Create structure for fraction module within commons-numbers.
Add dependencyManagement to parent pom.xml for uniform dependency on numbers 
core; remove version from references to numbers-core in child modules.
Add test jar to numbers core pom.xml to allow for re-use of TestUtils.
Add ArithmeticUtils from commons-math since Fraction, BigFraction heavily 
depends on it.


Project: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/repo
Commit: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/commit/aaef6f7a
Tree: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/tree/aaef6f7a
Diff: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/diff/aaef6f7a

Branch: refs/heads/multimodule
Commit: aaef6f7aa74da893b018ec3debe4367de3243c48
Parents: b026db1
Author: Ray DeCampo <r...@decampo.org>
Authored: Sun Jan 22 20:41:30 2017 -0500
Committer: Ray DeCampo <r...@decampo.org>
Committed: Sun Jan 22 20:41:30 2017 -0500

----------------------------------------------------------------------
 commons-numbers-complex/pom.xml                 |    1 -
 commons-numbers-core/pom.xml                    |   15 +
 .../commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtils.java   |  772 +++++++++++
 .../core/NumbersArithmeticException.java        |   54 +
 .../numbers/core/ArithmeticUtilsTest.java       |  782 ++++++++++++
 commons-numbers-fraction/LICENSE.txt            |  201 +++
 commons-numbers-fraction/NOTICE.txt             |    6 +
 commons-numbers-fraction/README.md              |   98 ++
 commons-numbers-fraction/pom.xml                |   58 +
 .../numbers/fraction/AbstractFormat.java        |  206 +++
 .../commons/numbers/fraction/BigFraction.java   | 1199 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../numbers/fraction/BigFractionField.java      |   83 ++
 .../numbers/fraction/BigFractionFormat.java     |  283 +++++
 .../commons/numbers/fraction/Fraction.java      |  664 ++++++++++
 .../fraction/FractionConversionException.java   |   51 +
 .../numbers/fraction/FractionException.java     |   44 +
 .../commons/numbers/fraction/FractionField.java |   82 ++
 .../numbers/fraction/FractionFormat.java        |  261 ++++
 .../fraction/FractionOverflowException.java     |   47 +
 .../fraction/FractionParseException.java        |   38 +
 .../fraction/ProperBigFractionFormat.java       |  235 ++++
 .../numbers/fraction/ProperFractionFormat.java  |  227 ++++
 .../fraction/ZeroDenominatorException.java      |   53 +
 .../commons/numbers/fraction/package-info.java  |   22 +
 .../numbers/fraction/BigFractionFieldTest.java  |   43 +
 .../numbers/fraction/BigFractionFormatTest.java |  330 +++++
 .../numbers/fraction/BigFractionTest.java       |  635 ++++++++++
 .../numbers/fraction/FractionFieldTest.java     |   43 +
 .../numbers/fraction/FractionFormatTest.java    |  349 +++++
 .../commons/numbers/fraction/FractionTest.java  |  625 +++++++++
 commons-numbers-quaternion/pom.xml              |    1 -
 pom.xml                                         |   20 +-
 32 files changed, 7525 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
----------------------------------------------------------------------


http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-complex/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-complex/pom.xml b/commons-numbers-complex/pom.xml
index 735348f..3fec4ba 100644
--- a/commons-numbers-complex/pom.xml
+++ b/commons-numbers-complex/pom.xml
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
       <artifactId>commons-numbers-core</artifactId>
-      <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
     </dependency>
 
     <dependency>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml b/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
index 39dbdcb..76c2512 100644
--- a/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
+++ b/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
@@ -42,5 +42,20 @@
     <numbers.parent.dir>${basedir}/..</numbers.parent.dir>
   </properties>
 
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
+        <executions>
+          <execution>
+            <goals>
+              <goal>test-jar</goal>
+            </goals>
+          </execution>
+        </executions>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
 
 </project>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtils.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtils.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..343d24b
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+
+/**
+ * Some useful, arithmetics related, additions to the built-in functions in
+ * {@link Math}.
+ *
+ */
+public final class ArithmeticUtils {
+
+    /** Private constructor. */
+    private ArithmeticUtils() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add two integers, checking for overflow.
+     *
+     * @param x an addend
+     * @param y an addend
+     * @return the sum {@code x+y}
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result can not be represented
+     * as an {@code int}.
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    public static int addAndCheck(int x, int y)
+            throws NumbersArithmeticException {
+        long s = (long)x + (long)y;
+        if (s < Integer.MIN_VALUE || s > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow in addition: {0} + 
{1}", x, y);
+        }
+        return (int)s;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add two long integers, checking for overflow.
+     *
+     * @param a an addend
+     * @param b an addend
+     * @return the sum {@code a+b}
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result can not be represented 
as an long
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public static long addAndCheck(long a, long b) throws 
NumbersArithmeticException {
+        return addAndCheck(a, b, "overflow in addition: {0} + {1}");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the greatest common divisor of the absolute value of two
+     * numbers, using a modified version of the "binary gcd" method.
+     * See Knuth 4.5.2 algorithm B.
+     * The algorithm is due to Josef Stein (1961).
+     * <br>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     *  <li>The invocations
+     *   {@code gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE)},
+     *   {@code gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0)} and
+     *   {@code gcd(0, Integer.MIN_VALUE)} throw an
+     *   {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result would be 2^31, which
+     *   is too large for an int value.</li>
+     *  <li>The result of {@code gcd(x, x)}, {@code gcd(0, x)} and
+     *   {@code gcd(x, 0)} is the absolute value of {@code x}, except
+     *   for the special cases above.</li>
+     *  <li>The invocation {@code gcd(0, 0)} is the only one which returns
+     *   {@code 0}.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param p Number.
+     * @param q Number.
+     * @return the greatest common divisor (never negative).
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented 
as
+     * a non-negative {@code int} value.
