-Caveat Lector- =========================== The Committee for National Solidarity Tolstojeva 34, 11000 Belgrade, YU --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Criminal Race : The Demonization, Dehumanization and Criminalization of the Serbian People. Erin S. LaPorte - December 22, 1999 Florida State U. Student (Sr.) - Tallahassee, Florida, USA "A whole nation and ethnic group - men, women and children - appear to be incarcerated in a giant prison. Western policy and the media campaign is such that ALL Serbs are being economically and psychologically destroyed. The word "SERBS" has been made synonymous with the word "EVIL." Dr. Raju G.C. Thomas, from his essay "Dehumanizing a Nation: The Balkans Conflict and International Reaction" (1993) p. 1. CONTENTS I. Introduction to Group Demonization and Dehumanization. Here, I use the work of Sam Keen (1986) to explain the basic sociology of enemy creation through demonizing propaganda. II. The "subhuman Serbs" as NATO targets. 1. The role of modern mass communication in "national interests." 2. Human deaths as "collateral damage" and other NATO propaganda. III. The "concentration camps" and "ethnic cleansing" elements in anti-Serb propaganda. 1. The organized efforts to spread anti-Serb propaganda. 2. Making of the Trnopolje "concentration camp" and those who were shamelessly fooled. 3. "Remember Srebrenica" themes and "Serb ethnic cleansing" propaganda. 4. Elements of anti-Serb propaganda developed from the "remember Srebrenica" theme. IV. Denial of the Victimhood of the Serbs. V. The Hague Tribunal : The Tribunal from Hell 1. The use of "international tribunals" to validate labels. 2. Questionable proceedings of the Tribunal from Hell. VI. Conclusion VII. My Observations. 1. Racism in human rights activity in Kosovo and the "international community." 2. Some suggestions to the Serbian people. 3. . . . and this work isn't done yet! Footnotes and references to this paper. -------------------------------------------------------------------- I. Introduction to Group Demonization and Dehumanization. Most human groups and nations create an enemy to create a sense of social solidarity and membership. The function of war propaganda is to build social solidarity, to unite a nation or group against "the Other, evil incarnate." "In all propaganda, the face of the enemy is designed to provide a focus for our hatred. He is the other. The outsider. The alien. He is not human. If we can only kill him, we will be rid of all within and without ourselves that is evil" (Keen 1986, p. 16). The stuff that creates a sense of tribal loyalty and patriotism is paranoia. Paranoia is far from being an occasional pathology, but a normal condition. We direct hate and suspicion to strangers and those who are unlike us. The paranoid myth of "the threat" involves the dualistic Us versus Them, Good versus Evil, we are good, they are bad. This paranoid myth that unites the group and defines it, also permits the killing of the immoral, nonhuman members of the "them," as well as the holy act of dying while killing the "them" (Keen, 1986). Humans normally don't kill other humans. The humans that we intend to kill, eliminate or commit genocide against must be dehumanized. "The enemy" must be reduced to ugly creatures that are less than animals with ideas that must be destroyed. Propaganda of the mass media is employed to create "the good," us and "the evil", the them. The mass media is employed to justify the righteousness and piety of "us" and the aggression and evilness of "the enemy." This creates the fog of paranoia that cannot be cleared, even when presented with the truth about the true intentions and true humanity of "the enemy" (Keen 1986). The propaganda that is used to demonized and dehumanize "the enemy" often portrays "the enemy" with similar images, both visual and written. "The enemy" is often portrayed as a beast or a stone age throw-back with turned down lips and ruff facial features. He is wild and animal like, engaging in behaviors and customs that are strange to "us." In print "the enemy" has been portrayed as dirty, crude, acting either under the influence of home-made liquor or pure animal instincts (Stover and Peress 1998), combined with the enemy's "strange" social customs, as in Eric Stover and Gilles Peress book The Graves: Srebrencia and Vukovar. (1998) (1). These images are replayed in many ways to create the negative stereotypes of "the enemy" and only negative news about this demonized group is covered in "the press" (Keen 1986, McCarus 1994). Speaking of the portrayal of the enemy's "strange social customs," Sam Keen (1986) stated: He will be portrayed as rude, crude and uncivilized. More than likely he will be an irrational, dirty member of a horde organized at best on the model of an ant heap (p. 43). Once demonized and stripped of their humanity, it not only makes it easier for the battlefield solider to kill the "faceless, non-human enemy," it is also easier to indiscriminately kill any member of "the enemy." Civilians in the demonized group become targets, often unable to fight back and are easy prey for violence