http://www.calweb.com/~welsh/book.htm Much more could be said about non-linear biological effects exploitable by EP weapons. In this short introduction, however, we want to move on to another key problem of these weapons; how to generate and deliver the destructive action to the target. This Special Report presents some details on high-power RF and microwave generators, an area of highest priority in Soviet research and development. There are two essential types of devices which can be used in EP weapons; oscillators using beams of electrons or plasmas, and solid-state devices. Solid state radar, whose development is driven by the needs of military aircraft and missiles, is one of the fastest advancing areas of electronic technology today. Although solid state devices do not (yet!) reach the very high powers attained by electron beam devices, miniaturization makes it possible to build today complete, highly sophisticated phased-array radars of suitcase-size, with several kilowatts of average output. The principal advantage of this technology is that it permits extremely sophisticated "tailoring" of pulse shape in space and time, in a compact system, with direct coupling to high-speed computers. This is exactly what is needed in order to optimally exploit non-linear biological effects. What is lost in brute power is thus gained in efficiency. Recent breakthroughs in what is called "high-temperature superconductivity" open up the perspective that both types of EP generation technology--electron beam as well as solid state--are going to undergo revolutionary improvements in the years immediately ahead. The impact of this revolution cannot even be estimated at this time, but it will certainly mean radical reductions in the size of devices having a given electromagnetic "firepower". As our discussion of biological effects already indicated, electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons depend essentially on "tuning" the output signal to the target. This goes not only for the frequency and amplitude of the signal, but for its entire space-time "shape." Figure 6, for example, is drawn from thermographs of models of the human body irradiated by RF radiation of the same frequency, but with field geometries. These and other experiments demonstrate, that the areas of maximum absorption of electromagnetic energy inside the body depend on the geometry of the incident wave. By choosing the right geometry, the energy can be focused into any desired area, such as the brain. A sophisticated EP weapon must thus be able to project a specific geometry of electromagnetic field onto a distant object, over a given terrain and in given surroundings. Without going into technical details of waveguides and various antenna types, we shall briefly present one of the relevant techniques: the principle of the phased array. A phased-array antenna consists of an assemblage of many individually controlled emitting (or receiving) elements, placed in a fixed geometrical arrangement. The output field of the array is the sum of the waves emitted by the individual elements. By electronically controlling the relative phases of these individual signals, the output field can be given any desired "shape" and direction, limited only by the wavelength used, the number of elements and the size of the array. The huge soviet ABM radar at Krasnoyarsk, for example, contains an 83-meter diameter phased array of thousands of elements. The output can consist of a single, very narrow beam, or hundreds of independently directed beams, all depending on the "phasing" of the elements. This radar can track large numbers of missiles simultaneously, without any mechanical motion of the antenna. The functioning of phased-array antennae is thus closely related to holography, or three-dimensional photography. In a hologram, a photographic plate records interference patterns, corresponding to the phase relationships of laser light reflected from the object. When the holographic plate is illuminated by a laser, the phase relationships are "reconstituted" and the viewer has the impression of seeing a three dimensional object. The ensemble of elements of a phased-array antenna takes the place of the holographic plate, but at a much longer wavelength than visible light (centimeters and millimeters instead of fractions of a micrometer). When operated in a receiving mode, the phased array obtains much more information than an ordinary antenna; like the hologram, it measures entire electromagnetic field geometries, not merely a one-dimensional, electromagnetic "signal" The holographic principle underlying phased-array systems points to a potentiality for creating any desired three-dimensional, electromagnetic field distribution around a target object, from a distance, correcting for reflections, obstacles and other interference. Moreover, the field can be transformed and shifted from one location to another in space within a fraction of a second. Thus, an ideal EP-weapon could attack many individual targets, simultaneously or in rapid succession. One or more phased arrays would be used in receiving and transmitting modes to "lock on" to selected targets, and determine the necessary geometry of the attack pulses. To fully exploit such potentialities, the weapon would require for its target-acquisition and beam-control systems, sophisticated high speed computers, able to perform complex computations of the "inverse-scattering" type. Miniaturized systems of this sort are well within the reach of 'fifth generation' computer technology. "Hybrid" digital-analog systems would be simpler, smaller, and faster still. There is much overlap in requirements between EP weapons and systems developed for strategic defense(SDI). For concrete weapons applications, simpler devices will often suffice; trade-offs can be made among range, output power, extent of three dimensional field control, and sophistication of biological effects. As was the case earlier with nuclear weapons, many people may be tempted to think that EP anti-personnel weapons constitute "absolute weapons" against which no defense is possible. A