[R] How to see how a function is written
Hello, If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be able to do that? Just typing apply at the prompt does not work. Thank you for help! Sergey __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
Sergey Goriatchev wrote: Hello, If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be able to do that? Just typing apply at the prompt does not work. Well, it is supposed to work, and it works for me. So you need to tell us what does not work means, and all the info the posting guide requests, OS, versions, etc. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
On Tue, 2010-06-15 at 14:20 +0200, Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Hello,
If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be
able to do that?
Just typing apply at the prompt does not work.
In what sense does it not work? If I do this, I get:
apply
function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)
{
FUN - match.fun(FUN)
d - dim(X)
dl - length(d)
if (dl == 0L)
stop(dim(X) must have a positive length)
ds - 1L:dl
if (length(oldClass(X)))
X - if (dl == 2)
Perhaps you a referring to S3 methods (and just used apply as an easy
example)? In which case you could try:
fitted
function (object, ...)
UseMethod(fitted)
environment: namespace:stats
methods(fitted)
[1] fitted.default* fitted.isoreg*fitted.nls*
[4] fitted.smooth.spline*
Non-visible functions are asterisked
fitted.isoreg
Error: object 'fitted.isoreg' not found
## hmm, not found, use getAnywhere instead
getAnywhere(fitted.isoreg)
A single object matching ‘fitted.isoreg’ was found
It was found in the following places
registered S3 method for fitted from namespace stats
namespace:stats
with value
function (object, ...)
{
if (object$isOrd)
object$yf
else object$yf[order(object$ord)]
}
environment: namespace:stats
Alternatively, use:
getS3method(fitted, isoreg)
You might also consult Uwe Ligges 2006 article in R-News (now The R
Journal):
Uwe Ligges. R Help Desk: Accessing the sources. R News, 6(4):43-45,
October 2006.
http://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2006-4.pdf
If that doesn't help, can you show exactly what you types, what the
error was and what you were looking for, along with your R version etc.
My system/R version info (used for the above) is:
sessionInfo()
R version 2.11.1 Patched (2010-06-14 r52272)
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
locale:
[1] LC_CTYPE=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C
[3] LC_TIME=en_GB.UTF-8LC_COLLATE=en_GB.UTF-8
[5] LC_MONETARY=C LC_MESSAGES=en_GB.UTF-8
[7] LC_PAPER=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C
[9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
base
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] tools_2.11.1
HTH
G
Thank you for help!
Sergey
__
R-help@r-project.org mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
--
%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%
Dr. Gavin Simpson [t] +44 (0)20 7679 0522
ECRC, UCL Geography, [f] +44 (0)20 7679 0565
Pearson Building, [e] gavin.simpsonATNOSPAMucl.ac.uk
Gower Street, London [w] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfagls/
UK. WC1E 6BT. [w] http://www.freshwaters.org.uk
%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%
__
R-help@r-project.org mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
Erik, I see the following when I type apply at the prompt: apply standardGeneric for apply defined from package base function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) standardGeneric(apply) environment: 0x03cad7d0 Methods may be defined for arguments: X, MARGIN, FUN Use showMethods(apply) for currently available ones. Also, whether I type mean at the prompt, or I type edit(mean), I do not see the underlying code for function mean. How would I be able to see it? --- My machine: platform i386-pc-mingw32 arch i386 os mingw32 system i386, mingw32 status major 2 minor 10.1 year 2009 month 12 day14 svn rev50720 language R version.string R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14) On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:26, Erik Iverson er...@ccbr.umn.edu wrote: Sergey Goriatchev wrote: Hello, If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be able to do that? Just typing apply at the prompt does not work. Well, it is supposed to work, and it works for me. So you need to tell us what does not work means, and all the info the posting guide requests, OS, versions, etc. -- Famous Oxymorons: Jobless Recovery Jumbo Shrimp War Game Wedding Party Genuine Replica Toxic Assets Italian Government Feminine Logic Amicable Divorce Military Intelligence Money Multiplier Fiscal Conservative Abundant Poverty Educated Investor Government Worker Green Shoots Hope and Change Change you can believe in Becky Quick __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
Sergey Goriatchev wrote: Erik, I see the following when I type apply at the prompt: apply standardGeneric for apply defined from package base function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) standardGeneric(apply) environment: 0x03cad7d0 Methods may be defined for arguments: X, MARGIN, FUN Use showMethods(apply) for currently available ones. Also, whether I type mean at the prompt, or I type edit(mean), I do not see the underlying code for function mean. How would I be able to see it? --- My machine: platform i386-pc-mingw32 arch i386 os mingw32 system i386, mingw32 status major 2 minor 10.1 year 2009 month 12 day14 svn rev50720 language R version.string R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14) And what packages have you loaded? That *is* your current definition of apply, I'm guessing some package is changing the base definition of 'apply', since that's not what happens in my R --vanilla session. Regarding mean, you don't show your output, but my guess is that it *is* printing the function definition, which is generic. Try typing out mean.default and see what happens. What happens when you type lm ? __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
On Tue, 2010-06-15 at 14:38 +0200, Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Erik, I see the following when I type apply at the prompt:
apply
standardGeneric for apply defined from package base
Looks like you have something loaded in your workspace (or have created
something) that has altered the usual definition of apply(). Most likely
is a package has made the base apply() function an S4 method.