and persecutions. They are easy prey for violence and harassment as a result of knee-jurk, American- patriotic racism called jingoistic racism (2) ( Keen 1986; Burchfield 1997; McCarus 1994). Since a group stripped of its humanity is not seen as having human worth, they have no human rights. Such a demonized, out-group is not deserving of the protections that other human groups are entitled under international law and conventions. Such a development helps powerful governments and military alliances, and their media outlets, to justify the bombing and killing of civilians, and the ignoring of the human rights of the demonized group ( Burchfield 1997). "They" may have been the victims of war crimes committed against "them," but war crimes against "them" are justified. Lastly, according to Miller and Levin (1998), the media project images of a "hierarchy of victims," that is, some victims are more deserving of public attention, sympathy and out rage than other victims. This projects the image that these "lesser victims" lives' are of no value and are therefore less newsworthy. Back to top. Footnotes and references II. The "subhuman Serbs" as NATO Targets. 1. The role of modern mass communication in "national interests." The media play very important roles in portraying members of some groups as normal and others as Other. In particular, films and television programs use the power of visual images to create and reinforce stereotypic images of Others as scary and different (Zatz and Mann, 1998, p.8). While the family and education have a role to play in the shaping and transmission of the common culture, this role is falling more on the shoulders of the media and the government. Government is playing more of a role in the culture, shaping and supporting the cultural values regarding civil rights, criminal justice and so on. The mass media are a great influence on the transmission and reinforcement of some times heavily biased, cultural values ( Burchfield 1997, Ranney 1993). The most influential impact of mass communications in political communication and political culture is television because of it's visualness over radio, its visual and voice over newspapers (Ranney 1993). Journalists will seek out governmental and military officials when there is some perceived threat to the "national interest." Many of these reporters rely on official sources, such as foreign affairs offices and governmental employees. In order to cultivate relationships with and "not offend" those "in the know," the reporter reports "facts" he is given, even if he knows that they are lies. The most esteemed journalists are the ones who are the most servile. Hearsay is transformed into "the truth" (Sadkovich, 1998). Often, however, these "facts" that military and governmental officials put out as "truth" can be disputable and become part of the propaganda and the process of demonization, or re-demonization (Sadkovich 1998, Keen 1986). There is one vivid example of this "reporting of facts" from the NATO Alliance during it's rather questionable "Operation Allied Force." The Paris based group, Reporters sans Frontieres (RSF) chastised NATO for what it said was the Alliance's "distorting the truth, attempts at misinformation" and "impossible to check figures." RSF sited the example of the supposed wounding of ethnic-Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova, who then subsequently appeared healthy on Serbian Television. Air Commodore David Wilby had stated that the report of Rugova's demise was from a "very reliable source." The "very reliable source" that Air Commodore Wilby cited was a London -based Kosovo Information Center, run by Kosovo exiles. Besides (dis)information, RSF's report points out the "other features of Western communication are approximate figures, debatable historical references and the use of vocabulary that has the aim of making the adversay appear monstrous. " (3) 2. Human deaths as "collateral damage" and other NATO propaganda. "When we know the Serbs did it, we say the Serbs did it," said a NATO official . . .who spoke anonymously to an American researcher. "When we don't know who did it, we say the Serbs did it. And when we know the Serbs didn't do it, we say we don't know who did it." (4) Recall in Section I the ideas of both Burchfield (1997) and Keen (1986). Once a group of humans is stripped of its humanity, such as the Serbs, this "out group" is seen as "not worthy" of the same protections granted to "in groups." This includes the human rights and human worth of the demonized group. Also, according to Keen (1986), the high tech weapons eliminate much of the demonization process and make "the enemy" even less human : The atrocities committed from a high altitude by bomber crews, directed from afar by technicians are not so much inhuman as ahuman ( p.86). So long as we want to kill from a distance with clean hands, we must refrain from imagining the consequences of our weapons, and must completely eliminate any awareness of the enemy as human (pp.86-87). NATO officials in Brussels were truly conditioned by their propaganda to kill "the Other," the "sub-human, ethnic cleansing, Serbs," and coupled with the distance from Brussels to Belgrade, this insulated the Alliance from the carnage in Yugoslavia, making bombing the civil population all the more sanitary. The results of dehumanizing propaganda and sanitary killing of "the Other" came out of one NATO official in at least one press briefing during "Operation Allied Force." During the April 9th press briefing, CNN correspondent Patricia Kelly questioned Air Commodore David Wilby's lack of concern for the civil population in and around a Yugoslav car plant : ". . .your statement on the collateral damage to civilian property in Kosovo seems to take no account of the fact that there are still Serb civilians inside of Kosovo which NATO has also pledged to protect in its early mission statements but the way you put the information across makes it sound as if you are not particularly bothered about their safety any longer." In his reply to the charge, Wilby answers with a well worn NATO statement, but then continues to describe possible Serb civilian causalities in non-human terms: ". . .if I gave the impression that I was not concerned about the loss of civilian life to the Serbian population, you know that we have always said that we are not in any conflict with the Serbian people and I am sorry if my emphasis came across slightly wrong to you." "In terms of the car plant. . .as I have said to you, we would look very carefully into the collateral damage or damage to civilians before we attacked that particular plant." (5) According to The White Book of NATO's Crimes , there were several civilian homes hit by missiles that day, as well as the car plant that employed 30,000, but no injuries or deaths were reported in this publication. (6) In yet another example that lead to protests by historical experts was Tony Blair's (mis) use of the term "genocide" and the characterization of Milosevic's government to that of Hitler's. (7) The reasons for the NATO Alliance's questionable bombing campaign was the "humanitarian disaster" of the ethnic Albanians that was created by the "ethnic cleansing by the Serbs." The common figure being batted around was 100,000 dead, with one mass grave in Ljubenic said to contain 350 bodies. ("Remember Srebrenica?! Why those 'nasty, ethnic cleansing, rapist Serbs' were back to their systematic ethnic cleansing plans!") What investigators found , or didn't find ( November 1999) in Ljubenic was not 350 corpses, but seven(8) and a mine shaft said to contain lots of corpses of massacred Albanians held none (9). Recently, teams of forensic experts from Spain and Italy have found only about 200 graves or so with no signs of torture on those corpses the did find.(10) People were leaving Kosovo because, like Serbia proper, it was being attacked by NATO.(11) The NATO Alliance is starting to look very much like an alliance of cheap, brutal war mongers, using propaganda and outright lies as a justification for war. However, during the NATO actions against the Yugoslav Serbs, the West rehashed the same propaganda and old stereotypes of the Serbs as the "butchers of the Balkans, ethnic cleansers" (Flounders 1998). The US and NATO used these past anti-Serb propaganda and anti- Serb stereotypes in an effort to create the social solidarity necessary to keep the NATO countries' leaders and their publics supportive of the Yugoslavia bombing campaign ( Keen 1986, Naslund, 1999). These claims of the "systematic, ethnic cleansing and mass murder plans" of the Serbs is not new. The anti-Serb propaganda elements that were being recycled in the NATO action with regard to Kosovo were the "remember Sreberinca" themes, which are highlighted in the next section. There was alleged to have been 8,000 Muslim men "systematically massacred by the Serbs" in Srebreinca, but only 460 bodies have been found (Kent 1998, Pumphrey 1998). Some of the conscious in the West for the "bombing of Milosevic" and the Yugoslav Serb civilian population was also developed and maintained by sometimes concerted demonization and dehumanization campaigns lead by American PR firms like Ruder Finn Global Public Affairs(12) with "very important" clients, like the Republic of Croatia. Back to top. Footnotes and references III. The "concentration camps" and "ethnic cleansing" elements in anti-Serb propaganda. "Regrettably, that behavior (ethnic cleansing) is not unprecedented in Balkan conflicts, and to say that it is a peculiarly Serb behavior says more about the observer than the Balkans" (Charles G. Boyd 1995, p.3). Several groups have been demonized through the use of propaganda during the 20th Century. Most notably, the Jews, Germans and Japanese during the Second World War, the Russians during the Cold War, the Arabs and Muslims during the 70's and the Gulf War. The newest victims of Western, war- motivated propaganda are the Serbs (Keen 1986, McCarus 1994, Kent 1999, Flounders 1998). There have been a few intense media blitzes stemming "from the need to punish" the Serbs for their insolence against the West and Washington (Kent 1999). 