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    public static int gcd(int p, int q) throws NumbersArithmeticException {
+        int a = p;
+        int b = q;
+        if (a == 0 ||
+            b == 0) {
+            if (a == Integer.MIN_VALUE ||
+                b == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+                throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow: gcd({0}, {1}) 
is 2^31",
+                                                  p, q);
+            }
+            return Math.abs(a + b);
+        }
+
+        long al = a;
+        long bl = b;
+        boolean useLong = false;
+        if (a < 0) {
+            if(Integer.MIN_VALUE == a) {
+                useLong = true;
+            } else {
+                a = -a;
+            }
+            al = -al;
+        }
+        if (b < 0) {
+            if (Integer.MIN_VALUE == b) {
+                useLong = true;
+            } else {
+                b = -b;
+            }
+            bl = -bl;
+        }
+        if (useLong) {
+            if(al == bl) {
+                throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow: gcd({0}, {1}) 
is 2^31",
+                                                  p, q);
+            }
+            long blbu = bl;
+            bl = al;
+            al = blbu % al;
+            if (al == 0) {
+                if (bl > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+                    throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow: gcd({0}, 
{1}) is 2^31",
+                                                      p, q);
+                }
+                return (int) bl;
+            }
+            blbu = bl;
+
+            // Now "al" and "bl" fit in an "int".
+            b = (int) al;
+            a = (int) (blbu % al);
+        }
+
+        return gcdPositive(a, b);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the greatest common divisor of two <em>positive</em> numbers
+     * (this precondition is <em>not</em> checked and the result is undefined
+     * if not fulfilled) using the "binary gcd" method which avoids division
+     * and modulo operations.
+     * See Knuth 4.5.2 algorithm B.
+     * The algorithm is due to Josef Stein (1961).
+     * <br/>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     *  <li>The result of {@code gcd(x, x)}, {@code gcd(0, x)} and
+     *   {@code gcd(x, 0)} is the value of {@code x}.</li>
+     *  <li>The invocation {@code gcd(0, 0)} is the only one which returns
+     *   {@code 0}.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param a Positive number.
+     * @param b Positive number.
+     * @return the greatest common divisor.
+     */
+    private static int gcdPositive(int a, int b) {
+        if (a == 0) {
+            return b;
+        }
+        else if (b == 0) {
+            return a;
+        }
+
+        // Make "a" and "b" odd, keeping track of common power of 2.
+        final int aTwos = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(a);
+        a >>= aTwos;
+        final int bTwos = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(b);
+        b >>= bTwos;
+        final int shift = Math.min(aTwos, bTwos);
+
+        // "a" and "b" are positive.
+        // If a > b then "gdc(a, b)" is equal to "gcd(a - b, b)".
+        // If a < b then "gcd(a, b)" is equal to "gcd(b - a, a)".
+        // Hence, in the successive iterations:
+        //  "a" becomes the absolute difference of the current values,
+        //  "b" becomes the minimum of the current values.
+        while (a != b) {
+            final int delta = a - b;
+            b = Math.min(a, b);
+            a = Math.abs(delta);
+
+            // Remove any power of 2 in "a" ("b" is guaranteed to be odd).
+            a >>= Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(a);
+        }
+
+        // Recover the common power of 2.
+        return a << shift;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>
+     * Gets the greatest common divisor of the absolute value of two numbers,
+     * using the "binary gcd" method which avoids division and modulo
+     * operations. See Knuth 4.5.2 algorithm B. This algorithm is due to Josef
+     * Stein (1961).
+     * </p>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>The invocations
+     * {@code gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE)},
+     * {@code gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, 0L)} and
+     * {@code gcd(0L, Long.MIN_VALUE)} throw an
+     * {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result would be 2^63, which
+     * is too large for a long value.</li>
+     * <li>The result of {@code gcd(x, x)}, {@code gcd(0L, x)} and
+     * {@code gcd(x, 0L)} is the absolute value of {@code x}, except
+     * for the special cases above.
+     * <li>The invocation {@code gcd(0L, 0L)} is the only one which returns
+     * {@code 0L}.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param p Number.
+     * @param q Number.
+     * @return the greatest common divisor, never negative.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented 
as
+     * a non-negative {@code long} value.
+     * @since 2.1
+     */
+    public static long gcd(final long p, final long q) throws 
NumbersArithmeticException {
+        long u = p;
+        long v = q;
+        if ((u == 0) || (v == 0)) {
+            if ((u == Long.MIN_VALUE) || (v == Long.MIN_VALUE)){
+                throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow: gcd({0}, {1}) 
is 2^63",
+                                                  p, q);
+            }
+            return Math.abs(u) + Math.abs(v);
+        }
+        // keep u and v negative, as negative integers range down to
+        // -2^63, while positive numbers can only be as large as 2^63-1
+        // (i.e. we can't necessarily negate a negative number without
+        // overflow)
+        /* assert u!=0 && v!=0; */
+        if (u > 0) {
+            u = -u;
+        } // make u negative
+        if (v > 0) {
+            v = -v;
+        } // make v negative
+        // B1. [Find power of 2]
+        int k = 0;
+        while ((u & 1) == 0 && (v & 1) == 0 && k < 63) { // while u and v are
+                                                            // both even...
+            u /= 2;
+            v /= 2;
+            k++; // cast out twos.
+        }
+        if (k == 63) {
+            throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow: gcd({0}, {1}) is 
2^63",
+                                              p, q);
+        }
+        // B2. Initialize: u and v have been divided by 2^k and at least
+        // one is odd.
+        long t = ((u & 1) == 1) ? v : -(u / 2)/* B3 */;
+        // t negative: u was odd, v may be even (t replaces v)
+        // t positive: u was even, v is odd (t replaces u)
+        do {
+            /* assert u<0 && v<0; */
+            // B4/B3: cast out twos from t.
+            while ((t & 1) == 0) { // while t is even..
+                t /= 2; // cast out twos
+            }
+            // B5 [reset max(u,v)]
+            if (t > 0) {
+                u = -t;
+            } else {
+                v = t;
+            }
+            // B6/B3. at this point both u and v should be odd.
