[cayugabirds-l] YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER singing in Sycamores

2012-05-16 Thread 6072292158
 YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER singing in Sycamores over 3rd Tee, Newman Golf Course, 
Pier Rd 620am.
--Dave Nutter

--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--


[cayugabirds-l] Blackpoll Warbler - Hunt Hill Rd. 147, May 16, 2012

2012-05-16 Thread Laura Stenzler
Good morning. Today we had a Blackpoll Warbler on our property, along with 
Louisiana Waterthrush, which was a month later than it's usual return date.  
Below is the complete list of a 40 walk. What a beautiful morning!
Laura

Laura Stenzler
l...@cornell.edu

From: do-not-re...@ebird.org [do-not-re...@ebird.org]
Sent: Wednesday, May 16, 2012 7:59 AM
To: Laura Stenzler
Subject: eBird Report - Hunt Hill Rd. 147, May 16, 2012

Hunt Hill Rd. 147, Tompkins, US-NY
May 16, 2012 6:45 AM - 7:25 AM
Protocol: Traveling
0.1 mile(s)
28 species

Ruby-throated Hummingbird  X
Red-bellied Woodpecker  X
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker  X
Eastern Wood-Pewee  X
Least Flycatcher  X
Red-eyed Vireo  X
Black-capped Chickadee  X
House Wren  X
Hermit Thrush  X
Wood Thrush  X
American Robin  X
Gray Catbird  X
Ovenbird  X
Louisiana Waterthrush  X
Common Yellowthroat  X
Blackburnian Warbler  X
Blackpoll Warbler  X
Black-throated Green Warbler  X
Chipping Sparrow  X
Field Sparrow  X
Song Sparrow  X
Dark-eyed Junco  X
Northern Cardinal  X
Rose-breasted Grosbeak  X
Red-winged Blackbird  X
Brown-headed Cowbird  X
Purple Finch  X
American Goldfinch  X

This report was generated automatically by eBird v3 (http://ebird.org)

--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--



[cayugabirds-l] Mount Pleasant Hawk Watch question

2012-05-16 Thread Thomas Salo
I am trying to find the person responsible for data from the Mount 
Pleasant Observatory Hawk Watch from 1992 and 1993 that is on file at 
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary.


Any help would be appreciated.

--
Tom Salo
5145 State Highway 51
West Burlington, NY 13482
607-965-8232
salotho...@gmail.com


--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--


Re: [cayugabirds-l] Mourning Warbler territories?

2012-05-16 Thread geokloppel
I checked my favorite Mourning Warbler spot along Bald Hill Road (Danby) this 
morning. Didn't find any! It was just silly with territorial Hooded Warblers 
though. Raghu, write me for details if you're interested.

-Geo
--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--



[cayugabirds-l] Mourning Warbler, etc.

2012-05-16 Thread Kenneth Victor Rosenberg
Thanks for all the tips on finding a Mourning Warbler for our out-of-region 
guests (Department of Defense Partners in Flight group). Given our time 
constraints, I went with 8-yr old intel from my Atlasing days, and headed up to 
the top of Tehan Rd. at the edge of Yellow Barn State Forest. Sure enough, a 
MOURNING WARBLER was singing along the power-line cut as soon as we got out of 
the van. With just a little coaxing from my iPhone, the warbler flew up into a 
small tree and sang in the open -- a life bird for folks as far away as Arizona 
and Alaska.

On a short walk into Yellow Barn on Signal Tower Rd. we had other common forest 
breeders, but many things are still not in -- no Wood Pewees, only 1 Veery,etc.

Yesterday evening, we took the group up to the top of Mt. Pleasant to listen 
for night flight calls, and although it was surprisingly quiet after dusk, we 
did hear 2 BLACK-BILLED CUCKOOS and a nice AMERICAN BITTERN that called 4 times 
as it flew directly overhead.

Back at home later in the evening, I heard a few thrushes and 2 SOLITARY 
SANDPIPERS in 30 minutes of listening.

KEN


Ken Rosenberg
Conservation Science Program
Cornell Lab of Ornithology
607-254-2412
607-342-4594 (cell)
k...@cornell.edu


--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--



[cayugabirds-l] Barred Owl in Sapsucker Woods?

2012-05-16 Thread Kenneth Victor Rosenberg
Hi all,

Another intel question -- has anyone still been seeing the roosting BARRED OWL 
in Sapsucker Woods during the past few days? We were not able to see it during 
Migration Celebration bird walks on Saturday, and will full leaf out, it is 
harder to see into the pines from the trail. If anyone has a recent sighting 
with exact location, please let me know.

thanks,

KEN


Ken Rosenberg
Conservation Science Program
Cornell Lab of Ornithology
607-254-2412
607-342-4594 (cell)
k...@cornell.edu


--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--



[cayugabirds-l] Wood-Pewee

2012-05-16 Thread Elizabeth B. King
Our Wood-Pewee came back this morning. Also in the yard: many Baltimore 
Orioles, Scarlet Tanagers and our resident red fox.



