update on iesi story

2006-02-01 Thread Steven Krivit

http://newenergytimes.com/SR/IESI.htm




Re: Lightweight Ultraconducting Energy Storage

2006-02-01 Thread Mike Carrell


- Original Message - 
From: Bob Fickle [EMAIL PROTECTED]

Subject: Re: Lightweight Ultraconducting Energy Storage


True, lightweight high-strength containment materials may make such a 
system practical, although they tend to be expensive.  But there's no need 
to wait.  Both mechanical flywheels and compressed-air energy storage 
share the same characteristics in this regard:  stored energy scales 
directly with the strength and size (and thus mass) of the container. 
Both will have the same energy capacity as a superconducting storage 
system;  so why wait for ultraconductors?   If  Kevlar is practical, go 
ahead and build flywheels into electric cars!


I once heard a talk by Bitter, one of the leading proponents of flywheel 
storage. The energy storage is very much a function of the spped of the 
flywheel and limited by its bursting strength. Kevlar filament wound wheels 
are good candidates, but significant gains would be realized if carbon fiber 
could be realized. Carbon fiber nanotubes are ideal candidates, but like 
Mark Golde's superconductors, they are short and the way to make long 
filaments is elusive.


Flywheel systems are complex devices, requiring magnetically suspended 
rotors spinning in a vacuum and complex support systems to get energy in and 
out of the rotors. Containment systems are necessary in case of bursts, 
although filament wheels shred rather than emitting scrapnel. Wheels are 
gyroscopes, which add to the problems when you wnat to go around corners.


An ultraconductor system is solid state and if it can be made to work at 
room temperature, could be quite attractive.


Mike Carrell




Mark Goldes wrote:

Los Alamos National Laboratory patented a lightweight containment system 
using Kevlar.  While the Patent was in force, our firm had rights for use 
with our polymers.  Now that their Patent has expired we still expect to 
use that lightweight system of containment for UMES electron flywheels.


Carbon fiber may prove to be an even better alternative and we are 
watching wire development progress with that extremely light material 
many times stronger than steel.


Mark



From: Bob Fickle [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Reply-To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Subject: Re: Room Temperature Superconductors and EVs
Date: Mon, 30 Jan 2006 21:50:05 -0600

Much as I'd like to have some ultraconductor wire to play with, I'm not 
convinced that Ultrqaconducting Magnetic Energy Storage will replace 
batteries.  Magnetic fields create a  pressure equal to the energy 
density- and therefore require a strong (read heavy and expensive) 
mechanical container.


Mark Goldes wrote:


Harry,

They can be made, but not yet in wire form.

Thin films containing Ultraconductors 1 or 2 microns in diameter 
(1/50th the diameter of a human hair) can always carry 50 Amperes.  The 
Ultraconductors run through the film in the thin direction, (i.e. 
normal to the film).


Wire is 3 years and $18 million in front of us.

Once available as wire, electron flywheels can begin to replace 
batteries.  Ultraconducting Magnetic Energy Storage systems are 
expected to prove practical.


Electric motors made with Ultraconducting wire can be much smaller and 
lighter, and may require no iron.  Alll plastic motors may therefore 
prove practical.  Superconducting motors require no iron.  We suspect 
the same will be true of Ultraconductors.


Mark







From: Harry Veeder [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Reply-To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Subject: Re: Who Killed the EV?
Date: Mon, 30 Jan 2006 18:29:14 -0500

If room temperature superconductors can be made they would also
boost the performance of electric vehicles.
If I remember correctly, a Time magazine cover from around '86 or '87
showed an artist's rendering of a futuristic electric vehicle as one 
of the

promises of high temperature superconductors.

Harry

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 -Original Message-
 From: Harry Veeder

 Do they mean the braking system did not use friction?

 

 It used both: disc in front, electric in rear.  Here are the EV-1
specs:


http://www.evchargernews.com/CD-A/gm_ev1_web_site/specs/specs_specs_top.h

 tm

 or

 http://tinyurl.com/ckaju


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Re: iesi

2006-02-01 Thread RC Macaulay

Hi Steven,
Good reporting and followup.
I remain concerned about certain Canadian and US public offerings. Some are 
unfolding, some have unfolded and some are awaiting.
Of great concern is Barrick Gold and it's near sudden emerging as the 
world's largest gold firm according to their estimates of unmined gold 
reserves.