+            t = (v - u) / 2;
+            // |u| larger: t positive (replace u)
+            // |v| larger: t negative (replace v)
+        } while (t != 0);
+        return -u * (1L << k); // gcd is u*2^k
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>
+     * Returns the least common multiple of the absolute value of two numbers,
+     * using the formula {@code lcm(a,b) = (a / gcd(a,b)) * b}.
+     * </p>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>The invocations {@code lcm(Integer.MIN_VALUE, n)} and
+     * {@code lcm(n, Integer.MIN_VALUE)}, where {@code abs(n)} is a
+     * power of 2, throw an {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result
+     * would be 2^31, which is too large for an int value.</li>
+     * <li>The result of {@code lcm(0, x)} and {@code lcm(x, 0)} is
+     * {@code 0} for any {@code x}.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param a Number.
+     * @param b Number.
+     * @return the least common multiple, never negative.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented 
as
+     * a non-negative {@code int} value.
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    public static int lcm(int a, int b) throws NumbersArithmeticException {
+        if (a == 0 || b == 0){
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int lcm = Math.abs(ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(a / gcd(a, b), b));
+        if (lcm == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+            throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow: lcm({0}, {1}) is 
2^31",
+                                              a, b);
+        }
+        return lcm;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>
+     * Returns the least common multiple of the absolute value of two numbers,
+     * using the formula {@code lcm(a,b) = (a / gcd(a,b)) * b}.
+     * </p>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>The invocations {@code lcm(Long.MIN_VALUE, n)} and
+     * {@code lcm(n, Long.MIN_VALUE)}, where {@code abs(n)} is a
+     * power of 2, throw an {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result
+     * would be 2^63, which is too large for an int value.</li>
+     * <li>The result of {@code lcm(0L, x)} and {@code lcm(x, 0L)} is
+     * {@code 0L} for any {@code x}.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param a Number.
+     * @param b Number.
+     * @return the least common multiple, never negative.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented
+     * as a non-negative {@code long} value.
+     * @since 2.1
+     */
+    public static long lcm(long a, long b) throws NumbersArithmeticException {
+        if (a == 0 || b == 0){
+            return 0;
+        }
+        long lcm = Math.abs(ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(a / gcd(a, b), b));
+        if (lcm == Long.MIN_VALUE){
+            throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow: lcm({0}, {1}) is 
2^63",
+                                              a, b);
+        }
+        return lcm;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiply two integers, checking for overflow.
+     *
+     * @param x Factor.
+     * @param y Factor.
+     * @return the product {@code x * y}.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result can not be
+     * represented as an {@code int}.
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    public static int mulAndCheck(int x, int y) throws 
NumbersArithmeticException {
+        long m = ((long)x) * ((long)y);
+        if (m < Integer.MIN_VALUE || m > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            throw new NumbersArithmeticException();
+        }
+        return (int)m;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiply two long integers, checking for overflow.
+     *
+     * @param a Factor.
+     * @param b Factor.
+     * @return the product {@code a * b}.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result can not be represented
+     * as a {@code long}.
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public static long mulAndCheck(long a, long b) throws 
NumbersArithmeticException {
+        long ret;
+        if (a > b) {
+            // use symmetry to reduce boundary cases
+            ret = mulAndCheck(b, a);
+        } else {
+            if (a < 0) {
+                if (b < 0) {
+                    // check for positive overflow with negative a, negative b
+                    if (a >= Long.MAX_VALUE / b) {
+                        ret = a * b;
+                    } else {
+                        throw new NumbersArithmeticException();
+                    }
+                } else if (b > 0) {
+                    // check for negative overflow with negative a, positive b
+                    if (Long.MIN_VALUE / b <= a) {
+                        ret = a * b;
+                    } else {
+                        throw new NumbersArithmeticException();
+
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // assert b == 0
+                    ret = 0;
+                }
+            } else if (a > 0) {
+                // assert a > 0
+                // assert b > 0
+
+                // check for positive overflow with positive a, positive b
+                if (a <= Long.MAX_VALUE / b) {
+                    ret = a * b;
+                } else {
+                    throw new NumbersArithmeticException();
+                }
+            } else {
+                // assert a == 0
+                ret = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtract two integers, checking for overflow.
+     *
+     * @param x Minuend.
+     * @param y Subtrahend.
+     * @return the difference {@code x - y}.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result can not be represented
+     * as an {@code int}.
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    public static int subAndCheck(int x, int y) throws 
NumbersArithmeticException {
+        long s = (long)x - (long)y;
+        if (s < Integer.MIN_VALUE || s > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow in subtraction: {0} 
- {1}", x, y);
+        }
+        return (int)s;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtract two long integers, checking for overflow.
+     *
+     * @param a Value.
+     * @param b Value.
+     * @return the difference {@code a - b}.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result can not be represented 
as a
+     * {@code long}.
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public static long subAndCheck(long a, long b) throws 
NumbersArithmeticException {
+        long ret;
+        if (b == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
+            if (a < 0) {
+                ret = a - b;
+            } else {
+                throw new NumbersArithmeticException("overflow in subtraction: 
{0} + {1}", a, -b);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // use additive inverse
+            ret = addAndCheck(a, -b, "overflow in subtraction: {0} + {1}");
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raise an int to an int power.
+     *
+     * @param k Number to raise.
+     * @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
+     * @return \( k^e \)
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code e < 0}.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result would overflow.
+     */
+    public static int pow(final int k,
+                          final int e)
+        throws NumbersArithmeticException {
+        if (e < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative exponent ({" + e + 
"})");
+        }
+
+        int exp = e;
+        int result = 1;
+        int k2p    = k;
+        while (true) {
+            if ((exp & 0x1) != 0) {
+                result = mulAndCheck(result, k2p);
+            }
+
+            exp >>= 1;
+            if (exp == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            k2p = mulAndCheck(k2p, k2p);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raise a long to an int power.
+     *
+     * @param k Number to raise.
+     * @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
+     * @return \( k^e \)
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code e < 0}.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result would overflow.