--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--


[cayugabirds-l] Acadian Flycatcher

2012-05-16 Thread Jay McGowan
An ACADIAN FLYCATCHER was singing in its usual gorge on Ford Hill Road in
Lansing this morning. We also had Louisiana Waterthrush, Northern Parula,
Blackpoll Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Hooded Warbler, and Magnolia Warbler
there. Myers Point was pretty quiet and lake levels have drastically
reduced shorebird habitat there. A male ORCHARD ORIOLE was singing from the
tall spruce as you cross the railroad tracks, mostly in adult plumage with
chestnut breast and belly but with greenish sides, so perhaps a second-year
male.

Not too many migrants around Sapsucker Woods this morning either, but I did
hear Blackpoll, Tennessee, Magnolia, and Wilson's warblers, and Brad had a
Canada Warbler at the powerline cut. A YELLOW-THROATED VIREO was being very
vocal on the Wilson Trail, and the immature male ORCHARD ORIOLE is still
singing constantly from the same spot as yesterday.

-Jay

-- 
Jay McGowan
Macaulay Library
Cornell Lab of Ornithology
jw...@cornell.edu

--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--

[cayugabirds-l] Hawthorn Orchard - 16 May 2012 - Quiet - Ad. Male Orchard Oriole

2012-05-16 Thread Christopher T. Tessaglia-Hymes
This morning, I was at the Hawthorn Orchard, giving it a little more time, from 
7:30am to 8:45am.

It was dreadfully quiet; however, a single singing adult male ORCHARD ORIOLE 
made up for that. This bird was frequenting the trees and bushes along the West 
side of the South Rugby Field (West of the Oxley Equestrian Center on Pine Tree 
Road).

My thought is that the first hatching of the food resource (Tortricid sp. 
Leaf-roller larvae) may have become depleted early on this year, or perhaps 
were affected by the early warming followed by some hard freezes. Though, lots 
of spiders now.

Other birds included:

1 high flying Great Blue Heron
1 Green Heron (on nest, SW area of Hawthorn Orchard)
1 Ruby-throated Hummingbird flyby

2 Warbling Vireos (near peeper pond, in vicinity of Orchard Oriole)
1 Red-eyed Vireo (singing in tall oak tree at NW corner of Hawthorn Orchard)

1 SWAINSON'S THRUSH (silently foraging up in hawthorns about middle-Northern 
portion of Hawthorn Orchard)
ZERO Wood Thrush

1 TENNESSEE WARBLER (singing in immediate vicinity of Orchard Oriole)
2 Yellow Warblers (near stream that runs along South edge of the pasture, South 
of H.O.)
1 Yellow-rumped Warbler (calling from top of tall oak tree along East edge of 
H.O.)
1 BLACKPOLL WARBLER (foraging and singing from treetops of little wooded knoll 
area just South of same stream where Yellow Warblers were)
1 American Redstart (adult male, singing near tall oak tree along East edge of 
H.O.)
1 HOODED WARBLER (heard producing repeated chink notes in SW area of H.O., 
evaded me and did not respond to pishing)

1 Scarlet Tanager (female, flyover)
1 White-throated Sparrow (single song, middle of H.O.)
1 Indigo Bunting (flight note, high flyover)
1 Eastern Meadowlark
1 Baltimore Oriole
1 ORCHARD ORIOLE (see above notes)

Good birding!

Sincerely,
Chris T-H


--
Christopher T. Tessaglia-Hymes
TARU Product Line Manager and Field Applications Engineer
Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850
W: 607-254-2418   M: 607-351-5740   F: 607-254-1132
http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp



--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--

[cayugabirds-l] Fwd: eBird Report - Palmer Woods, May 16, 2012

2012-05-16 Thread Evan Barrientos
Much harder to find warblers this morning, but I did find BAY-BREASTED, 
WILSON'S, CHESTNUT-SIDED and BT GREEN. More interestingly, I was able to find 
nesting cavities of NORTHERN FLICKER, BC CHICKADEE, and YELLOW-BELLIED 
SAPSUCKER. I was also surprised by seeing so many WOOD THRUSHES in one area. 

