When Demographics of a country become scewed toward Men, then often the response is "since we cant make love lets make war." This tied with america's sale(gift) of nuclear technology to china and the massive build up of the military indutrial complex of china (encoraged by western banks) could(will?) lead to very dangerous situation in a few years time. (it should also be remembered that western gajin are not quite human and only given grudging respect---but as a competing thought is that the chinese have not been an imperialistic country and find it difficult to rule other population groups---where they have done it as they did in Tibet they have carried out genocidal activities where 1-2 million Tibetans have been killed by chinese rule at the beginning of their rule and where they are now carrying out a policy of genetic and cultural overwhelment) PS Purvin and gertz did a study on the likely crude price in the new millenium and came to the conclusion that it will depend almost entirely on one factor- chinese growth rate. If the chinese economy doesnt grow then crude is likely to remain in the 10-20$/bl range that exists at the moment but if the chinese economy continues to grow at the present 8%pa then a crude shortage is likely to develop and then the sky becomes the limit for the crude price--and the same is likely for other commodities
<BASE HREF="http://www.economist.com/editorial/freeforall/current/xm0018.html"> <!-- Start EcoScript tags --> <!-- End EcoScript tags --> <head> <title>Special Features</title> </head> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function donothing(msg , url , line) { return true; } window.onerror=donothing; function keepUpdated() { if (self.parent.navigation.ecoBlipUpdate!=null) self.parent.navigation.ecoBlipUpdate("8"); setTimeout("keepUpdated()",1000); } //--> </script> <body onLoad='keepUpdated();' text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#000000" vlink="#333333" alink="#CE0031"> <a name="top"> <table border="0" width="446" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="92" height="10"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="10"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="341" height="10"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="3" height="10"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center" valign="top"> <!-- Economist Special Head --> <table border=0 width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CC0033" align="center" valign="middle"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#FFFFFF"> <b>CHINESE DEMOGRAPHICS </b> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=5 height=35></td> </tr><!-- start article --> <tr> <td align=center> <FONT face='Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif' SIZE=+2><b> 6.3 brides for seven brothers </b></FONT> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- end Special Feature head --> </td> <td> </td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td> <td align=center valign=bottom><font face='Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif' size=-2> BEIJING AND SHANGHAI <br></font> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=4 align=center valign=bottom> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" height=5 width=446><!-- found rubric --></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br><B><font face="Times, Times New Roman" size=2><center>Life is going to be lonely for millions of men in the world’s most populous nation </font></B></center> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td valign=top><!-- Economist Further Reading --> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif width=7 height=1></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <img alt='Further reading' src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/h_further_reading.gif" width="92" height="18"> <IMG SRC="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=7><BR> <font size=-1 face="Helvetica, Arial"> <A HREF="/0KhAc0hZ/tfs/archive_tframeset.html" TARGET="_top">Search archive</A><P> </font> </td> </tr> </table></td><td> </td><td><font face='Times New Roman, Times, serif' size=3>THE cheeky eight-year-old son of the local restaurateur in a village not far from Beijing is already well informed on the facts of life, Chinese style. He has, he announces, a two-month-old baby sister. “The fine was 15,000 yuan,” he adds proudly. A second child for a mere $1,800 is quite a bargain—if the family had lived closer to Beijing, they might have had to pay 50,000 yuan. And her birthplace was not her only stroke of luck: her parents already have a son. China is not a good country in which to be conceived as a second daughter. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>On average, women round the world give birth to 106 baby boys for every 100 girls; more boys than girls are then lost in childhood. In China, the sex ratio for first births matches that average (see table); but for every subsequent birth, the surplus of boys increases. This imbalance has been growing rapidly since 1979. In 1982, there were 107 boys aged under five for every 100 girls; in 1990, 110; in 1995, 118. “Cumulatively,” says William Lavely, a demographer at the University of Washington, “8.7m females are missing from the or roughly 5%. But from those born in the 1990s, approximately 10% are missing.” <!