+     */
+    public static long pow(final long k,
+                           final int e)
+        throws NumbersArithmeticException {
+        if (e < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative exponent ({" + e + 
"})");
+        }
+
+        int exp = e;
+        long result = 1;
+        long k2p    = k;
+        while (true) {
+            if ((exp & 0x1) != 0) {
+                result = mulAndCheck(result, k2p);
+            }
+
+            exp >>= 1;
+            if (exp == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            k2p = mulAndCheck(k2p, k2p);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raise a BigInteger to an int power.
+     *
+     * @param k Number to raise.
+     * @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
+     * @return k<sup>e</sup>
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code e < 0}.
+     */
+    public static BigInteger pow(final BigInteger k, int e) {
+        if (e < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative exponent ({" + e + 
"})");
+        }
+
+        return k.pow(e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raise a BigInteger to a long power.
+     *
+     * @param k Number to raise.
+     * @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
+     * @return k<sup>e</sup>
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code e < 0}.
+     */
+    public static BigInteger pow(final BigInteger k, long e) {
+        if (e < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative exponent ({" + e + 
"})");
+        }
+
+        BigInteger result = BigInteger.ONE;
+        BigInteger k2p    = k;
+        while (e != 0) {
+            if ((e & 0x1) != 0) {
+                result = result.multiply(k2p);
+            }
+            k2p = k2p.multiply(k2p);
+            e >>= 1;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raise a BigInteger to a BigInteger power.
+     *
+     * @param k Number to raise.
+     * @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
+     * @return k<sup>e</sup>
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code e < 0}.
+     */
+    public static BigInteger pow(final BigInteger k, BigInteger e) {
+        if (e.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative exponent ({" + e + 
"})");
+        }
+
+        BigInteger result = BigInteger.ONE;
+        BigInteger k2p    = k;
+        while (!BigInteger.ZERO.equals(e)) {
+            if (e.testBit(0)) {
+                result = result.multiply(k2p);
+            }
+            k2p = k2p.multiply(k2p);
+            e = e.shiftRight(1);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add two long integers, checking for overflow.
+     *
+     * @param a Addend.
+     * @param b Addend.
+     * @param pattern Pattern to use for any thrown exception.
+     * @return the sum {@code a + b}.
+     * @throws NumbersArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented
+     * as a {@code long}.
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+     private static long addAndCheck(long a, long b, String message) throws 
NumbersArithmeticException {
+         final long result = a + b;
+         if (!((a ^ b) < 0 || (a ^ result) >= 0)) {
+             throw new NumbersArithmeticException(message, a, b);
+         }
+         return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the argument is a power of two.
+     *
+     * @param n the number to test
+     * @return true if the argument is a power of two
+     */
+    public static boolean isPowerOfTwo(long n) {
+        return (n > 0) && ((n & (n - 1)) == 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unsigned remainder from dividing the first argument
+     * by the second where each argument and the result is interpreted
+     * as an unsigned value.
+     * <p>This method does not use the {@code long} datatype.</p>
+     *
+     * @param dividend the value to be divided
+     * @param divisor the value doing the dividing
+     * @return the unsigned remainder of the first argument divided by
+     * the second argument.
+     *
+     * @since 4.0
+     */
+    public static int remainderUnsigned(int dividend, int divisor) {
+        if (divisor >= 0) {
+            if (dividend >= 0) {
+                return dividend % divisor;
+            }
+            // The implementation is a Java port of algorithm described in the 
book
+            // "Hacker's Delight" (section "Unsigned short division from 
signed division").
+            int q = ((dividend >>> 1) / divisor) << 1;
+            dividend -= q * divisor;
+            if (dividend < 0 || dividend >= divisor) {
+                dividend -= divisor;
+            }
+            return dividend;
+        }
+        return dividend >= 0 || dividend < divisor ? dividend : dividend - 
divisor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unsigned remainder from dividing the first argument
+     * by the second where each argument and the result is interpreted
+     * as an unsigned value.
+     * <p>This method does not use the {@code BigInteger} datatype.</p>
+     *
+     * @param dividend the value to be divided
+     * @param divisor the value doing the dividing
+     * @return the unsigned remainder of the first argument divided by
+     * the second argument.
+     *
+     * @since 4.0
+     */
+    public static long remainderUnsigned(long dividend, long divisor) {
+        if (divisor >= 0L) {
+            if (dividend >= 0L) {
+                return dividend % divisor;
+            }
+            // The implementation is a Java port of algorithm described in the 
book
+            // "Hacker's Delight" (section "Unsigned short division from 
signed division").
+            long q = ((dividend >>> 1) / divisor) << 1;
+            dividend -= q * divisor;
+            if (dividend < 0L || dividend >= divisor) {
+                dividend -= divisor;
+            }
+            return dividend;
+        }
+        return dividend >= 0L || dividend < divisor ? dividend : dividend - 
divisor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unsigned quotient of dividing the first argument by
+     * the second where each argument and the result is interpreted as
+     * an unsigned value.
+     * <p>Note that in two's complement arithmetic, the three other
+     * basic arithmetic operations of add, subtract, and multiply are
+     * bit-wise identical if the two operands are regarded as both
+     * being signed or both being unsigned. Therefore separate {@code
+     * addUnsigned}, etc. methods are not provided.</p>
+     * <p>This method does not use the {@code long} datatype.</p>
+     *
+     * @param dividend the value to be divided
+     * @param divisor the value doing the dividing
+     * @return the unsigned quotient of the first argument divided by
+     * the second argument
+     *
+     * @since 4.0
+     */
+    public static int divideUnsigned(int dividend, int divisor) {
+        if (divisor >= 0) {
+            if (dividend >= 0) {
+                return dividend / divisor;
+            }
+            // The implementation is a Java port of algorithm described in the 
book
+            // "Hacker's Delight" (section "Unsigned short division from 
signed division").
+            int q = ((dividend >>> 1) / divisor) << 1;
+            dividend -= q * divisor;
+            if (dividend < 0L || dividend >= divisor) {
+                q++;
+            }
+            return q;
+        }
+        return dividend >= 0 || dividend < divisor ? 0 : 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unsigned quotient of dividing the first argument by
+     * the second where each argument and the result is interpreted as
+     * an unsigned value.