glance at the history of the SDI, or of military science and technology in general, shows why no such thing ever has or will exist. An obvious aspect of defense is to detect, locate, and neutralize weapons before they can be used. Antenna structures of EP weapons are resonant structures which can be detected in various ways. Spetsnaz deployment of EP weapons can be countered by intercepting the weapons or weapons components in transport, by appropriate surveillance of the areas around potential targets, and by the whole range of countermeasures which can be taken against the Spetsnaz groups themselves. Of course, the EP weapon declares its existence as soon as it is turned on, and itself becomes vulnerable to rapid counterattack if readiness and appropriate means are at hand. The famous "Faraday cage" and other forms of electromagnetic shielding can provide some protection against EP weapons, especially if the characteristics of the EP signal are known in advance and countermeasures are devised accordingly. Unfortunately, a sophisticated weapon can "tailor" its pulse to get through nearly any given kind of shielding utilizing non-linear, inverse-scattering techniques and a process known as "self-induced transparency." A Faraday cage under certain conditions can be transformed into an antenna, focusing the signal on the inside and even enhancing the effect for the unfortunate persons inside. In theory, biological effects can be offset by creating a controlled "electromagnetic environment" around the target, with the effect of "detuning" the target relative to the anticipated signal of the attacking EP weapon - a kind of "immunization." To realize such potentialities will require a major research effort, but one having important spinoffs for biology and medicine. The application of holographic principles to EP weaponry has profound implications for the future shape of warfare. The deployment of such weapons and the defense against them cannot be understood in terms of "point-to-point trajectory" concepts associated with conventional firearms and artillery. Actually, even in the past, competent military doctrine has always emphasized the geometries of "fields of fire" generated by overall deployment of mobile weapons over a given area, as opposed to mere "straight-line" action of an individual weapon. the geometrical aspect becomes much more explicit in the era of EP weaponry, in which "firepower counts as the ability to control the electromagnetic field geometry on the field of battle, through coordinated deployment and operation of mobile phased arrays and related devices. The situation could therefore be summed up as follows: in practice, both the use of EP weapons and defense against them is a tricky, sophisticated business, if the antagonists are at comparable levels of technology, knowledge, and preparation. A surprise attack against an unprepared enemy is simpler and very devastating. In this respect, EP weapons are no exception to the general rules of warfare." Tennenbaum, Jonathan.(1988). Soviet Work on Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons. Executive Intelligence Review. Pg. 17 The 1987 edition of the U.S. Department of Defense review, Soviet Military Power, contains the following stern warning about the current Soviet mobilization to perfect electromagnetic pulse (EP) weapons: "Recent Soviet developments in the generation of radio-frequency (RF) energy have potential applications for a fundamentally new type of weapon system that would degrade electronics or be used in an anti-personnel mode. The Soviets already have or are working on much of the technology for such a system. In their research the Soviets have generated single pulses with peak power exceeding 1 billion watts and repetitive pulses of over 100 million watts.. No significant technological obstacles stand in the way of a prototype short-range tactical RF weapon." In this Special Report, we shall document that the U.S.S.R. presently possesses the essential technological base, plus knowledge of advanced biophysics, to realize a wide variety of tactical and strategic electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons. We shall demonstrate this from the Soviets' own technical publications. Fortunately, we are not able to show pictures of EP weapons on parade in Red Square-if we could, it would be too late! Figure 1 shows, on a map of the U.S.S.R., some of the known centers of Soviet work on the science and technology of EP weapons. For example, advanced high-power microwave generator work is carried out at the Applied Physics Institute in Gor'kiy near Moscow, at several institutes in Tomsk, at the Moscow Lebedev Institute, in Lengingrad, Novosibirsk, and other locations. Advanced biophysical research of military importance is going on at the Institute for Biological Physics (G.M. Franck) at Pushchino near Moscow, at the Siberian Division of the Academy of Medical Sciences at Novosibirsk, at several institutes in Alma Ata, in Vladivostok, and at a number of establishments linked to the Soviet manned space program. (There is significant overlap between space medicine and the biophysics of EP weapons effects.) The question marks on the map indicate that only a very small part of the relevant research and development ever finds its way, even obliquely, into available Soviet technical journals. Military secrecy is much stricter and all-encompassing in the East than the West. An interesting article appeared this year by one V.M. Koldayev in the Soviet journal Biologicheskiye Nauki dealing with "The Correction of Acute Microwave Exposure by Drugs-Experimental Results." In the article a large number of pharmaceuticals are evaluated for their capability of enhancing the resistance of the human organism to microwave radiation. Both preventive treatment, before exposure, and post-exposure treatment are discussed. Koldayev stresses a point which is key to the Soviet approach to microwave and radio-frequency effects: "Intensive microwave radiation changes the membrane characteristics of cells and ion transport, generates electrical breakdown at the boundaries