1. The organized efforts to spread anti- Serb propaganda. Unlike the cartoons and posters of the previous wars, the "media war" against the Serbs, as many have put it, is a sometimes concerted, high tech one, incorporating mass communication technology and public relations firms to demonize and dehumanize and the entire ethnic group. The current concerted propaganda campaign against the Serbs began back in the early '90's when the Western world media heated up it's anti- Serb campaign with its portrayal of Serbs as barbarians, drunken bandits and murders, even Nazi fascists. Current political cartoons portray the Serbs as pigs, hyenas and neo-Nazi monsters. (Thomas 1993, Flounders 1998, Deichmann 1998, Kent 1999). There is now even an anti-Serb propaganda book, Stover and Peress' The Graves , being use in the classroom of Florida State University in a course on "human rights investigations" and this author is finding that anti-Serb propaganda books with the "remember Srebrenica" theme are becoming common place. The current Western/NATO propaganda against the Serbs is an organized one, involving public relations firms. Charly Reese of the Orlando Sentinel wrote, ". . .the Serbs were and are up against powerful American public relations firms, western intelligence agencies and biased or incompetent Western reporters." Reese cited an interview by French Two Television of James Harff of Ruder Finn Global Affairs, the public relations firm that was representing the Muslim side. Harff, who is Ruder Finn's director, boasted of getting the American Jews on the side of Muslims after the Bosnian concentration camps hoax (Also Deichmann, 1998, Flounders 1998). The public relations firm capitalized on the high emotional content of the ITN "concentration camp" hoax for the benefit of its clients, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the parliamentary oppsition in Kosovo. The Washington based firm shows how the corporate media engages in a modern propaganda campaign and demonstrates one of the concerted efforts to demonize the Serbs : Speed is vital. . .it is the first assertion that really counts. All denial are ineffective. In a single move we were able to present a simple story of good guys and bad guys which would hereafter play itself. We won by targeting the Jewish audience. Almost immediately there was a clear change of the lanague in the press, with use of words with high emotional content such as 'ethnic cleansing, concertration camps, etc., which evoke images of Nazi Germany and the gas chambers of Auschwitz. No one could go against it without being accused of revisionism. We really batted a thousand in full" (qtd. in Flounders 1998, pp.54, 55). 2. Making of the Trnopolje "concentration camp" and those who were shamelessly fooled. In his essay "The Picture that Fooled the World" (1998) Thomas Deichman describes the "concentration camp" hoax in detail. The now famous picture came from a video shot by Penny Marshall of ITN of a refugee camp in Trnopolje on August 5th, 1992. In fact, Deichmann has looked at the rest of the footage Marshall and her team shot that contained the picture. What was used in the Marshell report - and what wasn't - is revealing. What wasn't in the report was the openness of the camp, the holes in the fences that Marshell and her crew went through and that the refugees were free to leave anytime they wanted (Dechmann, 1998). What became the picture that Mike Jeremy of ITN pegged "one of the key images of the war in the former Yugoslavia," (qtd. in Deichmann, p. 170) was, in fact, presented as to the Western world as something it was not, a concentration camp. The focus was on Fikret Alic, who's protruding rib cage behind a fence conjured up images of Nazi death camps. This "death camp" was a crude, sick lie and Fikret Alic, who survived the war, was disturbed about the use of his image. Through the use of camera angles, editing and the focus on one rather emaciated fellow, the images of a "concentration camp" were constructed for Western, anti-Serb propaganda consumption, especially to the delight of the Ruder Finn PR firm (Deichmann 1998, Flounders 1998). James Harff of Ruder Finn shows his more of his "pride" in getting the Anti-Defamation League and other Jewish organizations on the side of Muslims using the "concentration camp " hoax: "At the beginning of July 1992, New York Newsday came out with the article on Serb camps. We jumped at the opportunity immediately. We outwitted three big Jewish organizations - the B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation League, The American Jewish Committee and the American Jewish Congress. In August, we suggested that they publish an advertisement in the New York Times and organize demonstrations outside the United Nations. That was a tremendous coup. When the Jewish organizations entered the game on the side of the [Muslim] Bosnians, we could promptly equate the Serbs with the Nazis in the public mind. Nobody understood what was happening in Yugoslavia. The great majority of Americans were probably asking themselves in which African country Bosnia was situated" (qtd. in Flounders 1998, p.55). Those that were duped- and continue to be duped - are the American Jewish groups, such as the Anti- Defamation League that, according Thomas (1993) : "Using the Jewish Holocaust as their exclusive domain and forgetting the holocaust of the Serbs, the American Jewish Congress has gone overboard in their calls to bomb the Serbs" ( p. 2) Thomas points out strongly that the American Jewish community is actually participating in the genocide of Serbs. Promoting dehumanizing anti-Serb propaganda is a horrible step by most victimized ethnic group of the 20th Century- the Jews- to promote violence against another ethnic group- the Serbs. 