+     * <p>Note that in two's complement arithmetic, the three other
+     * basic arithmetic operations of add, subtract, and multiply are
+     * bit-wise identical if the two operands are regarded as both
+     * being signed or both being unsigned. Therefore separate {@code
+     * addUnsigned}, etc. methods are not provided.</p>
+     * <p>This method does not use the {@code BigInteger} datatype.</p>
+     *
+     * @param dividend the value to be divided
+     * @param divisor the value doing the dividing
+     * @return the unsigned quotient of the first argument divided by
+     * the second argument.
+     *
+     * @since 4.0
+     */
+    public static long divideUnsigned(long dividend, long divisor) {
+        if (divisor >= 0L) {
+            if (dividend >= 0L) {
+                return dividend / divisor;
+            }
+            // The implementation is a Java port of algorithm described in the 
book
+            // "Hacker's Delight" (section "Unsigned short division from 
signed division").
+            long q = ((dividend >>> 1) / divisor) << 1;
+            dividend -= q * divisor;
+            if (dividend < 0L || dividend >= divisor) {
+                q++;
+            }
+            return q;
+        }
+        return dividend >= 0L || dividend < divisor ? 0L : 1L;
+    }
+
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/NumbersArithmeticException.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/NumbersArithmeticException.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/NumbersArithmeticException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a910e80
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/NumbersArithmeticException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
+
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for arithmetic exceptions.
+ */
+public class NumbersArithmeticException extends ArithmeticException {
+    /** Serializable version Id. */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6024911025449780474L;
+
+    private final Object[] formatArguments;
+
+    /**
+     * Default constructor.
+     */
+    public NumbersArithmeticException() {
+        this("arithmetic exception");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor with a specific message.
+     *
+     * @param message Message pattern providing the specific context of
+     * the error.
+     * @param args Arguments.
+     */
+    public NumbersArithmeticException(String message, Object ... args) {
+        super(message);
+        this.formatArguments = args;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getMessage() {
+        return MessageFormat.format(super.getMessage(), formatArguments);
+    }
+
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtilsTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtilsTest.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtilsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..500aca3
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/ArithmeticUtilsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link ArithmeticUtils} class.
+ *
+ */
+public class ArithmeticUtilsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddAndCheck() {
+        int big = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int bigNeg = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        Assert.assertEquals(big, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(big, 0));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(big, 1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+        }
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(bigNeg, -1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddAndCheckLong() {
+        long max = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        long min = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        Assert.assertEquals(max, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(max, 0L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(min, 0L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(max, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(0L, max));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(0L, min));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(-1L, 2L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(2L, -1L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-3, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(-2L, -1L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(min + 1, -1L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(min, max));
+        testAddAndCheckLongFailure(max, 1L);
+        testAddAndCheckLongFailure(min, -1L);
+        testAddAndCheckLongFailure(1L, max);
+        testAddAndCheckLongFailure(-1L, min);
+        testAddAndCheckLongFailure(max, max);
+        testAddAndCheckLongFailure(min, min);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGcd() {
+        int a = 30;
+        int b = 50;
+        int c = 77;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0, 0));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(b, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(a, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(b, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(a, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, 0));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, -b));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, c));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, c));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, -c));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, -c));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(3 * (1<<15), ArithmeticUtils.gcd(3 * (1<<20), 9 * 
(1<<15)));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 
ArithmeticUtils.gcd(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 
ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1<<30, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(1<<30, 
-Integer.MIN_VALUE));
+        try {
+            // gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0) > Integer.MAX_VALUE
+            ArithmeticUtils.gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0);
+            Assert.fail("expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            // gcd(0, Integer.MIN_VALUE) > Integer.MAX_VALUE
+            ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+            Assert.fail("expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            // gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE) > Integer.MAX_VALUE
+            ArithmeticUtils.gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+            Assert.fail("expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGcdConsistency() {
+        // Use Integer to prevent varargs vs array issue with Arrays.asList
+        Integer[] primeList = {19, 23, 53, 67, 73, 79, 101, 103, 111, 131};
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
+            Collections.shuffle(Arrays.asList(primeList));
+            int p1 = primeList[0];
+            int p2 = primeList[1];
+            int p3 = primeList[2];
+            int p4 = primeList[3];
+            int i1 = p1 * p2 * p3;
+            int i2 = p1 * p2 * p4;
+            int gcd = p1 * p2;
+            Assert.assertEquals(gcd, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(i1, i2));
+            long l1 = i1;
+            long l2 = i2;
+            Assert.assertEquals(gcd, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(l1, l2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void  testGcdLong(){
+        long a = 30;
+        long b = 50;
+        long c = 77;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0L, 0));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(b, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(a, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(b, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(a, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, 0));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, -b));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, c));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, c));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(a, -c));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-a, -c));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(3L * (1L<<45), ArithmeticUtils.gcd(3L * (1L<<50), 
9L * (1L<<45)));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(1L<<45, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(1L<<45, 
Long.MIN_VALUE));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, 
ArithmeticUtils.gcd(Long.MAX_VALUE, 0L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, 
ArithmeticUtils.gcd(-Long.MAX_VALUE, 0L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.gcd(60247241209L, 153092023L));
+        try {
+            // gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, 0) > Long.MAX_VALUE
+            ArithmeticUtils.gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, 0);
+            Assert.fail("expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            // gcd(0, Long.MIN_VALUE) > Long.MAX_VALUE
+            ArithmeticUtils.gcd(0, Long.MIN_VALUE);
+            Assert.fail("expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            // gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE) > Long.MAX_VALUE
+            ArithmeticUtils.gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE);
+            Assert.fail("expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLcm() {
+        int a = 30;
+        int b = 50;
+        int c = 77;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(0, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(b, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(1, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(a, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, 1));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(-a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(-a, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(2310, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, c));
+
+        // Assert that no intermediate value overflows:
+        // The naive implementation of lcm(a,b) would be (a*b)/gcd(a,b)
+        Assert.assertEquals((1<<20)*15, ArithmeticUtils.lcm((1<<20)*3, 
(1<<20)*5));
+
+        // Special case
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(0, 0));
+
+        try {
+            // lcm == abs(MIN_VALUE) cannot be represented as a nonnegative int
+            ArithmeticUtils.lcm(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // lcm == abs(MIN_VALUE) cannot be represented as a nonnegative int
+            ArithmeticUtils.lcm(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 1<<20);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.lcm(Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLcmLong() {
+        long a = 30;
+        long b = 50;
+        long c = 77;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(0, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(b, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(1, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(a, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, 1));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(-a, b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(150, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(-a, -b));
+        Assert.assertEquals(2310, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(a, c));
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(60247241209L, 
153092023L));
+
+        // Assert that no intermediate value overflows:
+        // The naive implementation of lcm(a,b) would be (a*b)/gcd(a,b)
+        Assert.assertEquals((1L<<50)*15, ArithmeticUtils.lcm((1L<<45)*3, 
(1L<<50)*5));
+
+        // Special case
+        Assert.assertEquals(0L, ArithmeticUtils.lcm(0L, 0L));
+
+        try {
