Re: [R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s
Rashid Nassar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > Many thanks to all for the very quick replies. I should have stated the > apparent problem more clearly: round() does not seem to always round 5 to > the nearest even value as I expected, as my examples (repeated below) > showed: > > > round(2.45, 1) > [1] 2.5 # shouldn't this be 2.4? > > > round(1.05, 1) > [1] 1.1 # 1.0 ? > > > signif(3.445, 3) > [1] 3.45 # 3.44 ? > > Apologies for not stating this more clearly in my first message, and again > thanks for the replies. Yes. From my reading of the code, I would expect 2.4 in the first case as well. It appears that the intention is to subtract off the integer part, scale according to the number of digits and round nnn.5 +- eps towards even values of nnn, but that's not what is happening. Anyone want to trace through the code and see what is going on? -- O__ Peter Dalgaard Blegdamsvej 3 c/ /'_ --- Dept. of Biostatistics 2200 Cph. N (*) \(*) -- University of Copenhagen Denmark Ph: (+45) 35327918 ~~ - ([EMAIL PROTECTED]) FAX: (+45) 35327907 __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
RE: [R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s
Many thanks to all for the very quick replies. I should have stated the apparent problem more clearly: round() does not seem to always round 5 to the nearest even value as I expected, as my examples (repeated below) showed: > round(2.45, 1) [1] 2.5 # shouldn't this be 2.4? > round(1.05, 1) [1] 1.1 # 1.0 ? > signif(3.445, 3) [1] 3.45 # 3.44 ? Apologies for not stating this more clearly in my first message, and again thanks for the replies. Rashid Nassar On Sat, 15 Mar 2003, Warnes, Gregory R wrote: > Actually, under the default IEEE rounding mode, decimal values ending in 5 > are always rounded to the nearest even value. This intended to ensure that > rounding does not systematically bias computations in one direction, as > would happen if 5's were always rounded either up or down. > > A very useful review of the issues in floating point computations on > computer and under IEEE standard arithmetic is the paper "What Every > Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic", by David > Goldberg, published in the March, 1991 issue of Computing Surveys. This > paper is reprinted on the Sun website at > http://docs.sun.com/source/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html. > > -Greg > > > -Original Message- > > From: Marc R. Feldesman [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > > Sent: Saturday, March 15, 2003 5:49 PM > > To: Rashid Nassar; r-help > > Subject: Re: [R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s > > > > > > At 01:53 PM 3/15/2003, Rashid Nassar wrote: > > >It may be my lack of unerstanding, but round() seems to me to give > > >inconsistent results when rounding 5s as in the following examples? > > > > Not really. Floating point numbers can't be precisely represented in > > binary and so the internal representation of 1.5 might be > > very different > > from what you think it is. If you've done any programming at > > all, this is > > one of the first lessons you learn about "real" numbers and computers. > > > > > > Dr. Marc R. Feldesman > > Professor and Chairman Emeritus > > Anthropology Department - Portland State University > > email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > > email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > > fax:503-725-3905 > > > > > > "Sometimes the lights are all shining on me, other times I > > can barely see, > > lately it's occurred to me, what a long strange trip it's > > been..." Jerry & > > the boys > > > > __ > > [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list > > https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > > > > > LEGAL NOTICE > Unless expressly stated otherwise, this message is confidential and may be > privileged. It is intended for the addressee(s) only. Access to this E-mail by > anyone else is unauthorized. If you are not an addressee, any disclosure or copying > of the contents of this E-mail or any action taken (or not taken) in reliance on it > is unauthorized and may be unlawful. If you are not an addressee, please inform the > sender immediately. > __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
RE: [R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s
Actually, under the default IEEE rounding mode, decimal values ending in 5 are always rounded to the nearest even value. This intended to ensure that rounding does not systematically bias computations in one direction, as would happen if 5's were always rounded either up or down. A very useful review of the issues in floating point computations on computer and under IEEE standard arithmetic is the paper "What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic", by David Goldberg, published in the March, 1991 issue of Computing Surveys. This paper is reprinted on the Sun website at http://docs.sun.com/source/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html. -Greg > -Original Message- > From: Marc R. Feldesman [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Saturday, March 15, 2003 5:49 PM > To: Rashid Nassar; r-help > Subject: Re: [R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s > > > At 01:53 PM 3/15/2003, Rashid Nassar wrote: > >It may be my lack of unerstanding, but round() seems to me to give > >inconsistent results when rounding 5s as in the following examples? > > Not really. Floating point numbers can't be precisely represented in > binary and so the internal representation of 1.5 might be > very different > from what you think it is. If you've done any programming at > all, this is > one of the first lessons you learn about "real" numbers and computers. > > > Dr. Marc R. Feldesman > Professor and Chairman Emeritus > Anthropology Department - Portland State University > email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > fax:503-725-3905 > > > "Sometimes the lights are all shining on me, other times I > can barely see, > lately it's occurred to me, what a long strange trip it's > been..." Jerry & > the boys > > __ > [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list > https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > LEGAL NOTICE\ Unless expressly stated otherwise, this message is... [[dropped]] __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s
At 01:53 PM 3/15/2003, Rashid Nassar wrote: >It may be my lack of unerstanding, but round() seems to me to give >inconsistent results when rounding 5s as in the following examples? Not really. Floating point numbers can't be precisely represented in binary and so the internal representation of 1.5 might be very different from what you think it is. If you've done any programming at all, this is one of the first lessons you learn about "real" numbers and computers. Dr. Marc R. Feldesman Professor and Chairman Emeritus Anthropology Department - Portland State University email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] fax:503-725-3905 "Sometimes the lights are all shining on me, other times I can barely see, lately it's occurred to me, what a long strange trip it's been..." Jerry & the boys __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s
Consider the following: > tst <- .5-1e-9 > tst [1] 0.5 > round(tst) [1] 0 > tst1 <- .5+1e-9 > tst1 [1] 0.5 > round(tst1) [1] 1 Does this answer the question? Spencer Graves Rashid Nassar wrote: It may be my lack of unerstanding, but round() seems to me to give inconsistent results when rounding 5s as in the following examples? round(1.45, 1) [1] 1.4 # OK round(2.45, 1) [1] 2.5 # shouldn't this be 2.4? round(1.05, 1) [1] 1.1 # 1.0 ? and signif(): signif(2.445, 3) [1] 2.44 # OK signif(3.445, 3) [1] 3.45 # 3.44 ? version _ platform i586-pc-linux-gnu arch i586 os linux-gnu system i586, linux-gnu status major1 minor6.2 year 2003 month01 day 10 language R Many thanks! Rashid Nassar __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
[R] round() seems inconsistent when rounding 5s
It may be my lack of unerstanding, but round() seems to me to give inconsistent results when rounding 5s as in the following examples? > round(1.45, 1) [1] 1.4 # OK > round(2.45, 1) [1] 2.5 # shouldn't this be 2.4? > round(1.05, 1) [1] 1.1 # 1.0 ? and signif(): > signif(2.445, 3) [1] 2.44 # OK > signif(3.445, 3) [1] 3.45 # 3.44 ? > version _ platform i586-pc-linux-gnu arch i586 os linux-gnu system i586, linux-gnu status major1 minor6.2 year 2003 month01 day 10 language R Many thanks! Rashid Nassar __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] Help.start, .Renviron , and .Rprofile
Thanks to Brain Ripley! Enabling Java and Java Script under edit/preferences/advanced fixed the problem with netscape (4.8) "Search Engine & Keywords". Fredrik lördagen den 15 mars 2003 21.04 skrev du: > On Sat, 15 Mar 2003 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: > > On Sat, 15 Mar 2003, Fredrik Lundgren wrote: > > > I'm converting from S-Plus Win 98SE to > > > SuSE 8.1, R 1.62 and have run into som problems. > > > > > > 1) When I use help.start() netscape comes up OK and all links are > > > accessible except "Search Engine & Keywords" : search doesn't work and > > > the keywords from base doesn't respond either. ?command within R gets > > > netscape running and works OK. > > > > Which netscape is this, what Java do you have installed and is it > > enabled? ?help.start does contain some details of what you need. > > Sorry, ?browseURL in current R: it has been moved. > > Also, you could consult the R-help archives there has been much discussion > of this. I've never seen a problem recently in RH Linux with a properly > installed Java plugin, but Mozilla in particular had a broken plugin > installation. __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] Help.start, .Renviron , and .Rprofile
On Sat, 15 Mar 2003 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: > On Sat, 15 Mar 2003, Fredrik Lundgren wrote: > > > I'm converting from S-Plus Win 98SE to > > SuSE 8.1, R 1.62 and have run into som problems. > > > > 1) When I use help.start() netscape comes up OK and all links are accessible > > except "Search Engine & Keywords" : search doesn't work and the keywords from base > > doesn't respond either. ?command within R gets netscape running and works OK. > > Which netscape is this, what Java do you have installed and is it enabled? > ?help.start does contain some details of what you need. Sorry, ?browseURL in current R: it has been moved. Also, you could consult the R-help archives there has been much discussion of this. I've never seen a problem recently in RH Linux with a properly installed Java plugin, but Mozilla in particular had a broken plugin installation. -- Brian D. Ripley, [EMAIL PROTECTED] Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/ University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self) 1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA) Oxford OX1 3TG, UKFax: +44 1865 272595 __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] Help.start -