Send the output of sessionInfo() to the list so we can help if you
interest is in the S4 method version of apply() (myself I'm not too
familiar with S4 methods just yet).
If you start R in a clean session, you should see the normal definition
of apply
R --vanilla
apply
On Windows you may need to add that option to the shortcut you use to
start R.
You could also try
base:::apply
to see the version in the base R namespace (at least I think that should
work).
function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)
standardGeneric(apply)
environment: 0x03cad7d0
Methods may be defined for arguments: X, MARGIN, FUN
Use showMethods(apply) for currently available ones.
Also, whether I type mean at the prompt, or I type edit(mean), I
do not see the underlying code for function mean. How would I be
able to see it?
The info I sent in my previous email should help you with the mean
function --- as long as that hasn't been overwritten by anything.
methods(mean)
[1] mean.data.frame mean.Date mean.defaultmean.difftime
[5] mean.POSIXctmean.POSIXlt
getS3method(mean, default)
function (x, trim = 0, na.rm = FALSE, ...)
{
if (!is.numeric(x) !is.complex(x) !is.logical(x)) {
warning(argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA)
return(NA_real_)
}
if (na.rm)
x - x[!is.na(x)]
if (!is.numeric(trim) || length(trim) != 1L)
stop('trim' must be numeric of length one)
n - length(x)
if (trim 0 n) {
if (is.complex(x))
stop(trimmed means are not defined for complex data)
if (any(is.na(x)))
return(NA_real_)
if (trim = 0.5)
return(stats::median(x, na.rm = FALSE))
lo - floor(n * trim) + 1
hi - n + 1 - lo
x - sort.int(x, partial = unique(c(lo, hi)))[lo:hi]
}
.Internal(mean(x))
}
environment: namespace:base
Although here, none of the mean methods are hidden so you could just
type their names directly.
The meaning of the .Internal( ) bit is that this calls internal C
code. Uwe Ligges article discusses what to do at this point.
HTH
G
---
My machine:
platform i386-pc-mingw32
arch i386
os mingw32
system i386, mingw32
status
major 2
minor 10.1
year 2009
month 12
day14
svn rev50720
language R
version.string R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:26, Erik Iverson er...@ccbr.umn.edu wrote:
Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Hello,
If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be
able to do that?
Just typing apply at the prompt does not work.
Well, it is supposed to work, and it works for me. So you need to tell us
what does not work means, and all the info the posting guide requests, OS,
versions, etc.