Best,
Evan B

Begin forwarded message:

 From: do-not-re...@ebird.org
 Date: May 16, 2012 3:31:53 PM EDT
 To: emb...@cornell.edu
 Subject: eBird Report - Palmer Woods, May 16, 2012
 
 Palmer Woods, Tompkins, US-NY
 May 16, 2012 8:20 AM - 10:30 AM
 Protocol: Traveling
 1.0 mile(s)
 Comments: TA~60-70F, sunny.
 37 species
 
 Canada Goose  1 Flyover
 Rock Pigeon  1
 Mourning Dove  1
 Red-bellied Woodpecker  2
 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker  2 Pair at same cavity as week before. Male 
 entered and stayed inside for at least 5 min.
 Downy Woodpecker  2
 Hairy Woodpecker  1 Buff colored variant. No white.
 Northern Flicker  2 Waiting at same nest cavity seen at last week.
 Pileated Woodpecker  1
 Least Flycatcher  1
 Great Crested Flycatcher  4
 Eastern Kingbird  1
 Red-eyed Vireo  6
 Blue Jay  4
 American Crow  1
 Black-capped Chickadee  4 Seen brining insects to nest in a 3ft stump. 
 Saw and heard chicks inside.
 Tufted Titmouse  5
 White-breasted Nuthatch  2
 Carolina Wren  1
 House Wren  2
 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher  1
 Wood Thrush  5
 American Robin  8
 Gray Catbird  6
 Common Yellowthroat  2
 American Redstart  1
 Northern Parula  2
 Bay-breasted Warbler  1
 Chestnut-sided Warbler  1
 Black-throated Green Warbler  1
 Wilson's Warbler  1
 Song Sparrow  1
 Scarlet Tanager  1
 Northern Cardinal  4
 Brown-headed Cowbird  2
 Baltimore Oriole  1
 American Goldfinch  3
 
 This report was generated automatically by eBird v3 (http://ebird.org)


--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--

[cayugabirds-l] Jelly Eaters

2012-05-16 Thread Carol Keeler
Just had two new guests on the grape jelly feeders.  There was a robin, which 
wasn't a surprise since they are fruit eaters, and a male House Sparrow.  I 
added oranges to the top of a suet feeder like someone else said that they did, 
but still no takers.   So far on the grape jelly have been tons of House 
Finches, Catbirds, and an occasional B. Oriole.  Last year the male Oriole was 
here constantly.
The Hummingbird has become a more frequent visitor and I just saw him 
displaying over my gardens.
Carol Keeler 
Sent from my iPad
--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--



Re: [cayugabirds-l] Yellow-throated Warbler song question

2012-05-16 Thread Dave Nutter
I listened to the YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER for awhile this morning singing from the Sycamore grove along Pier Road, and I saw it as well to confirm. It sounded a bit different than yesterday. I don't know if that was due to the environment or proximity or the bird's enthusiasm at different times of day or something about my own mental state. Anyway it sounded more like:tu tu tu TEE-TU TEE-TU TEE-TU TEE-TU TEE-Tu tyuThe sound is not the rich slurred notes of a Baltimore Oriole, but instead higher and thinner and thus more obviously a warbler.It varied between 4 and 7 of the TEE-TU pairs of notes. The quieter introductory and final notes were sometimes hard to hear among the many other singers in the area, but the TEE-TU notes cut through loud  clear. The ending was also a bit variable, but I never heard it give a rising final note like the birds I've heard in New Jersey.--Dave NutterOn May 15, 2012, at 10:53 PM, Dave Nutter nutter.d...@me.com wrote:This afternoon (15 May) I went to Pier Road beside Newman Golf Course and also across Fall Creek in Renwick Wildwood. Among other things, I hoped to refind the YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. I believe I eventually heard it, but I was not able to see it, in or near a large Sycamore in Renwick between the two paths well north of the concrete arch. While trying to find the bird I worked on memorizing the song. I wasn't perfect in that department either, but I notated it:tup tup tup TEE-DOE TEE-DOE TEE-DOE TEE-DOE TEE-DOE du duI actually forgot to count how many of the louder TEE-DOE pairs of notes there were, but the last one or two of those pairs was slightly lower in pitch than the initial few, and they seemed similar to some recordings I've heard of Yellow-throated Warbler, but I haven't heard recordings with any such introductory notes nor with such a bland tag at the end. I wonder if this description matches what other observers have heard from the Yellow-throated Warbler which has been in this area during the past week, and also whether either this description or what you heard from this individual is similar to songs from this species others have heard elsewhere Thanks.Other things I found included a female COMMON MERGANSER entering a hole in a dead tree, and a pied EUROPEAN STARLING, which I've seen before, on the Stewart Park lawn north of the suspension bridge. It is mostly normal but with several small white splotches scattered over its body and a large white patch on its upper right breast.--Dave Nutter
--
Cayugabirds-L List Info:
Welcome and Basics
Rules and Information
Subscribe, Configuration and Leave
Archives:
The Mail Archive
Surfbirds
BirdingOnThe.Net
Please submit your observations to eBird!
--

