Hi AJ,
Adding a few more thoughts here on what coinjoins/splicing/dual-funded
folks can do to solve this DoS isse in an opt-in RBF world only.
I'm converging that deploying a distributed monitoring of the network
mempools in the same fashion as zeroconf people is one solution, as you can
detect a conflicting spend of your multi-party transaction. Let's say you
have a web of well-connected full-nodes, each reporting all their incoming
mempool transactions to some reconciliation layer.
This "mempools watchdog" infrastructure isn't exempt from mempools
partitioning attacks by an adversary, where the goal is to control your
local node mempool view. A partitioning trick is somehow as simple as
policy changes across versions (e.g allowing Taproot Segwit v0.1 spends) or
two same-feerate transactions. The partitioning attack can target at least
two meaningful subsets. Either the miner mempools only, by conflicting all
the reachable nodes in as many subsets with a "tainted" transaction (e.g
set a special nSequence value for each), and looking on corresponding
issued block. Or targeting the "watchdog" mempools only, where the
adversary observation mechanism is the multi-party blame assignment round
itself. There is an open question on how many "divide-and-conquer" rounds
from an adversary viewpoint you need to efficiently identify all the
complete set of "mempools watchdog". If the transaction-relay topology is
highly dynamic thanks to outbound transaction-relay peers rotation, the
hardness bar is increased.
Though ultimately, the rough mental model I'm thinking on, this is a
"cat-and-mouse" game between the victims and the attacker, where the latter
try to find the blind spots of the former. I would say there is a strong
advantage to the attacker, in mapping the mempools can be batched against
multiple sets of victims. While the victims have no entry barriers to
deploy "mempools watchdog" there is a scarce resource in contest, namely
the inbound connection slots (at least the miners ones).
Victims could batch their defense costs, in outsourcing the monitoring to
dedicated entities (akin to LN watchtower). However, there is a belief in
lack of a compensation mechanism, you will have only a low number of public
ones (see number of BIP157 signaling nodes, or even Electrum ones).
Outsource mempools monitoring will hit the same issue of bounded public
resources, and as such be a "single-point-of-censorship" vector. Reminder,
we would like LN mobile clients from low-budget users to access those fancy
joint funding protocols (or at least I).
So as a first partial conclusion, not only the security efficiency but also
the economic scalability of such defensive "mempools watchdog"
infrastructure remains an open question to me.
Assuming we can solve them, there is still the issue of assigning blame
reliably among a set of trust-minimized joint funding protocol
participating UTXOs. Indeed, you're running quickly into issues like *two*
double-spend from two sybilling participants, aiming to halt the assignment
process. There is likely a need to introduce some "UTXO-satoshi-weight"
vote to efficiently converge towards assignment. At the very least it would
require the attacker to control more than 51% of the contributed UTXO to
manipulate the outcome of the blame assignment process. Assuming an
economically honest majority, you still have the timevalue cost inflicted
for each round of blame assignment. Assuming 255 inputs (current LN's
interactive construction protocol limit) and a transaction propagation
delay of 2min (30s ?) on the p2p network, an attacker controlling all the
inputs minus 1 might be able to DoS for ~50 blocks (do we have other
factors to think of in the design of the blame assignment process ?). In a
future where the timevalue of circulating coins is priced in (IMO when we
have competitive LN routing markets), this is probably a significant damage.
On the other hand, you have a full-rbf world, where instead to deploy or
gain access to "mempools watchdog" and proceed to a timevalue-expensive
blame assignment protocol, any participant should be able to fee-bump the
joint transaction (assuming multiple pre-signed feerate version of the
transactions, or ephemeral, nversion=3 and package-relay to do unilateral
CPFP). Ideally, this would be a reduction to a "flood-and-loot" attack, i.e
the attacker is constrained to buy the blockspace. A situation with a lot
of visibility for the joint funding protocol victims, I think.