of phase regions and other effects causing a destruction of living processes. Research in recent years has shown that the 'thermal conception' of microwave effects is inadequate." Kolayev points to a major stumbling-block of Western biophysical research: the absurd, but stubborn insistence on the part of the Western research "establishment", that electromagnetic radiation could have no other effect on a living organism than to increase its temperature (I.E., in Koldayev's words, the "thermal conception"). As a result of this blind spot, many Western specialists still refuse to accept the existence of precisely those kinds of effects upon which the most lethal Soviet EP weapons depend. The Soviets presently lead the world in research into a crucial, but not much publicized field called "optical biophysics," sometimes referred in the West as "bioelectromagnetics," which deals with the electromagnetic organization of living processes. Although modern research into this area goes back to Louis Pasteur, the most consistent and sustained efforts were launched in Russia by V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945), the physicist biologist, geologist, and architect of the Soviet atom bomb project. Vernadsky's scientific training focused on the works of Pasteur and radioactivity pioneer Pierre Curie, and included visits to the Pasteur Institute and other leading European science institutes. Vernadsky initiated the systematic search for reserves of uranium and other technically crucial minerals throughout the Russian empire, and was a key organizer of the pre-World War I economic mobilization in Russia. As founding director of the State Radium Institute in Leningrad, Vernadsky launched in 1926 a crash program of fundamental research into the "physical geometry" of living processes, which would include a comprehensive study of their interaction with electromagnetic radiation: "Only a few of the invisible radiation's are known to us at present. We have hardly begun to realize their diversity and the inadequacy of our knowledge of these radiations which surround us and pass through us in the biosphere, and to understand their basic role in the processes going on around us, a role which is difficult to comprehend by those accustomed to other conceptions of the Universe...We are surrounded and penetrated, at all times and all places, by eternally changing, combining and opposing radiation of different wavelengths--from 10 millionths of a millimeter to several kilometers." Out of Vernadsky's program came the Soviet military slogan: "He who controls the entire electromagnetic spectrum will dominate the world." It was Vernadsky who coined the now-common term "biosphere," emphasizing the fact that the totality of living matter on the Earth forms a coherent process in powerful mutual interaction with the climate and geophysical conditions of the planet. This work was the basis of the concept of "planetary war" advocated by Marshal Ogarkov, according to which all available scientific knowledge concerning the biosphere is to be mobilized in war in order to crush the enemy. This includes development of means of weather modification, manipulation of the ionosphere and other layers of the atmosphere, large-scale biological warfare, triggering of natural disasters, as well as global electromagnetic warfare. Vernadsky's efforts provided the scientific atmosphere for the launching of the most powerful current of Soviet biophysical research, that associated with Alexander Gurvich(1874-1954). Gurvich was the first to systematically demonstrate that absorption of minute amounts of "tuned" electromagnetic radiation, down to individual quanta, can decisively influence the course of biological events. This is now known in the Soviet literature as the "informational role of electromagnetic radiation in biological systems." In connection with this research, Gurvich developed that first "field theory" approach to the geometry of living processes, and discovered the universal ultraviolet light emission of cells called "mitogenetic radiation". He was the first to point to the capability of biological molecules such as proteins and DNA, to absorb energy at long wavelengths and reemit the stored energy at much shorter wavelengths-phenomena which are intensively studied today under the name of "multiphoton processes in non-linear spectroscopy." Gurvich was thereby a pioneer in the area of advanced research which is decisive for the most devastating forms of electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons. Gurvich's student G.M. Franck founded the Institute of Biological Physics in Pushichino, which still bears Franck's name, and is today a key center of military-related research on electromagnetic pulse effects on biological systems. Another Gurvich disciple, Prof. Vlail Kaznacheev, heads the Medical Division of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk, with close ties to the military space establishment. Kaznacheev carried out a decade-long series of experiments on the electromagnetic basis of the pathogenic action of viruses and poisons. Another member of the Gurvich school, Alma Ata biophysicist Inyushin, wrote an article in the Red Army paper Krasnaya Zvezda in 1984, declaring that breakthroughs of "revolutionary significance" were being made in the optical biophyscis field. Since then, Inuyushin's name completely dropped out of Soviet scientific literature, indicating that he is now working in a top secret program. Indeed, almost the entirety of the huge Soviet effort in biophysics of the Gurvich-Vernadsky variety has "gone underground" since 1983-84. One indicative area of continued Soviet publications is on the "non-thermal" effects of low-level microwave radiation in the millimeter wavelength band. Since at least the late 1960s, a U.S.S.R.