Hi, Further on Fredrik's question, I have encountered the same difficulty on MAC OS X. Neither will clicking on any link work. None of the browsers seem to work (Safari, Camino, Mozilla, Netscape, IE). I've tried to set enableSearch tp true, but that does not help either. From within R, after help.start() search does not work, but e.g. help(eigen) does work. Thanks, Rob On Saturday, March 15, 2003, at 10:47 AM, Fredrik Lundgren wrote: Hello experienced R-ers, I'm converting from S-Plus Win 98SE to SuSE 8.1, R 1.62 and have run into som problems. 1) When I use help.start() netscape comes up OK and all links are accessible except "Search Engine & Keywords" : search doesn't work and the keywords from base doesn't respond either. ?command within R gets netscape running and works OK. 2) I haven't been able to get Renviron.site, Rprofile.site, .Renviron, and .Rprofile to work and affect my sessions. To the best of my knowledge I have handled these files according to "Invoking R under Unix" in Rintro. .First within R works OK and this is the way I customize R at the present time. Hopefully someone out there realizes what I'm doing wrong. Thanks in advance Sincerely Fredrik Lundgren __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] Help.start, .Renviron , and .Rprofile
On Sat, 15 Mar 2003, Fredrik Lundgren wrote: > Hello experienced R-ers, > > I'm converting from S-Plus Win 98SE to > SuSE 8.1, R 1.62 and have run into som problems. > > 1) When I use help.start() netscape comes up OK and all links are accessible except > "Search Engine & Keywords" : search doesn't work and the keywords from base doesn't > respond either. ?command within R gets netscape running and works OK. Which netscape is this, what Java do you have installed and is it enabled? ?help.start does contain some details of what you need. > 2) I haven't been able to get Renviron.site, Rprofile.site, .Renviron, and .Rprofile to work and affect my sessions. To the best of my knowledge I have handled these files according to "Invoking R under Unix" in Rintro. .First within R works OK and this is the way I customize R at the present time. No idea: do the examples in ?Startup work for you? Please learn to wrap the lines in email messages. -- Brian D. Ripley, [EMAIL PROTECTED] Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/ University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self) 1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA) Oxford OX1 3TG, UKFax: +44 1865 272595 __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
[R] Help.start, .Renviron , and .Rprofile
Hello experienced R-ers, I'm converting from S-Plus Win 98SE to SuSE 8.1, R 1.62 and have run into som problems. 1) When I use help.start() netscape comes up OK and all links are accessible except "Search Engine & Keywords" : search doesn't work and the keywords from base doesn't respond either. ?command within R gets netscape running and works OK. 2) I haven't been able to get Renviron.site, Rprofile.site, .Renviron, and .Rprofile to work and affect my sessions. To the best of my knowledge I have handled these files according to "Invoking R under Unix" in Rintro. .First within R works OK and this is the way I customize R at the present time. Hopefully someone out there realizes what I'm doing wrong. Thanks in advance Sincerely Fredrik Lundgren __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] plots to metafile and x/y ratio
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Sat, 15 Mar 2003, juli g. pausas wrote: I have a problem which I'm not sure if it is due to my machine or if I'm doing something wrong. I'm ploting a little map using plot(val, type="l", asp=1) where val is the object with the latitude/longitude data. In the screen the figure is perfect, and I can copy to the clipboard and paste it to other places. I can also saved using png() or jpeg(), althoug the quality is much lower. However when I try to save it as metafile (from the plot window or by using win.matafile), the file I obtain do not keep the x/y ratio. I'm interested in this metafile because the quality in much higher then the png, jpeg. Any suggestion? The quality is even higher in postscript or PDF. I'm working with R.1.6.1. on Windows. If somebody is interested, I could send them the files, they are very small (45 KB). You cannot look at a win.metafile (it is a binary file in a proprietary format); you need an application to display it and there is no reason why that application should preserve the aspect ratio. I just tried pasting into Word, inserting in Word and a clipboard viewer and all preserved the aspect ratio, but in each case it could be lost by resizing. What exactly did you do with the metafile? I visualised the win.metafile files with ACDSee ver 3.0 (with resizing options off). Using this application, I see correctly the figure when saved as jpg or png file, but I do not see the metafile correctly. It may be a feature of the ACDSee. Thnaks Juli __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