Side-note: this alternative resolution process of relying on full-rbf,
still assumes solving RBF pinning rule 3, I think a fact I underscored in
my original full-rbf proposal of last year [0]. All that said, I think it's
good to think more of the end-of-pipeline economic trade-offs of the two
main directions to solve this DoS affecting joint funding protocol.
Transaction signature withhold DoS should be defended on a different layer,
and I think there are far more easy to deal with in a set of participant
with at least stable temporary pseudonyms ("all participants should produce
a signature before X, laziness due to buggy Internet connection is treated
the same as a DoS" ?).
Best,
Antoine
[0] "Of course, even assuming full-rbf, propagation of the multi-party
funded
transactions can still be interfered with by an attacker, simply
broadcasting a double-spend with a feerate equivalent to the honest
transaction. However, it tightens the attack scenario to a scorched earth
approach, where the attacker has to commit equivalent fee-bumping reserve
to maintain the pinning and might lose the "competing" fees to miners."
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-June/019074.html
Le mar. 1 nov. 2022 à 23:52, Anthony Towns via bitcoin-dev <
bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org> a écrit :
> On Fri, Oct 28, 2022 at 03:21:53AM +1000, Anthony Towns via bitcoin-dev
> wrote:
> > What should folks wanting to do coinjoins/dualfunding/dlcs/etc do to
> > solve that problem if they have only opt-in RBF available?
>
> ref:
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-October/021124.html
>
> So, having a go at answering my own question.
>
> I think ultimately the scenario here is:
>
> * you have a joint funding protocol, where everyone says "here's
> an unspent utxo that will be my contribution", collaborates on signing
> a transaction spending all those utxos, and then broadcasts it
>
> * everyone jointly agrees to pay some amount in fees for that
> transaction, targeting confirmation within N blocks
>
> * the goal is to have the transaction confirm, obviously; but it's also
> acceptable to discover a conflicting transaction, as that will
> demonstrate that a particular participant has been dishonest (their
> utxo was not "unspent"), allowing the overall protocol to make progress
>
> The question then is how much effort do you have to go to to make such a
> protocol work?
>
> As an extreme example, you could always have each participant maintain
> a dedicated amount of hashpower: eg, if each participant individually
> controls 0.5% of hashpower, then having two honest participants would
> give you a 75% chance of confirmation within 137 blocks (roughly a day),
> even if your transaction failed to relay at all, and the only way to
> prevent confirmation is for a conflicting transaction to be confirmed
> earlier. Of course, needing to have 0.5% of hashpower would mean fewer
> than 200 people globally could participate in such a protocol, and
> requires something like $10M in capital investment just for ASICs in
> order to participate.
>
> I think the next step from that pretty much requires introducing the
> assumption that the vast majority of the bitcoin p2p network (both nodes
> and hashrate) will accept your transaction, at least in a world where all
> your collaborators are honest and don't create conflicting transactions.
> You can limit that assumption a little bit, but without most p2p peers
> being willing to relay your tx, you start having privacy issues; and
> without most miners being willing to mine your tx, you start getting
> problems with predicting fees. And in any event, I don't think anyone's
> trying to make weird transactions here, just get their otherwise normal
> transactions to actually confirm.
>
> I think the same approach used to detect double spend races by people
> accepting zeroconf would work here too. That is setup a couple of
> anonymous bitcoin nodes, let them sit for a couple of weeks so their
> mempools are realistic, then when you broadcast a jointly funded
> transaction, query their mempools: if your new tx made it there, it
> likely made it to mining pools too, and you're fine; if it didn't, then
> the transaction that's blocking it almost certainly did, so you can find
> out what that is and can go from there.
>
> (If you don't see either your tx, or a conflicting one, then it likely
> means the nodes that broadcasted your tx are being sybil attacked, either
> because their peers are directly controlled by an attacker, or they've
> been identified by an attacker and attacked in some other way; presumably
> you could pick a couple of node that have been confirmed by both your
> anonymous nodes' as valid and reachable, and connect to them to break
> out of the sybil attack; if that doesn't work either, you probably need
> to change ISPs or put your active node via a (different) VPN provider...)
