Actually, Jews from the Russian pale started migrating to Palestine as early as 1880 to escape the pograms. Herzl, while certainly the one who gave Zionism it's lasting shape, was not the founder of the movement. You are right about the Ottomans clamping down in 1904, of course. A good, though biased, book about the shaping of the modern Middle East is Empires in the Sand. It deals with the downfall of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of the modern Middle Eastern states. I'm sure you know about it Susan, but some others might like to peruse it.Dear Scott,
That policy doesn't appear until around 1904. The impulse to immigrate to Palestine doesn't begin until the very end of the 19th century with Theodor Herzl's zionism which held that Jews needed their own national homeland. And even he wasn't insistent that it be in Palestine. Uganda and Guyana were both mentioned as alternatives. We don't hear of complaints against Jewish immigration and land purchases until 1891. And that probably wouldn't have been seen as a problem had it not been clear that Zionists intended to make Palestine a European colony.
warmest, Susan
Susan,
Rich
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