-- pic: txm146 --> <br><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=7> <table width=340 cellpadding=0 align=left cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td align=left valign=top> <img alt="picture" align=left hspace=0 src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/TXM146.GIF" width=340 height=222> </td> <td align=left valign=bottom> <img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif align="left" hsapce=0 width=16 height=1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=5 align=left> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign=top> <font face='Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif' size=2><b> </b></font> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=8 align=left> </td> </tr> </table> <br clear=all> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size=3>China is by no means the only Asian country where the ratio of boy to girl babies is on the rise: the same is true in South Korea and Taiwan. The rise has gathered pace since the mid 1980s, roughly the point when new technologies—often amniocentesis in Korea and Taiwan, mainly ultrasound in China—capable of predicting the sex of a fetus with reasonable accuracy became available. But in China, the dearth of daughters is a particular problem; it will help to create the world’s biggest group of frustrated bachelors. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>The long-term effect of this surplus of sons will be aggravated by a second factor: a dramatic fall in fertility to below replacement level. Such a fall has occurred in several East Asian countries: Taiwan and South Korea each have around 1.4 births per woman; Hong Kong, 1.25. In China, reckons Tu Ping, a demographer at Beijing University, the figure may already be down to 1.5 or 1.4 (although most western demographers think it is higher); in Shanghai, it seems to be an astonishing 0.96. “Something in these Confucian cultures produces fertility even lower than governments want,” muses Judith Banister, an American demographer based in Hong Kong. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>As a result, the number of people in each new generation of young Chinese will begin to decline. Because young men tend to pick younger women as brides, this will aggravate the shortage of girls. In South Korea, where fertility has been falling for longer and people share the Chinese preference for baby boys, young men in the sticks already have difficulty finding a bride. That difficulty will grow rapidly: at the time of the 1990 census, there were 27% more Korean boys aged between five and nine than girls aged between one and five who might marry them. For these boys, the danger is that their older brothers will be forced to pick their brides from the same diminished group of girls as they do, in a game of matrimonial musical chairs. <br> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=14> <br> <font size=3><b> <B>Ever younger, ever fewer</B> </b></font> <br><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size=3>Taiwan and Hong Kong can expect something similar. These small and wealthy countries will look for brides from their ethnic group outside their borders (and South Korean youths will pray for reunification with the north). But for China itself, as Nicholas Eberstadt, an American demographer, points out, no such solution exists. There are simply not enough Chinese women in the world to fill the gap. By 2020, he reckons, the surplus of Chinese males in their 20s will exceed the entire female population of Taiwan. And the fact that rich Chinese elsewhere are bidding up the price of brides will make the problem even worse. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Nor are there spare Chinese spinsters sitting on the shelf. Almost all Chinese women marry, and always have done: by the age of 30, only 1% of Chinese women are unmarried, compared with 15% of western women at the age of 40 (see chart). Millions of today’s little boys are thus doomed to perpetual bachelorhood. <!-- pic: cxm099 --> <br><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=7> <table width=340 cellpadding=0 align=left cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td align=left valign=top> <img alt="picture" align=left hspace=0 src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/CXM099.GIF" width=340 height=295> </td> <td align=left valign=bottom> <img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif align="left" hsapce=0 width=16 height=1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=5 align=left> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign=top> <font face='Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif' size=2><b> </b></font> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=8 align=left> </td> </tr> </table> <br clear=all> This calamity is the logical culmination of four millennia of Chinese preference for sons. Since Confucian times sons alone have been able to sacrifice to the family spirits, carry the family name and inherit the family estate. A son is seen as “a deposit in the bank”; daughters, who have traditionally left their family home at marriage and gone to live with their in-laws, have for centuries been an investment without a financial return. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>According to James Lee, a historical demographer at the California Institute of Technology, daughters have been vulnerable to infanticide in both poor families and rich ones. Among peasant families in north-eastern China in the century after 1774, between one-fifth and one-quarter of all females were killed as children, says Mr Lee in a forthcoming book, “One Quarter of Humanity: Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Reality 1700-2000” (Harvard University Press, 1999), written with Wang Feng of the University of California, Irvine. Mr Lee has also studied the Qing dynasty of the 18th and 19th centuries. The grander the family, the larger the dowry it was expected to give away with each of its daughters—and so the fewer daughters it produced. One in ten of those dynastic daughters was done away with at birth. <!-- Start Special Features SurvRubric --> <table border="0" width="180" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="right"> <tr> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="150" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="right"> <hr size="1" noshade> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"> <font face='Times New Roman, Times, serif'><i><b><font color="#999999"> By 2020 the surplus of Chinese males will exceed the entire female population of Taiwan </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="right"> <hr size="1" noshade> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- End Special Features SurvRubric --> <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Female infanticide clearly continues in China, even though it is illegal and condemned by the government. Mr Lavely points out that China is unusual in having significantly higher infant mortality among girls than boys: 39 per 1,000 girls compared with 30 per 1,000 boys, according to a sample census in 1995. In Guangxi province, female infant mortality is double that of boys: 82 per 1,000 for girls, compared with 34 per 1,000 for boys. “This kind of disparity would set off alarm bells in most countries,” he comments, “but Chinese officials have not given it much notice and Chinese scholars don’t dare to.” <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Infanticide was never the only way in which Chinese families disposed of unwanted girls. Another approach is to let them live, but not to register them. Failing to register a birth is, of course, illegal in China, and unregistered children are non-persons, with no right to free education and health care. Families that have more sons than they are allowed tend to pay the fine and register them. Those with surplus daughters often do not. (In country districts, where parents who have a daughter first are generally allowed a second child, some first-born sons are actually registered as daughters. This is one of many reasons for taking Chinese birth statistics, compiled by officials who may get sacked if their district exceeds its allocated number of births, with numerous pinches of salt.) <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Adoption has always been common in China: in the past, at least 5% of Chinese babies have been adopted, almost an order of magnitude more than in any western population, past or present. For many families it offered a solution to the marriage problem: they adopted a daughter to provide a biddable wife for their son. But adoption has been strictly limited by fierce laws that disqualify couples under 35 years old, and those who already have (or had adopted) children. This law, softened in November, was specifically intended to reinforce population-control measures by stamping out adoption. <!-- Start Special Features SurvRubric --> <table border="0" width="180" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="right"> <tr> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="150" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="right"> <hr size="1" noshade> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"> <font face='Times New Roman, Times, serif'><i><b><font color="#999999"> Of the 196 girls given away all but 11 were second or subsequent daughters </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="right"> <hr size="1" noshade> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- End Special Features SurvRubric --> <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>In fact, though, as Kay Johnson, an American demographer, points out in a recent issue of <I>Population and Development Review</I>, much Chinese adoption has always been informal. Many families with unregistered surplus daughters, rather than leaving them in the “care” of China’s awful orphanages, simply deposit them on the doorstep of a childless neighbour. Illegal, naturally—one family in Ms Johnson’s survey called their foundling San Qian, meaning “three thousand”, the fine they paid to adopt her—but quite common. Of the 196 girls given away that Ms Johnson tracked back to their birth-parents all but 11 were second or subsequent daughters. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Modern technology now offers Chinese parents an alternative to adoption and infanticide as a way of dealing with unwanted girls: sex-selective abortion. For about a decade, China has had the capacity to produce more than 10,000 high-quality ultrasound machines a year, enough to cover every county, and there are enough skilled technicians to make use of them. Doctors who use ultrasounds are forbidden to tell mothers the sex of the child, but apparently find ways. “I heard of a doctor who would nod if the result showed a boy, but rap the table for a girl,” says Bin Xuming, a Beijing gynaecologist. <br> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=14> <br> <font size=3><b> <B>Outrageous?