-Caveat Lector-

'He was more of a psychopath than Hitler'

ROBERT HARRIS'S novel Archangel is set in present-day Russia, where Stalin
is seven times more popular than Yeltsin. Dissipated former Oxford
historian Fluke Kelso, in Moscow for a conference, discovers Stalin's
secret notebook. It reveals Stalin had an illegitimate son, whom Kelso sets
out to find. Harris puts the posthumous influence Stalin still wields over
Russia in context by a fellow historian's address to the conference:

"Professor I.A. Kuganov estimates that some 66 million people were killed
in the USSR between 1917 and 1953 - shot, tortured, starved mostly, frozen
or worked to death. Others say the true figure is a mere 45 million. Who
knows?

"Neither estimate, by the way, includes the 30 million now known to have
been killed in the Second World War.

"To put this loss in context: The Russian Federation today has a population
of roughly 150 million. Assuming the ravages inflicted by communism had
never occurred, and assuming normal demographic trends, the actual
population should be about 300 million.

"And yet - and this is surely one of the most astounding phenomena of the
age - Stalin continues to enjoy a wide measure of popular support in this
half-empty land. His statues have been taken down, true. The street names
have been changed. But there have been no Nuremberg trials, as there were
in Germany. There has been no process here equivalent to deNazification.
There has not been a Truth Commission, of the sort established in South
Africa.

"And the opening of the archives? 'Confronting the past?' Come, ladies and
gentlemen, let us say frankly what we all know to be the case. That the
Russian Government today is scared, and that it is actually harder to gain
access to the archives now than it was six or seven years ago. You all know
the facts as well as I do. Beria's files: closed. The Politburo's files:
closed. Stalin's files - the real files, I mean, not the window-dressing on
offer here: closed. I can see my remarks are not being well received by one
or two colleagues.

"All right, I shall draw them to a conclusion with this observation: that
there can now be no doubt that it is Stalin rather than Hitler who is the
most alarming figure of the 20th century.

"I say this not merely because Stalin killed more people than Hitler -
although clearly he did - and not even because Stalin was more of a
psychopath than Hitler - although clearly he was.

"I say it because Stalin, unlike Hitler, has not yet been exorcised. And
also because Stalin was not a one-off like Hitler, an eruption from
nowhere. Stalin stands in a historical tradition of rule by terror which
existed before him, which he refined, and which could exist again. His, not
Hitler's, is the spectre that should worry us.

"Because, you know, you think about it. You hail a taxi in Munich - you
don't find the driver displaying Hitler's portrait in his car, do you?
Hitler's birthplace isn't a shrine. Hitler's grave isn't piled with fresh
flowers every day. You can't buy tapes of Hitler's speeches on the streets
of Berlin. Hitler isn't routinely praised as 'a great patriot' by leading
German politicians. Hitler's old party didn't receive more than 40 per cent
of the votes in the last German election.

"But all these things are true of Stalin in Russia today . . ."

Archangel, by Robert Harris, published by Hutchinson.

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