-wide network of more than 21 institutes has conducted research into this field, led by Prof. N.D. Deyatkov of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. This research is continuing to this day. Late last year, for example, the Soviet microwave technology journal Radioelektronika published two long papers on biological effects, written by known members of the Deyatkov group. These papers discussed the mechanisms by which millimeter radiation interacts with internal electroacoustical oscillations, notably in cell membranes, to generate the resonant, frequency-dependent effects documented in a large number of experiments. The significance of these sorts of publications is not that they give a direct "peek through the window" at weapons-development; rather, they indicate an orientation of "civilian' basic research programs to the type of phenomena of relevance to weapons applications.(It is unlikely that electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons would work with pure millimeter waves. Millimeter-band "harmonics" would be included in complex pulse forms, however.) Unfortunately, Devyatkov's area of research was all but closed down in the U.S., following the conclusion of "biological warfare accords" between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in the early 1970s-another concession from which the Soviets have extracted great strategic profit. The capability to generate controlled high-power pulses of electromagnetic energy has long been a top priority area for Soviet applied physics research and development. It even has its own name in the Soviet literature, for which no direct equivalent term exists in the West: sil'notochnaya elektronika. It includes things like explosive cathodes and other technology for high-current relativistic particle beams, energy storage and pulse compression technology, non-linear plasma devices such as the plasma focus, "explosive" MHD power generation, EMP simulators, etc. Significant parts of this R&D are being carried out in "purely peaceful" programs, such as controlled fusion energy and accelerators for elementary particle research. So, Soviet development of gyrotron devices for ultra-high-power microwave generation has the "official purpose of providing means for heating plasmas in experimental fusion reactors. And, in fact, gyrotrons can do exactly that. But, the technical advances thus made-or acquired from the West-under "civilian" fusion research programs with international cooperation, can immediately be transferred to secret military programs. Thus, Rudakov's huge "Angara V" electron beam pulse generator, allegedly constructed for fusion research, was obviously motivated by some other reasons than just the publicized ones. Soviet development of high-power magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators is another interesting example. For many years, Vice-president of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences E.P. Velikhov has directed a large program to perfect this technology for direct conversion of chemical combustion energy into electricity, for a variety of "peaceful" applications. These are figures from 1977, ten years ago. Given intensive Soviet work in this field in the intervening period, we must assume that they can obtain the same or better output with much smaller devices. These and the famous "Pavlovskii" pulse generators play an important role in the Soviet's own version of the SDI, as power sources for beam weapons. They provide enough power for very devastating types of mobile anti-personnel weapons. The heart of an EP anti-personnel weapon is the system for generating and emitting the electromagnetic radiation. Here the Soviets can draw from their vast experience with all types of military radars, including the large phased-array installations at Krasnoyarsk, Pechora and elsewhere, as well as advanced research into relativistic electron beam devices for ultra-high-power EP generation. The article by Robert Gallagher documents how the Soviets have led the world in development of pulsed gyrotrons and related EP devices covering a wide frequency range. This new hardware is being "spun off" in great quantity and variety as a product of the sil'notochnaya elektronika thrust. Nor have the potentialities of solid-state been neglected. While the Soviets may lag in some of the most exotic microchip technology, they are quite familiar with solid state radar systems applicable (among other things) to miniaturized EP weapons. "Briefcase size" EP weapons for "close-in" Spetsnaz assasinations and related missions, are well within Soviet technological capability. Recently, it was announced that the U.S.S.R. intends to use its new, heavy space-lift system Energiya, with five times the payload of the American space shuttle, to station some very large structures in orbit. Besides a larger version of their present space station, one of the plans is for a huge "solar power station" which would relay its energy to Earth via a high-power laser or a beam of microwaves. (A similar project was considered by the U.S. NASA, but rejected because of the of inadvertently irradiating populated areas.) With a proposed several gigawatts of continuous power at its disposal, such a station could carry out weather modification as well as electromagnetic warfare on a large scale. Of course, compact nuclear reactors (which the Soviets are already using in radar reconnaissance satellites), especially in a pulsed mode, and MHD devices, could be much better energy sources for a military system. given a sufficient supply of energy, a large, phased-array EP system in orbit could attack entire cities, with loss of life comparable to nuclear weapons, but without collateral damage. However, it is not necessary to station EP weapons in space in order to have firepower on a "strategic" scale. The Soviets have been early masters at combining their knowledge of geophysics and non-linear wave propagation to develop novel types of over-the-horizon radar. Using combinations of phased-array installations with a very large effective aperture, it is theoretically possible to project lethal electromagnetic signals over thousands of kilometers. At shorter ranges, incoming missiles and aircraft might be destroyed using EMP-like effects. Soviet activities should be closely watched in these respects, especially in view of the potential "dual purpose" exploitation