+            // lcm == abs(MIN_VALUE) cannot be represented as a nonnegative int
+            ArithmeticUtils.lcm(Long.MIN_VALUE, 1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // lcm == abs(MIN_VALUE) cannot be represented as a nonnegative int
+            ArithmeticUtils.lcm(Long.MIN_VALUE, 1<<20);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals((long) Integer.MAX_VALUE * (Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1),
+            ArithmeticUtils.lcm((long)Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE - 
1));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.lcm(Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE - 1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMulAndCheck() {
+        int big = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int bigNeg = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        Assert.assertEquals(big, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(big, 1));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(big, 2);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+        }
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(bigNeg, 2);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMulAndCheckLong() {
+        long max = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        long min = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        Assert.assertEquals(max, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(max, 1L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(min, 1L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0L, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(max, 0L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0L, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(min, 0L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(max, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(1L, max));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(1L, min));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0L, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(0L, max));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0L, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(0L, min));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1L, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(-1L, -1L));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min, ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(min / 2, 2));
+        testMulAndCheckLongFailure(max, 2L);
+        testMulAndCheckLongFailure(2L, max);
+        testMulAndCheckLongFailure(min, 2L);
+        testMulAndCheckLongFailure(2L, min);
+        testMulAndCheckLongFailure(min, -1L);
+        testMulAndCheckLongFailure(-1L, min);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubAndCheck() {
+        int big = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int bigNeg = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        Assert.assertEquals(big, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(big, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(bigNeg + 1, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(bigNeg, 
-1));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(bigNeg, -big));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(big, -1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+        }
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(bigNeg, 1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubAndCheckErrorMessage() {
+        int big = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(big, -1);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+            Assert.assertTrue(ex.getMessage().length() > 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubAndCheckLong() {
+        long max = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        long min = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        Assert.assertEquals(max, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(max, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(min, 0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-max, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(0, max));
+        Assert.assertEquals(min + 1, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(min, -1));
+        // min == -1-max
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(-max - 1, -max));
+        Assert.assertEquals(max, ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(-1, -1 - max));
+        testSubAndCheckLongFailure(0L, min);
+        testSubAndCheckLongFailure(max, -1L);
+        testSubAndCheckLongFailure(min, 1L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPow() {
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(1801088541, ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, 7));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, 0));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, -7);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected behavior
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(1801088541, ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, 7));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, 0));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, -7);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected behavior
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(1801088541l, ArithmeticUtils.pow(21l, 7));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1l, ArithmeticUtils.pow(21l, 0));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.pow(21l, -7);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected behavior
+        }
+
+        BigInteger twentyOne = BigInteger.valueOf(21l);
+        Assert.assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(1801088541l), 
ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 7));
+        Assert.assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 0));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, -7);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected behavior
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(1801088541l), 
ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 7l));
+        Assert.assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 
0l));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, -7l);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected behavior
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(1801088541l), 
ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, BigInteger.valueOf(7l)));
+        Assert.assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 
BigInteger.ZERO));
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, BigInteger.valueOf(-7l));
+            Assert.fail("Expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected behavior
+        }
+
+        BigInteger bigOne =
+            new BigInteger("1543786922199448028351389769265814882661837148" +
+                           "4763915343722775611762713982220306372888519211" +
+                           "560905579993523402015636025177602059044911261");
+        Assert.assertEquals(bigOne, ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 103));
+        Assert.assertEquals(bigOne, ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 103l));
+        Assert.assertEquals(bigOne, ArithmeticUtils.pow(twentyOne, 
BigInteger.valueOf(103l)));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected=NumbersArithmeticException.class)
+    public void testPowIntOverflow() {
+        ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, 8);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowInt() {
+        final int base = 21;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(85766121L,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 6));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1801088541L,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 7));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected=NumbersArithmeticException.class)
+    public void testPowNegativeIntOverflow() {
+        ArithmeticUtils.pow(-21, 8);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowNegativeInt() {
+        final int base = -21;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(85766121,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 6));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1801088541,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 7));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowMinusOneInt() {
+        final int base = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            final int pow = ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, i);
+            Assert.assertEquals("i: " + i, i % 2 == 0 ? 1 : -1, pow);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowOneInt() {
+        final int base = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            final int pow = ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, i);
+            Assert.assertEquals("i: " + i, 1, pow);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected=NumbersArithmeticException.class)
+    public void testPowLongOverflow() {
+        ArithmeticUtils.pow(21, 15);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowLong() {
+        final long base = 21;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(154472377739119461L,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 13));
+        Assert.assertEquals(3243919932521508681L,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 14));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected=NumbersArithmeticException.class)
+    public void testPowNegativeLongOverflow() {
+        ArithmeticUtils.pow(-21L, 15);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowNegativeLong() {
+        final long base = -21;
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(-154472377739119461L,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 13));
+        Assert.assertEquals(3243919932521508681L,
+                            ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, 14));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowMinusOneLong() {
+        final long base = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            final long pow = ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, i);
+            Assert.assertEquals("i: " + i, i % 2 == 0 ? 1 : -1, pow);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPowOneLong() {
+        final long base = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            final long pow = ArithmeticUtils.pow(base, i);
+            Assert.assertEquals("i: " + i, 1, pow);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsPowerOfTwo() {
+        final int n = 1025;
+        final boolean[] expected = new boolean[n];
+        Arrays.fill(expected, false);
+        for (int i = 1; i < expected.length; i *= 2) {
+            expected[i] = true;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
+            final boolean actual = ArithmeticUtils.isPowerOfTwo(i);
+            Assert.assertTrue(Integer.toString(i), actual == expected[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void testAddAndCheckLongFailure(long a, long b) {
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.addAndCheck(a, b);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+            // success
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void testMulAndCheckLongFailure(long a, long b) {
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(a, b);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+            // success
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void testSubAndCheckLongFailure(long a, long b) {
+        try {
+            ArithmeticUtils.subAndCheck(a, b);
+            Assert.fail("Expecting ArithmeticException");
+        } catch (NumbersArithmeticException ex) {
+            // success
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Testing helper method.