Richard
- Original Message - 
From: Steven Krivit [EMAIL PROTECTED]

To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Sent: Wednesday, February 01, 2006 1:27 AM
Subject: iesi



http://diyduediligence.blogspot.com








Re: Lightweight Ultraconducting Energy Storage

2006-02-01 Thread RC Macaulay

Hi Mike,

There was a west coast firm ( US Flywheel ??)  working on high speed 
mechanical flywheels some 20 years ago. Such a device would need to oeprate 
above 750,000 rpm and preferably above 1.25 mil rpm to sustain and store 
sufficent energy. You can easily recognoze the inheent engineering problems 
with materials without considering how to induce speed and convert recovered 
energy under this scenario. Electron flywheels may allow solutions 
unavailable with mechanical flywheels. I would love to have  them for our 
shop battery operated tools. Talk about available torque.. wow!.

Richard
- Original Message - 
From: Mike Carrell [EMAIL PROTECTED]

To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Sent: Wednesday, February 01, 2006 7:30 AM
Subject: Re: Lightweight Ultraconducting Energy Storage




- Original Message - 
From: Bob Fickle [EMAIL PROTECTED]

Subject: Re: Lightweight Ultraconducting Energy Storage


True, lightweight high-strength containment materials may make such a 
system practical, although they tend to be expensive.  But there's no 
need to wait.  Both mechanical flywheels and compressed-air energy 
storage share the same characteristics in this regard:  stored energy 
scales directly with the strength and size (and thus mass) of the 
container. Both will have the same energy capacity as a superconducting 
storage system;  so why wait for ultraconductors?   If  Kevlar is 
practical, go ahead and build flywheels into electric cars!


I once heard a talk by Bitter, one of the leading proponents of flywheel 
storage. The energy storage is very much a function of the spped of the 
flywheel and limited by its bursting strength. Kevlar filament wound 
wheels are good candidates, but significant gains would be realized if 
carbon fiber could be realized. Carbon fiber nanotubes are ideal 
candidates, but like Mark Golde's superconductors, they are short and the 
way to make long filaments is elusive.


Flywheel systems are complex devices, requiring magnetically suspended 
rotors spinning in a vacuum and complex support systems to get energy in 
and out of the rotors. Containment systems are necessary in case of 
bursts, although filament wheels shred rather than emitting scrapnel. 
Wheels are gyroscopes, which add to the problems when you wnat to go 
around corners.


An ultraconductor system is solid state and if it can be made to work at 
room temperature, could be quite attractive.


Mike Carrell




Mark Goldes wrote:

Los Alamos National Laboratory patented a lightweight containment system 
using Kevlar.  While the Patent was in force, our firm had rights for 
use with our polymers.  Now that their Patent has expired we still 
expect to use that lightweight system of containment for UMES electron 
flywheels.


Carbon fiber may prove to be an even better alternative and we are 
watching wire development progress with that extremely light material 
many times stronger than steel.


Mark



From: Bob Fickle [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Reply-To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Subject: Re: Room Temperature Superconductors and EVs
Date: Mon, 30 Jan 2006 21:50:05 -0600

Much as I'd like to have some ultraconductor wire to play with, I'm not 
convinced that Ultrqaconducting Magnetic Energy Storage will replace 
batteries.  Magnetic fields create a  pressure equal to the energy 
density- and therefore require a strong (read heavy and expensive) 
mechanical container.


Mark Goldes wrote:


Harry,

They can be made, but not yet in wire form.

Thin films containing Ultraconductors 1 or 2 microns in diameter 
(1/50th the diameter of a human hair) can always carry 50 Amperes. 
The Ultraconductors run through the film in the thin direction, (i.e. 
normal to the film).


Wire is 3 years and $18 million in front of us.

Once available as wire, electron flywheels can begin to replace 
batteries.  Ultraconducting Magnetic Energy Storage systems are 
expected to prove practical.