of certain facilities. (The following list is not intended to be comprehensive, but merely exemplifies extensive Soviet scientific efforts in fields relevant to EP weaponry. The interested reader will find further literature through the cited publications.)" All-Union Conference on High-Current Electronics, Novosibirsk 1986 (conference proceedings, in Russian). O.V. Betsky, A.V. Putvinsky, "Biological Effects of Millimeter Waves of Low Intensity" (Russian) and M.V. Golant, T.B. Rebrovak, "The Analogy between Certain Systems of Living Organism and Technical UHF between Certain Systems of Living Organisms and Technical UHF Devices," (Russian in Radioelektronika 29, Nr.10, 1986. G.I. Budker, "The Gyrocon: An Efficient Relativistic High-Power VHF generator," Particle Accelerators 10, 1979. N.D. Deyatkov, E.A. Gel'vich, M.B. Golant, "Radiophysical Aspects of the Use in Medicine of Energetic and Informational Action of Electromagnetic Radiation," (Russian), Seria Elektronika SVC (UHF Electronics), Nr. 9(333), 1981. A.G. Gurvich, Mitogenetic Analysis of the Excitation of the Nervous System, Amsterdam 1937; "Une theorie du champ biologique," Bibliotheca Biotheorectica, Ser. D, II. See also Michael Lipkind, "Gurwitschs Theorie vom Biologischem Feld," in the German-language magazine Fusion, 8.Jg., 1987, Nr.4. V.M. Inyushin, D.R. Chekurov, Laser Biostimulation and Bioplasma, (Russian), Alma Ata 1975. S. Kassel, "Soviet Development of Gyrotrons," RAND Corp. Report R-3377-ARPA, May 1986. V.P.Kaznacheev, L.P. Mikhailova, Ultraweak Radiation in Intercellular Interactions, (Russian) U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 1981. V.M. Koldayev, "Pharmacological Correction of Acute Microwave Effects," (Russian) Biologiecheskiye Nauki, 1, 1987. V.I. Vernadsky, The Biosphere, 1926 (Russian and French editions). Editor's note. Here are more substantiating articles in support of Tennenbaum's information. It is in list format. Liebig, Michael.(1988).Radio-Frequency Weapons: Strategic Context and Implications. Executive Intelligence Review. Pg. 42. Michael Liebig is Managing Director of EIR nachrichtenagentur GmbH in Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. The following paper was presented at conferences in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and Italy. "...It is obvious that the whole complex of RF technologies, precisely because of the vast potential for military application, is highly classified. Detailed information on RF systems is extremely scant in the public domain. Yet we do know the scientific-technological basics of RF systems and their interaction with biological and other soft targets. While operational RF weapon systems may not yet exist as such, it can be stated categorically, that not just research, but development work towards operational RF weapons, is underway in the East and West, especially in the East. Pg. 40. "Radio-frequency weapons" is a misleading name, carried over from a pragmatic understanding of earlier stages of electronic warfare. For example, it was thought, mistakenly, that the use of microwaves as anti-personnel weapons depended upon the heating effects of such waves upon targeted material. Today, it has been shown that properly tuned electromagnetic pulses have mortal effects at levels of energy-deposit as low as two or three orders of magnitude below those required to kill cell-tissue by means of induced thermal effects. This comparison illustrates the importance of the term "non-linear effects." The most important of the near-term applications of non-linear electromagnetic effects are in the domain of optical biophysics, either as strategic or tactical anti-personnel weapons, or to produce global effects within the biosphere surrounding those personnel. However, there is also the prospect of disintegrating non-organic material, as well as the disruption of apparatus, through the same class of technologies. In applying the notion of technological attrition to all such electromagnetic-pulse weapons as a general class, it is the principles causing all of the indicated range of effects which must be considered as a unit for purposes of shaping strategic doctrine. All of the weaponry based upon "new physical principles," including lasers, particle beams, and non-linear electromagnetic-pulse effects, belong, together with the role of high temperature superconductivity, to the domain of sub-atomic physics. Modern high-energy physics, especially that focused upon so-called "force free" status of plasmas, shows that sub-atomic phase-space has a distinct, Kepler-Gauss sort of inherent curvature. It is also shown, that non-linear effects of coherent electromagnetic pulses, as phenomena of the macro-scale, are rooted in the non-linear physics of the curvature of "force-free," least-action states in the sub-atomic domain. One of the most important lines of inquiry to this effect today, is modern optical biophysics' attention to the decisive role of precisely tuned, inherently coherent electromagnetic pulses in living processes. Conceptually, this new work belongs to the tradition of Pasteur's work on optical biophysics and the definition of living processes presented by Luca Pacioli and Leonardo da Vinci nearly 500 years ago. Essentially, modern instruments permit us to detect and measure localized coherent pulses in the range of quanta of emission, leading into what is called today "non-linear spectroscopy" of living processes. The comparison of the results obtained in this way in biological research, with lessons learned from high-energy physics of force-free plasma states, is the key to design of strategic and tactical anti-personnel assault weapons and related applications." Frazer, James W. PhD and Frazer, Joyce E.