--
%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%
Dr. Gavin Simpson [t] +44 (0)20 7679 0522
ECRC, UCL Geography, [f] +44 (0)20 7679 0565
Pearson Building, [e] gavin.simpsonATNOSPAMucl.ac.uk
Gower Street, London [w] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfagls/
UK. WC1E 6BT. [w] http://www.freshwaters.org.uk
%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%
__
R-help@r-project.org mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
Maybe I have to much stuff loaded in the workspace, Gavin, you are right:
sessionInfo()
R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
i386-pc-mingw32
locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=German_Switzerland.1252
LC_CTYPE=German_Switzerland.1252
LC_MONETARY=German_Switzerland.1252
[4] LC_NUMERIC=CLC_TIME=German_Switzerland.1252
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] PerformanceAnalytics_1.0.0 quantmod_0.3-13TTR_0.20-1
Defaults_1.1-1 xts_0.7-0
[6] fPortfolio_2100.78 Rglpk_0.3-5slam_0.1-9
fAssets_2100.78fCopulae_2110.78
[11] sn_0.4-14 mnormt_1.3-3
fBasics_2110.79timeSeries_2110.87 timeDate_2110.87
[16] robustbase_0.5-0-1 quadprog_1.4-12MASS_7.3-5
fEcofin_290.76 foreach_1.3.0
[21] codetools_0.2-2iterators_1.0.3zoo_1.6-3
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] grid_2.10.1lattice_0.18-3 tools_2.10.1
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:56, Gavin Simpson gavin.simp...@ucl.ac.uk wrote:
On Tue, 2010-06-15 at 14:38 +0200, Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Erik, I see the following when I type apply at the prompt:
apply
standardGeneric for apply defined from package base
Looks like you have something loaded in your workspace (or have created
something) that has altered the usual definition of apply(). Most likely
is a package has made the base apply() function an S4 method.
Send the output of sessionInfo() to the list so we can help if you
interest is in the S4 method version of apply() (myself I'm not too
familiar with S4 methods just yet).
If you start R in a clean session, you should see the normal definition
of apply
R --vanilla
apply
On Windows you may need to add that option to the shortcut you use to
start R.
You could also try
base:::apply
to see the version in the base R namespace (at least I think that should
work).
function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)
standardGeneric(apply)
environment: 0x03cad7d0
Methods may be defined for arguments: X, MARGIN, FUN
Use showMethods(apply) for currently available ones.
Also, whether I type mean at the prompt, or I type edit(mean), I
do not see the underlying code for function mean. How would I be
able to see it?
The info I sent in my previous email should help you with the mean
function --- as long as that hasn't been overwritten by anything.
methods(mean)
[1] mean.data.frame mean.Date mean.default mean.difftime
[5] mean.POSIXct mean.POSIXlt
getS3method(mean, default)
function (x, trim = 0, na.rm = FALSE, ...)
{
if (!is.numeric(x) !is.complex(x) !is.logical(x)) {
warning(argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA)
return(NA_real_)
}
if (na.rm)
x - x[!is.na(x)]
if (!is.numeric(trim) || length(trim) != 1L)
stop('trim' must be numeric of length one)
n - length(x)
if (trim 0 n) {
if (is.complex(x))
stop(trimmed means are not defined for complex data)
if (any(is.na(x)))
return(NA_real_)
if (trim = 0.5)
return(stats::median(x, na.rm = FALSE))
lo - floor(n * trim) + 1
hi - n + 1 - lo
x - sort.int(x, partial = unique(c(lo, hi)))[lo:hi]
}
.Internal(mean(x))
}
environment: namespace:base
Although here, none of the mean methods are hidden so you could just
type their names directly.
The meaning of the .Internal( ) bit is that this calls internal C
code. Uwe Ligges article discusses what to do at this point.
HTH
G
---
My machine:
platform i386-pc-mingw32
arch i386
os mingw32
system i386, mingw32
status
major 2
minor 10.1
year 2009
month 12
day 14
svn rev 50720
language R
version.string R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:26, Erik Iverson er...@ccbr.umn.edu wrote:
Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Hello,
If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be
able to do that?
Just typing apply at the prompt does not work.
Well, it is supposed to work, and it works for me. So you need to tell us
what does not work means, and all the info the posting guide requests,
OS,
versions, etc.
--
%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%
Dr. Gavin Simpson [t] +44 (0)20 7679 0522
ECRC, UCL Geography, [f] +44 (0)20 7679 0565
Pearson Building, [e] gavin.simpsonATNOSPAMucl.ac.uk
Gower Street, London [w] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfagls/
UK. WC1E 6BT. [w] http://www.freshwaters.org.uk
%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%~%
--
Famous Oxymorons:
Jobless Recovery
Jumbo Shrimp
War Game
Wedding Party
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
On Tue, 2010-06-15 at 14:56 +0200, Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Maybe I have to much stuff loaded in the workspace, Gavin, you are right:
OK, so now do
showMethods(apply)
And R should list out the available methods. See which package
(re)defines apply.