Electric motors made with Ultraconducting wire can be much smaller and 
lighter, and may require no iron.  Alll plastic motors may therefore 
prove practical.  Superconducting motors require no iron.  We suspect 
the same will be true of Ultraconductors.


Mark







From: Harry Veeder [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Reply-To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Subject: Re: Who Killed the EV?
Date: Mon, 30 Jan 2006 18:29:14 -0500

If room temperature superconductors can be made they would also
boost the performance of electric vehicles.
If I remember correctly, a Time magazine cover from around '86 or '87
showed an artist's rendering of a futuristic electric vehicle as one 
of the

promises of high temperature superconductors.

Harry

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 -Original Message-
 From: Harry Veeder

 Do they mean the braking system did not use friction?

 

 It used both: disc in front, electric in rear.  Here are the EV-1
specs:


http://www.evchargernews.com/CD-A/gm_ev1_web_site/specs/specs_specs_top.h

 tm

 or

 

Re: Ambient Gravimagnetic Field and the Earth Field

2006-02-01 Thread Horace Heffner
The subject article has been checked for arithmetic errors and the  
title changed to The Ambient Gravimagnetic Field.  It is located at:


http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/GraviCalcs.pdf

Horace Heffner



Alien Hunter

2006-02-01 Thread thomas malloy
This man was interviewed last night on C to C AM. His title sums up 
what he does. He mentioned that they are lyres. There are many 
details, including pictures of the implants on his website, 
www.alienhunter.org



--- http://USFamily.Net/dialup.html - $8.25/mo! -- 
http://www.usfamily.net/dsl.html - $19.99/mo! ---



Re: Ambient Gravimagnetic Field and the Earth Field

2006-02-01 Thread Harry Veeder
Horace Heffner wrote:

 
 On Jan 30, 2006, at 7:19 PM, Harry Veeder wrote:
 
 I wonder if there is a connection between Gravimagnetism and
 dowsing and ley
 lines...
 
 I'm clueless on that one.
 
 Horace Heffner
 


Could Gravimagnetism be involved in the precession of the perihelion
of planet mercury?

http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node98.html

Harry



RE: Are Big Oil Conspiracies Really Off-Base?

2006-02-01 Thread John Steck
Title: Message



$36.13 billiontotal 
profitfor 2005, highest of all 
time second highest of all time?Exxon again with$25.3 
billion in 2004.

Good for them, hopefully 
this unabashedgreed pushes the complacent out of their easy chairs and 
gives viable alternative sources a much needed foothold. Essentially, we 
need a Linux revolution in the energy sector. 
Copyleft!

-j



-Original Message-From: 
John Coviello [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Monday, January 30, 
2006 9:55 PMTo: VortexSubject: Are Big Oil Conspiracies 
Really Off-Base?
ExxonMobil just 
reported record quarterly profits, over $10 Billion just this quarter. Has 
there ever been a business in the history of mankind that has even come close to 
the profits that the oil business has enjoyed, especially in recent years? 
Does anyone really need a further explanationfor why the U.S. government 
lavishes the oil industry with approximately $100 Billion in military 
protection each year and gives energy conservation and alternative energy so 
little attention and funding? Oil is king of theeconomic 
world.The U.S. government knows the deal with peak oil, probably better 
thananyone. It is the main reason we are in Iraq at the 
moment. Oil plays thecentral role of our foreign policy, especially 
since Communism fell. Remember how Dick Chenney said in 2001 that energy 
efficiency did notmatter? I just saw him last week explaining on 
network television that the reason our economy is not in recession due to 
the current high oil prices isbecause we use oil twice as efficiently as 
we did in 1980 when we had a serious economic recession due to oil. Talk 
about speaking out of both sides of your mouth. Slick Dick!For 
those out there who belittle big oil conspiracy theories as poppycock, I suggest 
you investigate the diamond trade. Diamonds would be essentially worthless 
if they were allowed to trade freely. I was surprised to learn this myself 
a few years ago. Yes, there is actually an international cartel that 
tightly controls the diamond supply to ensure that diamonds remain a 
valuable commodity. A company called DeBeers actually has warehouses 
full of diamonds in Europe, keeping millions of stones off the market, to ensure 
they remain scarce and valuable. 60 Minutes did a story on this fact a few 
years ago. Not only do they keep diamonds embargoed, they also are heavily 
involved in the mining trade and control the production side as 
well.Well, if such far flung efforts have been carried out successfully 
fordecades to ensure diamonds remain valuable, why is it so hard to 
believe that there are also powerful forces that manipulate energy 
markets. Energy is the most valuable commodity known to man at the moment, 
and oil is the prime energy commodity. Their is ample reason to manipulate 
the price of oil. I believe we see this manipulation every year as the 
U.S. government routinely spends $100 Billion or more to ensure the free flow of 
oil, also ensuring huge profits for the ExxonMobils of the world, and having the 
side-effect of retarding alternative energy competitiors who have to compete 
against a subsidized commodity like 
oil.