(1988, Mar.Apr.)How Radiofrequency Waves Interact with Living Systems.21st Century.Pg. 50.Dr. Frazer, adjunct professor of pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio. Dr. Frazer was featured as a weapons expert on CNN's Special Report,1985 and discussed his ten year Air Force career and on electromagnetic effects. His conclusion that "radiofrequency weapons could be the wild-card in the arms race." "The nonthermal effects of electromagnetic radiation on living cells offer clues as to what is life, as well as to understanding Soviet research on the possibility of controlling human thought and emotional experience." Pg. 54. "In earlier work, Adey's group had shown a modulation sensitive effect on calcium efflux from chick brains. These findings created considerable controversy, but were completely substantiated by work done in Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) laboratories at Research Triangle Park in North Carolina. The subsequent history of their group is of interest. Adey's group continued with practical and theoretical studies of nonlinear response of biological systems to low-intensity fields-but with nearly annual cuts in funding levels. The federal agencies monitoring that work have been fragmented and the people either left or transferred to other fields of endeavor. Price, Frazer, Mori, and all of the people performing the original lymphocyte experiments have resigned, been victims of reductions in force, gone into other areas of research, or retired. Thus, an area of research of great interest to theoretical biology has been very effectively choked off." Wellborn Stanley & Daniloff, Nicholas.(1984, Oct. 1`). Can U.S. Hold Its Lead Over Soviets in Science Race? U.S News and World Report.Pg 53. "The Soviets, for example, experiment extensively in parapsychology and psychic warfare," in modification of weather and in the biological effects of microwave and other electromagnetic fields. Much of this research is given high priority. Commission on Security and Cooperation In Europe 102nd Congress First Session. The Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 10 Sept.-4 Oct.1991. Pg. 9. "Many individual Soviet citizens also attended, seeking help in redressing grievances against the Soviet system after decades of lawlessness and arbitrary administration of justice. Complaints ranged from unjustified loss of employment and placement in psychiatric hospitals to subjection to space-based rays launched and maintained by Soviet security organs. The U.S. delegation was able to do little more than listen to these individuals and forward their complaints to the Soviet delegation or the relevant republican authorities, suggesting to the Soviet delegation that it address the problems of these individuals." Baker, CB.(1997?). Youth Action News.Pg. 6-7 the 1980 book: Human Possibilities: Mind Exploration in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, was written by a leading U.S. scientific researcher in parapsychology, Stanley Krippner, Ph.D. The book described the 1960 discoveries of Y.A. Kholodov, a leading Soviet expert on the effects of electromagnetic fields on the brain. ...Krippner continued: "These Soviet attempts to construct holographic models resembles the work of Karl Pribram, who has suggested not only that sensory information is relayed in bits and pieces to be sequentially reconstructed by neuron interaction, but also that sensory cells can interact as to form the sort of interference pattern typified by a hologram." Baker, CB.(1984?).Electronic Mind-Control. "At the 1979 U.S. Psychotronic Association conference, Lt. Col. Thomas E. Bearden provided additional information about soviet usage of ELF for mind control ...In 1968, Litisitsyn, who happens to run the documentation center (in the U.S.S.R.) which has all the medical information there, wrote a paper...reporting that the U.S.S.R. had 'succeeded in controlling the induction...of images and sensations... into another biological system--a human being." "...Litisitsyn received his Ph.D. in highly esoteric, non-linear, mathematical brain-wave theory... "Litisitsyn's paper reported that the Soviets broke the genetic code of the human brain. "they worked out 23 EEG band-wave lengths, 11 of which were totally independent. So if you can manipulate those 11,youcan do anything to that living system it normally can do itself--anything at all. This is all from a paper in the (U.S.) Defense Documentation Center--1968, translation from the Soviet Union." "...the relationship between Soviet ELF signals and the Litisitsyn paper was described in a 1978 documentation packet on ELF issued by the Planetary Association for Clean Energy. ...The P.A.C.E. documentation continued: "Litisitsyn also reported that the Soviet scientists have developed and fitted a theory to actual brain wave measurements, and could insert material on electromagnetic carriers, directly into the brain and could control whether or not the process stimulated conscious awareness of the individual." ...The monitoring of time coherent and phase locked psychoactive modulations suggests strongly the following: The psychoactive modulation effectively locks -in the multiple carrier frequencies (say 11 to 23). On these locked -in multichannels, brain-coded information is inserted, feeding it directly into the captured target-brains." "Potentially, almost anything could be inserted in the target brain/mind systems., and such insertions would be processed by the biosystems as intercranially-generated data/effects. Words, phrases, images, sensations, and emotions could be directly inserted and experienced in the biological targets as internal states, modes, emotions thoughts, and ideas...." Wortz, Edward C.et al.(198?)An Investigation of Soviet Psychical Research. in Mind at Large. pg. 235. "The term psychotronics was coined by a French journalist after the analogy with electronics, bionics, nucleonics, and so forth. the Soviets have devised their own term-psychoenergetics. Pg.249 "A review of possible NBIT (novel biophysical information transfer) transmission mechanism that are compatible with current modern physics yields three schemes. 1. VLF and ELF electromagnetic waves. 2. Neutrinos, based on the photon theory of neutrinos. 