But it is likely going to be simpler to start a clean session and look
at the code in there. If you need the S4 method/generic code then you'll
have to find out which package is redefining apply and look in the
sources for that package.
HTH
G
sessionInfo()
R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
i386-pc-mingw32
locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=German_Switzerland.1252
LC_CTYPE=German_Switzerland.1252
LC_MONETARY=German_Switzerland.1252
[4] LC_NUMERIC=CLC_TIME=German_Switzerland.1252
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] PerformanceAnalytics_1.0.0 quantmod_0.3-13TTR_0.20-1
Defaults_1.1-1 xts_0.7-0
[6] fPortfolio_2100.78 Rglpk_0.3-5slam_0.1-9
fAssets_2100.78fCopulae_2110.78
[11] sn_0.4-14 mnormt_1.3-3
fBasics_2110.79timeSeries_2110.87 timeDate_2110.87
[16] robustbase_0.5-0-1 quadprog_1.4-12MASS_7.3-5
fEcofin_290.76 foreach_1.3.0
[21] codetools_0.2-2iterators_1.0.3zoo_1.6-3
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] grid_2.10.1lattice_0.18-3 tools_2.10.1
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:56, Gavin Simpson gavin.simp...@ucl.ac.uk wrote:
On Tue, 2010-06-15 at 14:38 +0200, Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Erik, I see the following when I type apply at the prompt:
apply
standardGeneric for apply defined from package base
Looks like you have something loaded in your workspace (or have created
something) that has altered the usual definition of apply(). Most likely
is a package has made the base apply() function an S4 method.
Send the output of sessionInfo() to the list so we can help if you
interest is in the S4 method version of apply() (myself I'm not too
familiar with S4 methods just yet).
If you start R in a clean session, you should see the normal definition
of apply
R --vanilla
apply
On Windows you may need to add that option to the shortcut you use to
start R.
You could also try
base:::apply
to see the version in the base R namespace (at least I think that should
work).
function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)
standardGeneric(apply)
environment: 0x03cad7d0
Methods may be defined for arguments: X, MARGIN, FUN
Use showMethods(apply) for currently available ones.
Also, whether I type mean at the prompt, or I type edit(mean), I
do not see the underlying code for function mean. How would I be
able to see it?
The info I sent in my previous email should help you with the mean
function --- as long as that hasn't been overwritten by anything.
methods(mean)
[1] mean.data.frame mean.Date mean.defaultmean.difftime
[5] mean.POSIXctmean.POSIXlt
getS3method(mean, default)
function (x, trim = 0, na.rm = FALSE, ...)
{
if (!is.numeric(x) !is.complex(x) !is.logical(x)) {
warning(argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA)
return(NA_real_)
}
if (na.rm)
x - x[!is.na(x)]
if (!is.numeric(trim) || length(trim) != 1L)
stop('trim' must be numeric of length one)
n - length(x)
if (trim 0 n) {
if (is.complex(x))
stop(trimmed means are not defined for complex data)
if (any(is.na(x)))
return(NA_real_)
if (trim = 0.5)
return(stats::median(x, na.rm = FALSE))
lo - floor(n * trim) + 1
hi - n + 1 - lo
x - sort.int(x, partial = unique(c(lo, hi)))[lo:hi]
}
.Internal(mean(x))
}
environment: namespace:base
Although here, none of the mean methods are hidden so you could just
type their names directly.
The meaning of the .Internal( ) bit is that this calls internal C
code. Uwe Ligges article discusses what to do at this point.
HTH
G
---
My machine:
platform i386-pc-mingw32
arch i386
os mingw32
system i386, mingw32
status
major 2
minor 10.1
year 2009
month 12
day14
svn rev50720
language R
version.string R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:26, Erik Iverson er...@ccbr.umn.edu wrote:
Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Hello,
If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be
able to do that?
Just typing apply at the prompt does not work.