Electron Flywheels and Turbines

2006-02-01 Thread Merlyn
The discussion of electron flywheels (UMES) has
brought to mind a concept I had for an electron
turbine.

(warning! ASCII art follows)

A series of saw-toothed rings with a collection
surface on one side, set to rotate in opposing
directions.

  --  Negative Terminal
/ Stationary Sawtooth

-
\ CW Ring

-
/ CCW Ring

-
\ CW Ring

- Stationary Collector Plate
  ++  Positive Terminal

A charge imbalance existing between the input and
output sides (negative and positive terminals resp.)
would cause a flow of electrons through the turbine.

An electron has a mass of 9.1095 x 10^-31 kg
1 Amp = 6.2415 x 10^18 electrons/sec.
1 Amp = 5.685 x 10^-12 kg/sec

Electron velocity in a vacuum is governed by voltage
AFAIK, and is approx. 6000 km/sec at 100 V.

If the electrons travel at 45 degrees to the axis,
reversing their direction should impart 5.296 x 10^-23
kg.m/sec momentum per electron, or 4.824 x 10^-4
kg.m/sec momentum per amp.
So force exerted on the armature by 1A @ 100V should
be 4.824 x 10^-4 N

Unless I've misplaced some factors this looks
completely impractical now that I've done the
calculations. shrug Ce La Vie




Merlyn
Magickal Engineer and Technical Metaphysicist

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RE: Are Big Oil Conspiracies Really Off-Base?

2006-02-01 Thread Zell, Chris
Title: Message




Are 
Big-Oil Conspiracies off base?

YES!
If any 
of you really think that oil companies are outrageously profitable, YOU ARE FREE 
TO BUY THEIR STOCK and share in the profits
accordingly. I don't, because I find them too 
risky.

Since 
1977, government tax revenues on oil have been twice what oil company profits 
have been. If every successful company becomes a 
target
for 
Congressional Thieves, then let's steal some of that $25-40 billion that 
Microsoft is holding - or tax the unwarranted rise in Google stock 
value.

Better 
yet, the recentrise in your home's value is clearly a 
"windfall" - let's have a special tax on that.

Oil is 
extremely risky since, if you invest enormous amounts of money and work to 
develop fields, some third world dictator will nationalize the 
property
or 
demand new concessions, destroying your intended projections. Or your best 
workers get kidnapped by local insurgents -Or you can't find 
any
skilled petroleum engineers that aren't ready for retirement.- Or 
you put $60 a barrel oil in storage while the Saudis decide to move the price 
down
to $40 
a barrel.( all real, reported issues)

And 
refineries? A refinery is almost impossible to build due to 
NIMBYism. Barron's ran an article on this months ago. If we aren't 
careful,
NIMBYism will kill off windmills, too.

 Oil has been cheap for a long time, 
particularily because the swing producers, the Saudis, have kept it that way to 
prevent alternative development
and 
the US public has little stomach for sacrifice. 






RE: Are Big Oil Conspiracies Really Off-Base?

2006-02-01 Thread Jed Rothwell

John Steck wrote:

$36.13 billion total profit for 2005, highest of all time second 
highest of all time?  Exxon again with $25.3 billion in 2004.


Kenneth Deffeyes pointed out that part of the reason oil companies 
are making record profits is because they are not investing in new 
refineries, tankers and other capital equipment. They are not 
investing because they know there is no more oil in the ground, so 
there is no point to expanding production capacity. In fact, in 20 
years they will not even need present capacity. In other words, they 
are dismantling their own industry by attrition. Why build a new 
sawmill when you are on the verge of cutting down the last tree?