3. Quantum-mechanical waves, based on the schizophysical interpretation of basic quantum mechanical theory. Presently, most U.S. and soviet experiments on psychic phenomena, as well as the use of the law of parsimony, would point to ELF/VLF mechanisms, but the other two possibilities cannot be ruled out. Contents ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Chapter Four What Scientists are saying about brain research? What physics, engineering and biology is needed to develop mind control technology? What do scientist believe it takes to decode the brain? What is the level of neurological research today? The answers are conclusive. Will Russian and Soviet scientists develop neurological weapons on animals or humans? It is logical to believe the many claims by victims that brain functions and every nerve of the body can be controlled remotely with current technology. Here is a list of what distinguished scientists are saying about neurotechnologies. These are just a few of many examples. Russell, Christine.(1976, Feb. 23).Are Computer Hookups to the Brain Next? The Ultimate in Technology Predicted. Washington Star. "...Such a prospect, dependent upon progress in 'breaking the internal codes of the human mind," might be possible in as little as 20 years or may take "several decades more," according to Dr. Adam V. Reed.[Rockefeller University scientist]. But the 30-year-old experimental psychologist, who was earlier trained as an electrical engineer, expects to see "electronic extensions" of the brain within his own lifetime. His futuristic speculation was part of a symposium on "Man-Computer relations" yesterday at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting here. Reed acknowledged the need to protect against the dangerous applications of "thought control" -turning human beings into virtual robots-but his emphasis was on what he saw as potential benefits. ...The main limit, however, is the difficulty of unraveling the internal language of the brain. ..."I think there will necessarily be intermediate steps before people would even want direct hookups," said Dr. John McCarthy of Stanford University's department of computer sciences." Greenfield, Susan.(1995). Journey to the Centers of the Mind. Towards A Science of Consciousness. W.A. Freeman & Co. NY. Pg. 196. "If we could explain exactly how consciousness is generated by groups of neurons under certain conditions, it would also mean that we had the ability to manipulate on e another's consciousness to such a degree that it could lead to the effective annihilation of the individual. This specter is comparable to the ultimate, Frankenstein-like feat of the molecular biologist in creating organic life. Whether or not such a world would be a good place in which to live can only again be the stuff of science fiction." Connor Steve.(1995, May 21).Science:The Last Great Frontier: The Brain is the Ultimate Enigma.The Independent(London).Pg52. "The human brain is the most complicated structure in the known universe. ...No superlative, it seems, is too grand to explain what is happening to brain research, precisely midway through the international "Decade of the brain" Gerald Fischbach, professor of neurobiology at Harvard, believes philosophers inquiring into the human condition can no longer ignore the brain experiments that are "among the most urgent challenging and exciting" in all of science. "Our survival and probably the survival of this planet depend on a more complete understanding of the human mind." he says. .... Cornwell, John.(1994,Sept.4).A Mindfield For the Brains Trust.Sunday Times. Lexis-Nexis. "...Penrose the 62-year old Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at Oxford...who made his name by collaborating with Stephen Hawking in the 1960s on black holes, was drawn to the consciousness debate in the late 1980s... ...In Shadows of the Mind, Penrose demonstrates that mathematics and physics are more central to the problems of consciousness than computer science or even biology. At the same time, he urges that physics must take consciousness into its scope. "...We must look for a feature of the brain," he says, "that can mediate between the microscopic world of quantum physics and our everyday realm of classical physics." According to the view prevalent in neurobiology, brain action is entirely controlled by the interconnected system of "neuron switches" and nothing else: there is no plausible role for the subleties of quantum action. But basing himself on research of Stuart Hameroff, an anaesthetist at the University of Arizona, and the work of Herbert Frohlich, a noted physicist who has made important advances in the study of superconductivity, Penrose believes he has come up with a suitable site and structure for quantum activity in the brain. In his new book he describes how cell structures known as microtubules, found in the branches of neurons (brain cells), have the ability to shrink and expand between the microscopic realms of the quantum and our familiar world of switches," says Penrose. "The microtubules are themselves microscopic tubes made of proteins called tubulins. Each tubulin individually seems to behave something like a switch, increasing neuronal numerosity by something like 10,000m" If Penrose is right, his book may be the first accessible report to a general readership about the site, if not the actual substance, of the Holy Grail of consciousness the precise point where quantum activity interacts with classical physical activity in the brain. ...and by body-soul dualists such as the veteran neurophysiologist Sir John Eccles, who believes that a quantum physical effect mediates our spiritual souls and our physical brains. ...Our conscious brains, he declares, are woven from subtle physical ingredients that somehow enable us to take advantage of the profound organzisation of our mathematically underpinned universe... ...Penrose confesses he is very far from explanations; but he is adamant that no clear answers will come unless the interrelating features of physics, mathematics, biology and psychology are seen to come together... Jibu, Mari, Hagan, Scott, Hameroff, Stuart R., Pribram, Karl H., Yasue, Kunio.