Well, it is supposed to work, and it works for me. So you need to tell
us
what does not work means, and all the info the posting guide
Re: [R] How to see how a function is written
showMethods(apply)
Function: apply (package base)
X=ANY
X=missing
(inherited from: X=ANY)
X=timeSeries
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 15:10, Gavin Simpson gavin.simp...@ucl.ac.uk wrote:
On Tue, 2010-06-15 at 14:56 +0200, Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Maybe I have to much stuff loaded in the workspace, Gavin, you are right:
OK, so now do
showMethods(apply)
And R should list out the available methods. See which package
(re)defines apply.
But it is likely going to be simpler to start a clean session and look
at the code in there. If you need the S4 method/generic code then you'll
have to find out which package is redefining apply and look in the
sources for that package.
HTH
G
sessionInfo()
R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
i386-pc-mingw32
locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=German_Switzerland.1252
LC_CTYPE=German_Switzerland.1252
LC_MONETARY=German_Switzerland.1252
[4] LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=German_Switzerland.1252
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] PerformanceAnalytics_1.0.0 quantmod_0.3-13 TTR_0.20-1
Defaults_1.1-1 xts_0.7-0
[6] fPortfolio_2100.78 Rglpk_0.3-5 slam_0.1-9
fAssets_2100.78 fCopulae_2110.78
[11] sn_0.4-14 mnormt_1.3-3
fBasics_2110.79 timeSeries_2110.87 timeDate_2110.87
[16] robustbase_0.5-0-1 quadprog_1.4-12 MASS_7.3-5
fEcofin_290.76 foreach_1.3.0
[21] codetools_0.2-2 iterators_1.0.3 zoo_1.6-3
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] grid_2.10.1 lattice_0.18-3 tools_2.10.1
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:56, Gavin Simpson gavin.simp...@ucl.ac.uk wrote:
On Tue, 2010-06-15 at 14:38 +0200, Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Erik, I see the following when I type apply at the prompt:
apply
standardGeneric for apply defined from package base
Looks like you have something loaded in your workspace (or have created
something) that has altered the usual definition of apply(). Most likely
is a package has made the base apply() function an S4 method.
Send the output of sessionInfo() to the list so we can help if you
interest is in the S4 method version of apply() (myself I'm not too
familiar with S4 methods just yet).
If you start R in a clean session, you should see the normal definition
of apply
R --vanilla
apply
On Windows you may need to add that option to the shortcut you use to
start R.
You could also try
base:::apply
to see the version in the base R namespace (at least I think that should
work).
function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)
standardGeneric(apply)
environment: 0x03cad7d0
Methods may be defined for arguments: X, MARGIN, FUN
Use showMethods(apply) for currently available ones.
Also, whether I type mean at the prompt, or I type edit(mean), I
do not see the underlying code for function mean. How would I be
able to see it?
The info I sent in my previous email should help you with the mean
function --- as long as that hasn't been overwritten by anything.
methods(mean)
[1] mean.data.frame mean.Date mean.default mean.difftime
[5] mean.POSIXct mean.POSIXlt
getS3method(mean, default)
function (x, trim = 0, na.rm = FALSE, ...)
{
if (!is.numeric(x) !is.complex(x) !is.logical(x)) {
warning(argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA)
return(NA_real_)
}
if (na.rm)
x - x[!is.na(x)]
if (!is.numeric(trim) || length(trim) != 1L)
stop('trim' must be numeric of length one)
n - length(x)
if (trim 0 n) {
if (is.complex(x))
stop(trimmed means are not defined for complex data)
if (any(is.na(x)))
return(NA_real_)
if (trim = 0.5)
return(stats::median(x, na.rm = FALSE))
lo - floor(n * trim) + 1
hi - n + 1 - lo
x - sort.int(x, partial = unique(c(lo, hi)))[lo:hi]
}
.Internal(mean(x))
}
environment: namespace:base
Although here, none of the mean methods are hidden so you could just
type their names directly.
The meaning of the .Internal( ) bit is that this calls internal C
code. Uwe Ligges article discusses what to do at this point.
HTH
G
---
My machine:
platform i386-pc-mingw32
arch i386
os mingw32
system i386, mingw32
status
major 2
minor 10.1
year 2009
month 12
day 14
svn rev 50720
language R
version.string R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
On Tue, Jun 15, 2010 at 14:26, Erik Iverson er...@ccbr.umn.edu wrote:
Sergey Goriatchev wrote:
Hello,
If I want to see how, say, apply function is written, how would I be
able to do that?
Just