Re: [R] plots to metafile and x/y ratio
On Sat, 15 Mar 2003, juli g. pausas wrote: > I have a problem which I'm not sure if it is due to my machine or if I'm > doing something wrong. > > I'm ploting a little map using plot(val, type="l", asp=1) where val is > the object with the latitude/longitude data. > In the screen the figure is perfect, and I can copy to the clipboard and > paste it to other places. I can also saved using png() or jpeg(), > althoug the quality is much lower. However when I try to save it as > metafile (from the plot window or by using win.matafile), the file I > obtain do not keep the x/y ratio. I'm interested in this metafile > because the quality in much higher then the png, jpeg. Any suggestion? The quality is even higher in postscript or PDF. > I'm working with R.1.6.1. on Windows. > If somebody is interested, I could send them the files, they are very > small (45 KB). You cannot look at a win.metafile (it is a binary file in a proprietary format); you need an application to display it and there is no reason why that application should preserve the aspect ratio. I just tried pasting into Word, inserting in Word and a clipboard viewer and all preserved the aspect ratio, but in each case it could be lost by resizing. What exactly did you do with the metafile? -- Brian D. Ripley, [EMAIL PROTECTED] Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/ University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self) 1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA) Oxford OX1 3TG, UKFax: +44 1865 272595 __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
[R] plots to metafile and x/y ratio
Dear all, I have a problem which I'm not sure if it is due to my machine or if I'm doing something wrong. I'm ploting a little map using plot(val, type="l", asp=1) where val is the object with the latitude/longitude data. In the screen the figure is perfect, and I can copy to the clipboard and paste it to other places. I can also saved using png() or jpeg(), althoug the quality is much lower. However when I try to save it as metafile (from the plot window or by using win.matafile), the file I obtain do not keep the x/y ratio. I'm interested in this metafile because the quality in much higher then the png, jpeg. Any suggestion? I'm working with R.1.6.1. on Windows. If somebody is interested, I could send them the files, they are very small (45 KB). Thanks in advance. Juli __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
[R] formula, how to express for transforming the whole model.matrix,data=Orthodont
Hi, R or S+ users, I want to make a simple transformation for the model, but for the whole design matrix. The model is distance ~ age * Sex, where Sex is a factor. So the design matrix may look like the following: (Intercept) age SexFemale age:SexFemale 1 1 8 0 0 2 1 10 0 0 3 1 12 0 0 4 1 14 0 0 5 1 8 0 0 6 1 10 0 0 7 1 12 0 0 8 1 14 0 0 ... 101 1 8 1 8 102 1 10 110 103 1 12 112 104 1 14 114 105 1 8 1 8 106 1 10 110 107 1 12 112 108 1 14 114 I want to have the whole design matrix transformed by a vector of multiplicator, say c(m1, m2, m3, ... , m26, m27 ), for each Subject. Then the design matrix will look like this. (Intercept)age SexFemale age:SexFemale 1m18m1 0 0 2m1 10m1 0 0 3m1 12m1 0 0 4m1 14m1 0 0 5m28m2 0 0 6m2 10m2 0 0 7m2 12m2 0 0 8m2 14m2 0 0 ... 101 m26 8m26 m26 8m26 102 m26 10m26 m26 10m26 103 m26 12m26 m26 12m26 104 m26 14m26 m26 14m26 105 m27 8m27 m27 8m27 106 m27 10m27 m27 10m27 107 m27 12m27 m27 12m27 108 m27 14m27 m27 14m27 I tried to add a new column in the data, say "m". But the following formula expression does not work. Since Sex is a factor. y ~ m + I(m*age) + I(m*Sex) + I(m*age*Sex) Moreover, in order to implement the EM from "Robust Estimation in Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using the Multivariate t-Distribution" by Dr. Pinheiro, I also need to transform the response, y, in the same way. I did it by writing SAS liked codes (making a new table, coding factors, finishing transformation, making groupedData, call lme), but that is not readable, and it will be complicated to realized that for any other datasets. I am wondering whether the formula has some sorts of expression to realize transformation for the whole design matrix, especially when having factors in the formula. Thanks a lot! Peng Peng Liu -- Peng Liu | Division of Statistics| Northern Illinois University | De Kalb, IL 60115, USA| E-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] | -- __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
[R] configure, IBM AIX and checking whether leap seconds are treatedaccording to POSIX...
Hi, I am trying to compile R for 64 bits on a mainframe running IBM AIX. Setting the environment variable OBJECT_MODE=64 leads to hanging while checking whether leap seconds are treated according to POSIX... Interestingly, it works fine when OBJECT_MODE=32... Any pointer would help me much... Thanks, L. -- -- currently at the National Yang-Ming University in Taipei, Taiwan -- Laurent Gautier CBS, Building 208, DTU PhD. StudentDK-2800 Lyngby,Denmark tel: +45 45 25 24 89http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/laurent __ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list https://www.stat.math.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