When a company is in the midst of liquidating its assets, it has a 
lot of cash on hand, but that is not a sign of good corporate health.


In my book, I predicted they would dismantle by attrition after cold 
fusion makes it obvious will soon go out of business. I did not 
realize they already knew their days are numbered. I thought they 
were ignoring Deffeyes.


If they had any sense they would be investing in other energy 
sources, such as wind and cold fusion, but companies on the verge of 
extinction seldom have any sense. They are doing and says exactly 
what I would expect, based on the history of other companies in their 
predicament. See:


http://blog.wired.com/cars/

ExxonMobil's Future Lacks Alternatives

ExxonMobil also has no interest in solar or wind energy. [ExxonMobile 
statement:]


In our view, current renewable technologies do not offer near-term 
promise for profitable investment relative to attractive 
opportunities that we see in our core business. Therefore, we have 
chosen not to pursue investments in renewable energy options.



Translation: We have no clue what to do with our money. We cannot 
imagine a future without oil, even though we see it is coming. We do 
not want to think about anything beyond 'short term' next-quarter strategies.


The only conspiracy I see here is a silent and unconscious conspiracy 
by oil companies to destroy themselves.


- Jed




Re: iesi

2006-02-01 Thread John Coviello
Nicely done Steve.  I like the levelheaded approach towards iESi.  Very 
informative.



- Original Message - 
From: Steven Krivit [EMAIL PROTECTED]

To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Sent: Wednesday, February 01, 2006 2:27 AM
Subject: iesi



http://diyduediligence.blogspot.com






Re: Are Big Oil Conspiracies Really Off-Base?

2006-02-01 Thread John Coviello
- Original Message - 
From: Jed Rothwell [EMAIL PROTECTED]

To: vortex-L@eskimo.com
Sent: Wednesday, February 01, 2006 4:08 PM
Subject: RE: Are Big Oil Conspiracies Really Off-Base?



John Steck wrote:

$36.13 billion total profit for 2005, highest of all time second 
highest of all time?  Exxon again with $25.3 billion in 2004.


Kenneth Deffeyes pointed out that part of the reason oil companies are 
making record profits is because they are not investing in new refineries, 
tankers and other capital equipment. They are not investing because they 
know there is no more oil in the ground, so there is no point to expanding 
production capacity. In fact, in 20 years they will not even need present 
capacity. In other words, they are dismantling their own industry by 
attrition. Why build a new sawmill when you are on the verge of cutting 
down the last tree?


Good point Jed.  Probably one of the most obvious signs that peak oil is 
near, when the oil industry stops investing in expanded infrastructure and 
does not increase exploration dramatically in the face of a much higher 
price environment for their product.  Why not?  Because they probably know 
better than anyone that there is no future for oil.  It could unravel even 
faster than many expect, because once oil reaches a certain price threshold, 
it will price itself right out of the marketplace and alternatives will fill 
the void.


It's a good idea to read between the lines of all the conflicting stories 
surrounding peak oil and look at underlying indicators, such as rising oil 
prices (no better indication of the scarcity of a commodity than the price 
people are willing to pay for it), and as you pointed out the lack of 
investment in new and expanded infrastructure to process oil, it tells you 
something about what they are thinking.







Re: Are Big Oil Conspiracies Really Off-Base?

2006-02-01 Thread John Coviello
Title: Message



The way I see it, our dependence on oil is the product of one of the most 
far flung social engineering projects ever undertaken. From dismantling 
trolley lines in the early 20th Century to ensuring auto efficiency standards do 
not put too much pressure on the demand side of oil, to providing 
$10Billions of federal monies each year to protect oil supplies 
overseasmilitarily,the federal government has engineered our 
dependence on oil and has put alternative energy technologies and transportation 
modes at a marketplace disadvantage.

If there was enough need for new refining 
facilities, they would get built. We are now building LNG facilities, we 
have continued to build power plants all over the place. New refiniers 
aren't being built because the industry either doesn't want them to put more 
supplies on the market and depress pricesor more likely they don't see a 
return on investment for a product that will price itself out of the market 
within a decade or two.