+     * @return an array of int numbers containing corner cases:<ul>
+     * <li>values near the beginning of int range,</li>
+     * <li>values near the end of int range,</li>
+     * <li>values near zero</li>
+     * <li>and some randomly distributed values.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     */
+    private static int[] getIntSpecialCases() {
+        int ints[] = new int[100];
+        int i = 0;
+        ints[i++] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        ints[i++] = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1;
+        ints[i++] = 100;
+        ints[i++] = 101;
+        ints[i++] = 102;
+        ints[i++] = 300;
+        ints[i++] = 567;
+        for (int j = 0; j < 20; j++) {
+            ints[i++] = j;
+        }
+        for (int j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+            ints[i++] = ints[j] > 0 ? -ints[j] : Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        }
+        java.util.Random r = new java.util.Random(System.nanoTime());
+        for (; i < ints.length;) {
+            ints[i++] = r.nextInt();
+        }
+        return ints;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Testing helper method.
+     * @return an array of long numbers containing corner cases:<ul>
+     * <li>values near the beginning of long range,</li>
+     * <li>values near the end of long range,</li>
+     * <li>values near the beginning of int range,</li>
+     * <li>values near the end of int range,</li>
+     * <li>values near zero</li>
+     * <li>and some randomly distributed values.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     */
+    private static long[] getLongSpecialCases() {
+        long longs[] = new long[100];
+        int i = 0;
+        longs[i++] = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        longs[i++] = Long.MAX_VALUE - 1L;
+        longs[i++] = (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE + 1L;
+        longs[i++] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        longs[i++] = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1;
+        longs[i++] = 100L;
+        longs[i++] = 101L;
+        longs[i++] = 102L;
+        longs[i++] = 300L;
+        longs[i++] = 567L;
+        for (int j = 0; j < 20; j++) {
+            longs[i++] = j;
+        }
+        for (int j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+            longs[i++] = longs[j] > 0L ? -longs[j] : Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        }
+        java.util.Random r = new java.util.Random(System.nanoTime());
+        for (; i < longs.length;) {
+            longs[i++] = r.nextLong();
+        }
+        return longs;
+    }
+
+    private static long toUnsignedLong(int number) {
+        return number < 0 ? 0x100000000L + (long)number : (long)number;
+    }
+
+    private static int remainderUnsignedExpected(int dividend, int divisor) {
+        return (int)remainderUnsignedExpected(toUnsignedLong(dividend), 
toUnsignedLong(divisor));
+    }
+
+    private static int divideUnsignedExpected(int dividend, int divisor) {
+        return (int)divideUnsignedExpected(toUnsignedLong(dividend), 
toUnsignedLong(divisor));
+    }
+
+    private static BigInteger toUnsignedBigInteger(long number) {
+        return number < 0L ? 
BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(64).add(BigInteger.valueOf(number)) : 
BigInteger.valueOf(number);
+    }
+
+    private static long remainderUnsignedExpected(long dividend, long divisor) 
{
+        return 
toUnsignedBigInteger(dividend).remainder(toUnsignedBigInteger(divisor)).longValue();
+    }
+
+    private static long divideUnsignedExpected(long dividend, long divisor) {
+        return 
toUnsignedBigInteger(dividend).divide(toUnsignedBigInteger(divisor)).longValue();
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testRemainderUnsignedInt() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(36, ArithmeticUtils.remainderUnsigned(-2147479015, 
63));
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, ArithmeticUtils.remainderUnsigned(-2147479015, 
25));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testRemainderUnsignedIntSpecialCases() {
+        int ints[] = getIntSpecialCases();
+        for (int dividend : ints) {
+            for (int divisor : ints) {
+                if (divisor == 0) {
+                    try {
+                        ArithmeticUtils.remainderUnsigned(dividend, divisor);
+                        Assert.fail("Should have failed with 
ArithmeticException: division by zero");
+                    } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
+                        // Success.
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Assert.assertEquals(remainderUnsignedExpected(dividend, 
divisor), ArithmeticUtils.remainderUnsigned(dividend, divisor));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testRemainderUnsignedLong() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(48L, 
ArithmeticUtils.remainderUnsigned(-2147479015L, 63L));
+    }
+
+    @Test//(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testRemainderUnsignedLongSpecialCases() {
+        long longs[] = getLongSpecialCases();
+        for (long dividend : longs) {
+            for (long divisor : longs) {
+                if (divisor == 0L) {
+                    try {
+                        ArithmeticUtils.remainderUnsigned(dividend, divisor);
+                        Assert.fail("Should have failed with 
ArithmeticException: division by zero");
+                    } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
+                        // Success.