</B> </b></font> <br><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size=3>A three-year study of the later stages of 1.2m pregnancies in more than 900 Chinese hospitals found that the sex ratio for live births rose from 108 in 1989 to 109.7 in 1991. Such an imbalance in such closely monitored births could be explained only by the abortion of female fetuses. In addition, a recent study of aborted fetuses found that they were disproportionately female. Ms Banister argues that the growing availability of sex-selective abortion will increasingly change the pattern, not just of second and third births, but of first births: as more and more Chinese parents have only one child, they will often want to ensure that the child is a boy. “Given that first births are over half of all Chinese births, that’s the axe that’s waiting to fall,” she says. In parts of South Korea an unnaturally high proportion of even first-born children are now sons. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Pre-natal sex selection clearly offers a way to combine small families with a preference for sons. Not every Asian country takes up the offer: Japan, with a sharp fall in fertility, has not seen a rise in the ratio of sons. But in China the technology has been used to engineer just such a rise, and the resulting imbalance will bring misery to millions of boys, and to their parents, who will be denied grandchildren. Many people in the west, though, deplore this use of abortion on the grounds not of its effects but of its morality. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br><!-- pic: cxm106 --> <table width=200 cellpadding=0 align=left cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td align=left valign=top> <img alt="picture" align=left hspace=0 src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/CXM106.GIF" width=200 height=255> </td> <td align=left valign=bottom> <img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif align="left" hsapce=0 width=16 height=1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=5 align=left> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign=top> <font face='Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif' size=2><b> </b></font> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=1 height=8 align=left> </td> </tr> </table> China’s abortion rate is not much higher than America’s (though the figures may not be very reliable). Excellent access to contraception for married couples and extremely low rates of premarital sex ensure that unplanned births are rare. And because abortion is legal and socially acceptable, it is also relatively safe. But some of it, at least, is clearly for sex selection. Any pro-life philanthropist wanting to save as many as possible of the world’s unborn could do no better than to put his money into developing technologies that would allow sex selection before conception. In as much as it replaces infanticide, sex-selective abortion will be seen by most people as an improvement; and the evidence suggests that the two are indeed alternatives. Ms Banister points out that, in the 1953 census, the sex ratio at birth was more or less normal, but that at every age up to 14, girls were more likely to die than boys. Over the years, as the sex imbalance at birth has increased, the mortality of girls in later childhood has diminished relative to that of boys. But if in displacing infanticide it does some good, selective abortion still represents discrimination against girls of a particularly profound sort. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>This worries the Chinese: the theme of discrimination dominated a conference held in September by Peng Peiyun, head of the state Family Planning Commission, to ruminate on the imbalance. However, as Daniel Goodkind, based until recently at the University of Michigan, argues in a forthcoming paper, sex selection might well continue in China’s small families, even if the son preference vanished, because most parents want a son and a daughter. Chinese parents who already have one son appear occasionally to abort their second child if it, too, is a boy. “Is sex-selective abortion morally wrong under all circumstances,” he asks, “or is it only wrong when parents . . . exhibit a preference for sons?” <!-- Start Special Features SurvRubric --> <table border="0" width="180" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="right"> <tr> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="150" height="5"></td> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width="10" height="5"></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="right"> <hr size="1" noshade> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"> <font face='Times New Roman, Times, serif'><i><b><font color="#999999"> In as much as it replaces infanticide, sex-selective abortion will be seen by most people as an improvement </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="right"> <hr size="1" noshade> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- End Special Features SurvRubric --> <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>There is indeed an irony in the fact that, in this matter, the traditionally feminist “pro-choice” position has meant encouraging discrimination against women. But if mothers are to be free to terminate a pregnancy when they do not want the baby, why should they not do so if they do not want a baby of a particular sex? Indeed, sex selection may improve the condition of the girls who survive, ensuring that they are wanted by their families. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>The most practical objection to sex-selective abortion is the long-term effect on society. Mao Zedong railed against the shortage of wives for poor men, and since then the shortage has grown: in 1990, one in five illiterate men aged 40 had never married. A bride shortage hurts the poor and the rural in particular. Chinese commentators fear the effect on public order, painting a picture of bands of testosterone-crazed youths roaming the countryside, raising hell. Some argue that the shortage of brides will encourage a boom in the supply of girls. The trouble with this faith in the market is that China has almost always had a surplus of bachelors—sometimes a much greater one than it will have in the first quarter of the next century. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>So far, the main effect of the shortage of women seems to be nasty behaviour towards them. Official figures suggest that 64,000 women have been rescued from forced marriages since 1990. Xie Lihua, editor of <I>Rural Women Knowing All</I>, an immensely successful magazine (fancy a readership of 50m-60m?), describes how she helped to rescue two readers from Sichuan province who had been kidnapped and married off to men in Guangdong. But such errands of mercy are sometimes unwelcome. “Often when the police arrive, the villagers surround them and threaten to beat them up,” she says. “They don’t object if somebody has paid for a wife. They don’t want to see the village die out.” <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Two other changes would be more likely to reduce the surplus of boys. One would be a further relaxation of the one-child policy. For many Chinese the ideal family consists of a boy and a girl. If Chinese parents were allowed to select the sex of their children, and continued to enjoy good access to birth control, they might disproportionately select sons for their first children—although, with freedom to have a second shot, many families might well allow nature to make the decision first time around. Second children, however, would frequently be selected to be of the opposite sex to the first. That would still mean sex-selective abortions, but it might at least prevent the sex imbalance from growing. <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>A second change would be proper pension arrangements. In Zhejiang, the first Chinese province to provide support for the rural elderly, the sex imbalance at birth has almost disappeared, according to Xie Zhenming, editor of <I>China Population Today</I>. It has gone, too, in cities such as Shanghai and Beijing, where a survey recently found that many people said they would prefer a daughter on the grounds that daughters were more likely to care for their aged parents than sons. In cities, daughters are much less likely to move in with parents-in-law than in the countryside. As China grows old and urban, more families may ponder the saying: <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0> <tr> <td colspan=2><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=20 height=7></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" width=20 height=7></td> <td> <font size=2 face='Times New Roman, Times, serif'> Your son’s your son till he takes a wife; <br>Your daughter’s your daughter, the whole of her life. </font> </td> </tr> </table><br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/freeforall/current/editorial_gifs/null.gif' width=1 height=7><br>Girls may yet become a better investment than boys. <!-- end article --> </font> <!-- start links --> <!-- Link text: xm0018lnk.etg --> <p> <table border=0 cellpadding=10 cellspacing=0 bgcolor="#bbddff"> <tr valign=top> <td> <font size=4 face='Times New Roman, Times, serif'<b>LINKS</b></font> <font size=3 face='Times New Roman, Times, serif'> <br><img src=/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif width=1 height=18 align=borrom border=0> <br> Some of William Lavely's research is available at the <a target="_new" href="http://csde.washington.edu/"> Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology</a>. The <a target="_new" href="http://www.cpirc.org.cn/homepage.html"> China Population Information and Research Center</a> has a network of regional offices as well as a main site that contains explanations of the Chinese government's policies on population and family planning. <a target="_new" href="http://www.macroint.com/dhs/"> Demographic and Health Surveys</a>, funded by USAID, collects and analyses global data and statistics on population and health issues. A summary of the 1982 China population census is available <a target="_new" href="http://testserver.ciesin.org:8801/china/popuhealth/popu/census82.html"> here</a>. </td> </tr> </table> <!-- end links --> <br clear="all"> <img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" height=100 width=1 align="left"> <br clear="all"> <MAP NAME="copyright"><AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS="0,0,8,9" HREF="/0KhAc0hZ/help/index.html#copyright"></MAP> <IMG SRC="/0KhAc0hZ/copyright.gif" WIDTH=293 HEIGHT=9 BORDER=0 ALT="" USEMAP="#copyright"> <br><img src="/0KhAc0hZ/editorial/editorial_gifs/null.gif" height=25 width=1 align="left"> <br clear=all> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
