a compiler and runtime engine...see http://www.mozart-oz.org/documentation/apptut/index.html Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Jython IronPython Under Active Development?
Steve Holden wrote: Just a little further background. The Python Software Foundation recently awarded a grant to help to bring Jython into line with the current CPython release. Is information publicly available about this and other PSF grants? I don't see any announcement on the PSF web site or in the grants-discuss mail list. Thanks, Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: The Industry choice
Alex Martelli wrote: Roy Smith [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Stefan Axelsson [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Yes, ignoring most of the debate about static vs. dynamic typing, I've also longed for 'use strict'. You can use __slots__ to get the effect you're after. Well, sort of; it only works for instance variables, not locals. And the gurus will argue that __slots__ wasn't intended for that, so you shouldn't do it. There's a simple, excellent recipe by Michele Simionato, on both the online and forthcoming 2nd edition printed Cookbook, showing how to do that the right way -- with __setattr__ -- rather than with __slots__ . The recipe is here (it took me a few minutes to find it, I found the title misleading): http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/252158 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Tkinter: passing parameters to menu commands
Philippe C. Martin wrote:
I have many menu items and would like them all to call the same method
-However, I need the method called to react differently depending on the
menu item selected. Since the menu command functions do not seem to
receive any type of event style object, is there some type of Tkinter
call that would let my method know the menu id selected ?
Much as it seems to be out of favor, IMO this is a place where a lambda expression is very handy.
You can make a callback for each menu item that binds an extra parameter to the handler:
# Based on an example by Fredrik Lundh
from Tkinter import *
def callback(code):
print called the callback with code, code
root = Tk()
# create a menu
menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu)
filemenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label=File, menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label=New, command=lambda: callback('New'))
filemenu.add_command(label=Open..., command=lambda: callback('Open'))
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label=Exit, command=lambda: callback('Exit'))
mainloop()
Of course you could do this with named forwarding functions if you prefer.
Kent
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Re: Tkinter: passing parameters to menu commands
Philippe C. Martin wrote:
menu.add_cascade(label=File, menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label=New, command=lambda: callback('New'))
filemenu.add_command(label=Open..., command=lambda:
Of course you could do this with named forwarding functions if you
prefer
I'm not sure what 'named forwarding functions'
Bad choice of terminology, I just mean you can explicitly define
def handleNew:
callback('New')
etc.
are but I'm actually in a
class and when applying your suggestion in the following manner,
everything works (THANKS!)
def __Dec(self,p_string):
for i in p_string:
self.__Insert(i)
.
.
.
#menu creation
l_dec.add_command(label = 'ATR', command=lambda: self.__Dec('ATR'))
l_dec.add_command(label = 'IN', command=lambda:self.__Dec('IN'))
.
.
.
Yet I have a question:
If I replace the menu creation code as below, and since __Insert appends
the string p_string into a text widget that is created _after_ the menu
creation; the method __Dec seems to be called at the menu creation and
I get an error in __Insert because the test widget is equal to None.
My reflexes of C programmer tell me that command=self.__Dec just
passes a method pointer (sorry I said it) to add_command - yet it does
not seem to be so.
What is actually going on ?
#menu creation
l_dec.add_command(label = 'ATR', command=self.__Dec('ATR'))
l_dec.add_command(label = 'IN', command=self.__Dec('IN'))
self.__Dec is a reference to the function. It is similar to a method pointer so you don't need to
apologize ;) The name of a function without the () is a reference. When you append () it becomes a
call to the referenced function.
The command parameter for the menu must be a reference to a function. The function is called with no
arguments when the menu is invoked.
So, you need a function of no arguments to handle the command. For example,
def handleMenu():
print 'Handled'
filemenu.add_command(label=New, command=handleMenu)
Note there is no () after handleMenu. 'command' is bound to the function object; the function is not
called until later.
OK, now suppose you want to pass a parameter to handleMenu?
def handleMenu(menuName):
print 'Handled', menuName
Now what do you put in the command parameter? This won't work because you are *calling* handleMenu
and assigning the result of the call (in this case the value None) to 'command':
filemenu.add_command(label=New, command=handleMenu('New')) # WRONG
You need a new function of zero arguments to bind to 'command'. Here is one way
to do it:
def handleNew():
handleMenu('New')
filemenu.add_command(label=New, command=handleNew) # OK
Note, again, no () after handleNew. 'command' is bound to the function object
again.
OK, what about lambda? lambda is a way to create a simple anonymous function. One simple use of
lambda is to make a new function that binds a parameter to another function.
lambda: handleMenu('New')
defines a function that does the same thing as handleNew. The value of the lambda expression is the
function object. So
filemenu.add_command(label=New, command=lambda: handleMenu('New')) # OK
is another way to get the result you want.
Kent
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Re: Speed revisited
Andrea Griffini wrote: I've to admit that I also found strange that deleting the first element from a list is not O(1) in python. My wild guess was that the extra addition and normalization required to have insertion in amortized O(1) and deletion in O(1) at both ends of a random access sequence was going to have basically a negligible cost for normal access (given the overhead that is already present in python). This was added to Python 2.4 as collections.deque Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Please Contribute Python Documentation!
Aahz wrote: In article [EMAIL PROTECTED], Tony Meyer [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I don't think I've seen such a statement before - the stuff I've seen all indicates that one should be submitting proper LaTeX docs/patches. If plain-text contributions are welcome, could this be added to the doc about contributing to the docs? (I suppose I could submit a patch, but that seems overkill wink). It *is* in the docs now -- see the top of http://www.python.org/doc/2.4/doc/doc.html It's also spelled out pretty clearly in the About this document document you get by clicking on the link at the bottom of every page. Kent (This has been the official policy for some time, but you're right that it wasn't earlier documented. So I filed a bug report. ;-) If you think this still isn't enough, file another.) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to list currently defined classes, methods etc
Deep wrote: I have been looking a bit and am stuck at this point. Given a string, how do i find what is the string bound to. Let me give an example. def deep(): print Hello now inspect.ismethod(deep) returns true. (As it should). But if I am trying to make a list of all bound methods), i use dir(), which is a list of strings. I get the string deep from this list. Look it up in the globals() dict: def deep(): ... print 'Hello' ... globals()['deep'] function deep at 0x008ECF70 How do I obtain the reference to the method it is bound to. The same problem can be extended to attributes and classes. Use getattr() to inspect classes and instances: class deeper: ... def deepest(self): ... print 'goodbye' ... getattr(deeper, 'deepest') unbound method deeper.deepest d=deeper() getattr(d, 'deepest') bound method deeper.deepest of __main__.deeper instance at 0x00A41350 Kent -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