  From: 
  Zell, Chris 
  To: vortex-l@eskimo.com 
  Sent: Wednesday, February 01, 2006 4:32 
  PM
  Subject: RE: Are Big Oil Conspiracies 
  Really Off-Base?
  
  
  Are 
  Big-Oil Conspiracies off base?
  
  YES!
  If 
  any of you really think that oil companies are outrageously profitable, YOU 
  ARE FREE TO BUY THEIR STOCK and share in the profits
  accordingly. I don't, because I find them too 
  risky.
  
  Since 1977, government tax revenues on oil have been twice what oil 
  company profits have been. If every successful company becomes a 
  target
  for 
  Congressional Thieves, then let's steal some of that $25-40 billion that 
  Microsoft is holding - or tax the unwarranted rise in Google stock 
  value.
  
  Better yet, the recentrise in your home's value is clearly 
  a "windfall" - let's have a special tax on that.
  
  Oil 
  is extremely risky since, if you invest enormous amounts of money and work to 
  develop fields, some third world dictator will nationalize the 
  property
  or 
  demand new concessions, destroying your intended projections. Or your 
  best workers get kidnapped by local insurgents -Or you can't find 
  any
  skilled petroleum engineers that aren't ready for retirement.- Or 
  you put $60 a barrel oil in storage while the Saudis decide to move the price 
  down
  to 
  $40 a barrel.( all real, reported issues)
  
  And 
  refineries? A refinery is almost impossible to build due to 
  NIMBYism. Barron's ran an article on this months ago. If we aren't 
  careful,
  NIMBYism will kill off windmills, too.
  
   Oil has 
  been cheap for a long time, particularily because the swing producers, the 
  Saudis, have kept it that way to prevent alternative 
  development
  and 
  the US public has little stomach for sacrifice. 
  
  
  
  


Re: iesi

2006-02-01 Thread Steven Krivit

Thank you.
I tries my bests.


At 02:46 PM 2/1/2006, you wrote:
Nicely done Steve.  I like the levelheaded approach towards iESi.  Very 
informative.



- Original Message - From: Steven Krivit [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Sent: Wednesday, February 01, 2006 2:27 AM
Subject: iesi



http://diyduediligence.blogspot.com




Re: Are Big Oil Conspiracies Really Off Base?

2006-02-01 Thread RC Macaulay



Hi Vorts,

Big oil came in just over the average return ( 6. 5%) on gross sales at 
near 8.5 %

If youn want to look at figures .. look at returns on Banking at 18 %. Not 
to worry, Paul Voelker, ex Fed chairman recently made a comment that there was a 
75% chance for a " major correction" in the world of currencies ( spell that US 
dollar falling) this year because of the continued US trade imbalance of 500 bil 
and budget deficit of 500 bil.

A 500 bil budget deficit is a " target" not a hard dollar estimate since 
that target does not include the real world increases in US govt "obligations" 
of another 500 bil per year.

Again, not to worry, Rumsfield replied to the question of rising deficits 
in govt by saying... deficits no longer matter.
He is right when you think about it. Since there is nothing we or the rest 
of the world can do about it.. it don't matter.

We have the grandmother of all " Mexican standoffs" where everybody in the 
saloon is drunk and holding a cocked shotgun loaded with buckshot.. the first 
drunk that pulls the trigger gets everybody killed. Currency is no longer a 
medium of exchange so the world drug cartels buy New Holland hay balersto 
package 50 and 100 dollar bills. Not much they can do but build another 
warehouse and buy another forklift.. There is some real quality counterfeit US 
money around but it can't have much impact vs the credit card which is the 
currency of choice in today's world. In one swift move CitiBank et.al. moved the 
swiss out of the poker game and bought the house using your money.. 
Figures don't lie. The US market economy sustains the world economy.
That will be changing as China and India emerge.. as that tetter totter 
tips..well who knows ?

Look into Barrick Gold background history together with their 
movebecoming the largest gold mining firm. Anyone care to venture a guess 
how they did it ? Maybe Arianna Huffington can give us a clue. 
My only question is why does it always point to Texas ?

Richard