>
> Your capital expenses are much lower that way: perhaps on the order of
> $20/month to run a couple of nodes on AWS or linode or similar.
>
> But, you might say, what if I don't even want to run multiple bitcoin
> nodes 24/7 indefinitely? Can we outsource that, like we outsource mining
> by paying tx fees?
>
> That seems harder, particularly if you want to avoid whoever you're
> outsourcing too from associating you with the jointly funded transaction
> you're interested in.
>
> If you're *not* worried about that association, it's probably easy:
> just find some public explorers, and see if they list any conflicts in
> their mempool, or use the "broadcast tx" feature and see if it gives an
> error identifying the conflicting transaction.
>
> I think it's probably hard to make that behaviour a normal part of p2p tx
> relay though: if someone's trying to relay tx T but you reject it
> because of a conflicting tx C; then it's easy to tell the node that
> first relayed T to you about C -- but how does that information get back
> to the original broadcaster?
>
> One way would be to broadcast "C" back to whoever announced T to you,
> and let C propogate all the way back to whoever originally proposed T --
> but that only works if everyone's running a mempool policy where there's
> a total ordering for tx replacement, ie for any conflicting txs, either
> T replaces C or C replaces T, and that's not something we have now or
> would have even with full RBF, and seems pretty hard to actually achieve.
> (And if it was achieved, you could just keep replacing T with a more
> attractive T' so that it did eventually replace C)
>
> Another way might be to have the original broadcaster retry the broadcast:
> connect to new peers, reannounce T, and see what happens. Then eventually
> they'll connect to a peer that has C in their mempool, and just needs a
> "reject" message of some kind that can identify C. But in that case,
> the peer that's going to send the reject message needs to be able to
> efficiently associate T back to C, even though it doesn't have T in
> the mempool -- it won't want to redownload T each time, because that's
> a waste of bandwidth, and it can't re-validate T to find the conflict
> fresh without having a copy of T.
>
> Using BIP 37 mempool filters or something might be an approach if there
> are plenty of nodes around that _are_ willing to dedicate extra resources
> to helping people find potentially conflicting txs. Unfortunately that
> probably is pretty bad for privacy: if your adversary is blocking your
> coinjoin T with a pinned tx C, then the fact that you've asked for a
> filter that happens to match C is probably a good indication that you're
> involved in the coinjoin T; and there's a decent chance that the only
> people will to dedicate the extra resources to offer those services to
> the public will be people who want to invade your privacy...
>
> A problem with mempool filters (or telling other nodes what's in your
> mempool in general) is that that can provide a way for attackers to
> identify who your peers are: if you create a bunch of conflicting txs,
> and give a different one to many nodes other than you, then see which
> tx you end up with, that identifies which peers are close to you, and
> that information could be used to attack those peers, which in turn may
> allow more effective sybil attacks against you.
>
> So I think my best answer is:
>
> - if you really want to do things with untrusted peers in bitcoin,
> investing in hashpower maybe isn't that unreasonable a thing to
> do. $10M in capital giving you the ability to usually make progress
> within a day even if everyone else dislikes you? surprisingly
> reasonable, especially if more progress is made on stratumv2...
>
> - if you don't care about privacy (eg, you're funding a lightning
> channel that's going to be gossiped anyway), just query an explorer
> (or some other centralised service) to find out the conflicting tx
> and go from there.
>
> - if you do care about privacy, run a few "anonymous" bitcoind nodes
> that don't announce transactions, and see what their mempool
> contains.
>
> - we can probably make it easier to run anonymous bitcoind nodes
> by making transaction broadcasts more private (tor/i2p? dandelion? have
> lightning nodes send channel open/close txs to another lightning
> node to announce to bitcoin p2p?) -- for cases where you're already
> running a bitcoin node 24/7 (or trusting someone else that does), I
> think that gives you a pretty good method of either being confident
> your tx made it to a decent percentage of hashrate, or spotting a
> conflicting tx to be able to assign blame
>
> Anyone got any improvements on the above?
>
> Cheers,
> aj
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