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Assert.assertEquals(remainderUnsignedExpected(dividend, 
divisor), ArithmeticUtils.remainderUnsigned(dividend, divisor));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testDivideUnsignedInt() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(34087115, 
ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-2147479015, 63));
+        Assert.assertEquals(85899531, 
ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-2147479015, 25));
+        Assert.assertEquals(2147483646, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-3, 2));
+        Assert.assertEquals(330382098, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-16, 
13));
+        Assert.assertEquals(306783377, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-16, 
14));
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-1, 2147483647));
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-2, 2147483647));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-3, 2147483647));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-16, 
2147483647));
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-16, 
2147483646));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testDivideUnsignedIntSpecialCases() {
+        int ints[] = getIntSpecialCases();
+        for (int dividend : ints) {
+            for (int divisor : ints) {
+                if (divisor == 0) {
+                    try {
+                        ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(dividend, divisor);
+                        Assert.fail("Should have failed with 
ArithmeticException: division by zero");
+                    } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
+                        // Success.
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Assert.assertEquals(divideUnsignedExpected(dividend, 
divisor), ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(dividend, divisor));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testDivideUnsignedLong() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(292805461453366231L, 
ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(-2147479015L, 63L));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=5000L)
+    public void testDivideUnsignedLongSpecialCases() {
+        long longs[] = getLongSpecialCases();
+        for (long dividend : longs) {
+            for (long divisor : longs) {
+                if (divisor == 0L) {
+                    try {
+                        ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(dividend, divisor);
+                        Assert.fail("Should have failed with 
ArithmeticException: division by zero");
+                    } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
+                        // Success.
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Assert.assertEquals(divideUnsignedExpected(dividend, 
divisor), ArithmeticUtils.divideUnsigned(dividend, divisor));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-fraction/LICENSE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-fraction/LICENSE.txt 
b/commons-numbers-fraction/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..261eeb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-fraction/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-fraction/NOTICE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-fraction/NOTICE.txt 
b/commons-numbers-fraction/NOTICE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea6ae07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-fraction/NOTICE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Apache Commons Numbers
+Copyright 2001-2016 The Apache Software Foundation
+
+This product includes software developed at
+The Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).
+

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-fraction/README.md
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-fraction/README.md 
b/commons-numbers-fraction/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0701bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-fraction/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<!---
+ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+-->
+<!---
+ +======================================================================+
+ |****                                                              ****|
+ |****      THIS FILE IS GENERATED BY THE COMMONS BUILD PLUGIN      ****|
+ |****                    DO NOT EDIT DIRECTLY                      ****|
+ |****                                                              ****|
+ +======================================================================+
+ | TEMPLATE FILE: readme-md-template.md                                 |
+ | commons-build-plugin/trunk/src/main/resources/commons-xdoc-templates |
+ +======================================================================+
+ |                                                                      |
+ | 1) Re-generate using: mvn commons:readme-md                          |
+ |                                                                      |
+ | 2) Set the following properties in the component's pom:              |
+ |    - commons.componentid (required, alphabetic, lower case)          |
+ |    - commons.release.version (required)                              |
+ |                                                                      |
+ | 3) Example Properties                                                |
+ |                                                                      |
+ |  <properties>                                                        |
+ |    <commons.componentid>math</commons.componentid>                   |
+ |    <commons.release.version>1.2</commons.release.version>            |
+ |  </properties>                                                       |
+ |                                                                      |
+ +======================================================================+
+--->
+Apache Commons Numbers Core
+===================
+
+Basic utilities.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+More information can be found on the 
[homepage](https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-numbers).
+The 
[JavaDoc](https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-numbers/javadocs/api-release)
 can be browsed.
+Questions related to the usage of Apache Commons Numbers Core should be posted 
to the [user mailing list][ml].
+
+Where can I get the latest release?
+-----------------------------------
+You can download source and binaries from our [download 
page](https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-numbers/download_numbers.cgi).
+
+Alternatively you can pull it from the central Maven repositories:
+
+```xml
+<dependency>
+  <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+  <artifactId>commons-numbers-core</artifactId>
+  <version>1.0</version>
+</dependency>
+```
+
+Contributing
+------------
+
+We accept PRs via github. The [developer mailing list][ml] is the main channel 
of communication for contributors.
+There are some guidelines which will make applying PRs easier for us:
++ No tabs! Please use spaces for indentation.
++ Respect the code style.
++ Create minimal diffs - disable on save actions like reformat source code or 
organize imports. If you feel the source code should be reformatted create a 
separate PR for this change.
++ Provide JUnit tests for your changes and make sure your changes don't break 
any existing tests by running ```mvn clean test```.
+
+If you plan to contribute on a regular basis, please consider filing a 
[contributor license agreement](https://www.apache.org/licenses/#clas).
+You can learn more about contributing via GitHub in our [contribution 
guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md).
+
+License
+-------
+Code is under the [Apache Licence 
v2](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt).
+
+Donations
+---------
+You like Apache Commons Numbers Core? Then [donate back to the 
ASF](https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html) to support the 
development.
+
+Additional Resources
+--------------------
+
++ [Apache Commons Homepage](https://commons.apache.org/)
++ [Apache Bugtracker (JIRA)](https://issues.apache.org/jira/)
++ [Apache Commons Twitter Account](https://twitter.com/ApacheCommons)
++ #apachecommons IRC channel on freenode.org
+
+[ml]:https://commons.apache.org/mail-lists.html

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/aaef6f7a/commons-numbers-fraction/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-fraction/pom.xml b/commons-numbers-fraction/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42c3aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-fraction/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!--
+   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<project xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd";
+         xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0";
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance";>
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+    <artifactId>commons-numbers-parent</artifactId>
+    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+  <artifactId>commons-numbers-fraction</artifactId>
+  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  <name>Apache Commons Numbers Fraction</name>
+
+  <description>Fraction utilities.</description>
+
+  <properties>
+    <!-- This value must reflect the current name of the base package. -->
+    
<commons.osgi.symbolicName>org.apache.commons.numbers.</commons.osgi.symbolicName>
+    <!-- OSGi -->
+    
<commons.osgi.export>org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction</commons.osgi.export>
+    <!-- Workaround to avoid duplicating config files. -->
+    <numbers.parent.dir>${basedir}/..</numbers.parent.dir>
+  </properties>
+
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-numbers-core</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-numbers-core</artifactId>
+      <type>test-jar</type>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
+</project>

Reply via email to