--
Cayugabirds-L List Info:
Welcome and Basics
Rules and Information
Subscribe, Configuration and Leave
Archives:
The Mail Archive
Surfbirds
BirdingOnThe.Net
Please submit your observations to eBird!
--


Re: [cayugabirds-l] Yellow-throated Warbler song question

2012-05-16 Thread Matthew Medler
Hi Dave and All,

If you're interested in listening to more recordings of Yellow-throated Warbler 
to see how much variation there is, there are 40+ recordings available for 
listening on the Cornell Lab's Macaulay Library web site:

http://macaulaylibrary.org/search?location_id=location_type_id=location=recordist=recordist_id=catalogs=behavior=behavior_id=tab=audio-listtaxon_id=12000480taxon_rank_id=67taxon=yellow+throated+warbler

Enjoy,
Matt Medler
Ithaca




 From: Dave Nutter nutter.d...@me.com
To: Dave Nutter nutter.d...@me.com 
Cc: cayugabirds-L@cornell.edu 
Sent: Wednesday, May 16, 2012 10:41 PM
Subject: Re: [cayugabirds-l] Yellow-throated Warbler song question
 

I listened to the YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER for awhile this morning singing from 
the Sycamore grove along Pier Road, and I saw it as well to confirm. It sounded 
a bit different than yesterday. I don't know if that was due to the environment 
or proximity or the bird's enthusiasm at different times of day or something 
about my own mental state. Anyway it sounded more like:

tu  tu  tu  TEE-TU  TEE-TU  TEE-TU  TEE-TU  TEE-Tu  tyu


The sound is not the rich slurred notes of a Baltimore Oriole, but instead 
higher and thinner and thus more obviously a warbler. It varied between 4 and 7 
of the TEE-TU pairs of notes. The quieter introductory and final notes were 
sometimes hard to hear among the many other singers in the area, but the TEE-TU 
notes cut through loud  clear.  The ending was also a bit variable, but I 
never heard it give a rising final note like the birds I've heard in New 
Jersey. 

--Dave Nutter

On May 15, 2012, at 10:53 PM, Dave Nutter nutter.d...@me.com wrote:


This afternoon (15 May) I went to Pier Road beside Newman Golf Course and also 
across Fall Creek in Renwick Wildwood. Among other things, I hoped to refind 
the YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. I believe I eventually heard it, but I was not 
able to see it, in or near a large Sycamore in Renwick between the two paths 
well north of the concrete arch. While trying to find the bird I worked on 
memorizing the song. I wasn't perfect in that department either, but I notated 
it: 


tup tup tup TEE-DOE TEE-DOE TEE-DOE TEE-DOE TEE-DOE du du


I actually forgot to count how many of the louder TEE-DOE pairs of notes there 
were, but the last one or two of those pairs was slightly lower in pitch than 
the initial few, and they seemed similar to some recordings I've heard of 
Yellow-throated Warbler, but I haven't heard recordings with any such 
introductory notes nor with such a bland tag at the end. I wonder if this 
description matches what other observers have heard from the Yellow-throated 
Warbler which has been in this area during the past week, and also whether 
either this description or what you heard from this individual is similar to 
songs from this species others have heard elsewhere Thanks.


Other things I found included a female COMMON MERGANSER entering a hole in a 
dead tree, and a pied EUROPEAN STARLING, which I've seen before, on the 
Stewart Park lawn north of the suspension bridge. It is mostly normal but with 
several small white splotches scattered over its body and a large white patch 
on its upper right breast.


--Dave Nutter
--
Cayugabirds-L List Info:
Welcome and Basics
Rules and Information
Subscribe, Configuration and Leave
Archives:
The Mail Archive
Surfbirds
BirdingOnThe.Net
Please submit your observations to eBird!
--
--
Cayugabirds-L List Info:
Welcome and Basics
Rules and Information
Subscribe, Configuration and Leave
Archives:
The Mail Archive
Surfbirds
BirdingOnThe.Net
Please submit your observations to eBird!
--
--

Cayugabirds-L List Info:
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsWELCOME
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsRULES
http://www.NortheastBirding.com/CayugabirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm

ARCHIVES:
1) http://www.mail-archive.com/cayugabirds-l@cornell.edu/maillist.html
2) http://www.surfbirds.com/birdingmail/Group/Cayugabirds
3) http://birdingonthe.net/mailinglists/CAYU.html

Please submit your observations to eBird:
http://ebird.org/content/ebird/

--