(1993, August 10)Quantum Optical Coherence in Cytoskeletal Microtubules: Implications for Brain Function. BioSystems 32(1994)195-209. "Abstract 'Laser-like,' long-range coherent quantum phenomena may occur biologically within cytoskeletal microtubules. This paper presents a theoretical prediction of the occurrence in biological media of the phenomena which we term 'superradiance' and 'self-induced transparency'. Interactions between the electric dipole field of water molecules confined within the hollow core of microtubules and the quantized electromagnetic radiation field are considered, and microtubules are theorized to play the roles of non-linear coherent optical devices. Superradiance is a specific quantum mechanical ordering phenomenon with characteristic times much shorter than those of thermal interaction. Consequently, optical signaling(and computation) in microtubules would be free from both thermal noise and loss. Superradiant optical computing in networks of microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures may provide a basis for biomolecular cognition and a substrate for consciousness. Moravec, Hans.(1988). Mind Children The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. Editor's note; Moravec is an MIT professor, well-known and was on the Learning Channel on Dec 16, 1997 on the program Future Fantastic. He explains artificial intelligence and replacing the brain with a computer. "Perhaps, with advances in high-resolution scanning, it will be possible to achieve this effect without messy surgery: you might simply wear some kind of helmet or headband that monitored and altered the interhemispheric traffic with carefully controlled electromagnetic fields. Rucker, Rudy.(1997, April 25).Imagined Worlds".International Herald Tribune. Pg. 4. "By Freeman Dyson. ...Harvard. Reviewed by Rudy Rucker. "The dominant science of the 21st century will be biology." [physicist] Dyson expects great advances in two areas of biological knowledge: the gene and the brain. He suggests that the first may give us pet dinosaurs, and the second may bring about "radiotelepathy."..."Radiotelepathy" is a word coined by Dyson to express a surprising but logical idea: You could have something like a cordless phone inside your head. That is, "After the organization of the central nervous system has been explored and understood, the way will be open to develop and use the technology of electromagnetic brain signals." Dyson, Freeman.(1997)Imagined Worlds.President and Fellows of Harvard College. Acknowledgments. "This book grew out of a set of lectures given in May 1995 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem... ...The idea of radiotelepathy first appeared, so far as I know, in the science-fiction novel Last and First Men, written by Olaf Stapledon, in 1931, ...in which the cells of a multicellular creature communicate with each other by means of electric and magnetic fields... The chief barrier to progress in neurophysiology is the lack of observational tools. To understand in depth what is going on in the brain, we need tools that can fit inside or between the neurons and transmit reports of neural events to receivers outside. ...observing instruments...with rapid response, high band-width and high spacial resolution...There is no law of physics that declares that such an observational tool to be impossible. We know that high-frequency electromagnetic signals can be propagated through brain tissue for distances of the order of centimeters. We know that microscopic generators and receivers of electromagnetic radiation are possible. We know that modern digital data-handling technology is capable of recording and analyzing the signals emerging from millions of tiny transmitters simultaneously. All that is lacking in order to transform these possibilities into an effective observational tool is the neurological equivalent of integrated-circuit technology. We need a technology that allows us to build and deploy large arrays of small transmitters inside a living brain, just as integrated-circuit technology allows us to build large arrays of small transistors on a chip of silicon. ...Radioneurology is in principle only an extension of the existing technology of magnetic resonance imaging, which also used radio-frequency magnetic fields to observe neural structures. A rough estimate based on the available band-width indicates that a million transmitters could be monitored through each patch of brain surface with size equal to the radio wave-length. The factor of a million is the ratio between the radio band-width, of the order of hundreds of millions of cycles per second, and the band-width of a neuron, of the order of hundred of cycles...." Greenfield, Susan.(1996, Feb.25).Science: From Socrates to Silicon Chip?; Artificial Intelligence has evolved so far... So are computers nearly conscious? The neuroscientist Susan Greenfield argues that is all depends on what 'conscious means." "...Hence there is obviously a strong chemical-selective element in determining consciousness. ..Admittedly, advanced machines are no longer in thrall to digital on/off operations, and a silicon "retina" and "neuron" have been built with analogue (ie dimmer switch) properties. Contents Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) This is a list of excerpts from books and articles to the demonstrate the level of brain mapping and reading today. SQUID seems to be the basis of classified technology used to read brainwaves remotely. In The Brain Code, Mechanisms of Information Transfer and the Role of the Corpus Callosum by Noram D. Cook, 1986, he writes Phrases such as the 'brain code are used to describe the set of fundamental rules concerning how information is stored and transmitted from site to site within the brain. ...how large groups of neurons transmit the images, thoughts and feelings which we suspect are the fundamental units of our psychological lives. ...The perspective on brain function discussed in the following chapters is not claimed to be a complete unraveling of the brain code, but I do believe that it is the beginning of same and that the direction of future developments is already clearly indicated." Coyle, Anna.(1992, Sept.14). 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