3. "Remember Srebrenica" themes and "Serb ethnic cleansing" propaganda. "Srebrenica provides an unexpected way precisely what is wrong with both the media and the constant spreading of hate against the Serbs" (Kent 1999, p.9). "Ethnic cleansing" is more often, and falsely, attributed to Serbs, while at the same time Serb victims of ethnic cleansing, including at Srebrenica, are forgotten. Serb victims of ethnic cleansing are either misidentified as another ethnicity or not identified by an ethnicity. Often the fact that Serbs are also victims of ethnic cleansing is downplayed or never reported. ( Kent 1999, Dragnich 1995, Boyd 1995, Rohde 1997, Thomas 1993). Section IV extensively covers denial of the victimhood of the Serbs by Western governments and media. Editors often suppress "pro-Serb" stories, but allow a few favorable words to be said to give the appearance of "fair play" (Kent 1999). These stories are often hidden or near the bottom, but then it is accompanied by demonizing, anti-Serb text ( Kent 1999). The "Serbophobes," as Kent (1999) calls them, not only portray the Serbs as dirty, drunken, neo-Nazi monsters, but suppressed stories defending the Serbs, including false charges and grand exaggerations of alleged "genocide" (Kent 1999, Thomas 1993, ). Western reporters and the Eric Stover types, according to Thomas (1993), go into a frenzy over alleged "genocide" by Serbs and numbers of Muslims or Croats killed are often inflated and amount to lies. The same ilk could care less when the victims of ethnic cleansing and mass murder are Serbs. What the Western propaganda machine drags up constantly are the alleged atrocities by Serbs in the town of Srebernica (Kent 1999). This is one of the towns in Eric Stover and Gillies Peress' The Graves : Srebernica and Vukovar (1998) . In this book, the Serbs are not only portrayed as a race of dirty, drunken, animal, ethnic cleansers, but the mainly photojournalistic work hides the victimization of the Serbs, as well as portrays the Serbs as drunken, animalistic killers. Stover writes, " . . . the shelling of towns and villages, mass deportations of Muslims and Croats and the systematic destruction of their cultural property. . . what the Serb leaders were intending to accomplish in Bosnia" (p. 137). However, a good - and shorter than an entire book - example of this method of anti-Serb stereotype reinforcement is also in the March 25th, 1996 issue of the New York Times article by Alan Cowell. Cowell's story was regarding the indictments by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) of three Bosinan Muslims and a Bosnian Croat for involvement in a alleged "rape camp" in which Serbs were the victims. One would not know that this is an article about Serb victims and indictments issued for crimes committed against Serbs by reading the article: These are the first individuals indicted for crimes against Bosnian Serb victims," the tribunal's spokesman, Christian Chartier said. The indictment was "the first of its kind," it said. The tribunal's investigations have been dominated by inquires against Serbs, who investigators say pursued a systematic drive to purge entire regions of Muslims and Croats, using murder and rape as weapons in this process of 'ethnic cleansing.' The tribunal has charged that many of the Serbian atrocities reflected deliberate policies of the Bosnian Serb leadership, as opposed to being crimes by rouge individuals . . . " Even as today's indictments against the Serbs' adversaries were made known, the United States' chief delegate to the United Nations, Madeleine Albright, was visiting the site of suspected mass graves near the central town of Srebrenica, where thousands of Muslims are believed to have been massacred by Serbs last July." (13) Was Cowell's story really about the ICTY indictments of non-Serbs, or was the purpose of Cowell's article really about something else - like anti-Serb stereotype reinforcement?! 4. Elements of anti-Serb propaganda developed from the "remember Srebrenica" theme. In Faces of the Enemy (1986) , on page 46, Sam Keen has eight elements of decivilizing rhetoric he identified as being used by former President Ronald Reagan to paint the image "Soviet savagery." I have noted that much of the "remember Srebrenica" theme was, and still is, being used as elements of anti-Serb propaganda. Borrowing on Keen's idea of identifying elements of decivilizing rhetoric, and Eric Stover's Serb bashing text in The Graves as a main sources, I have created a list of elements in anti-Serb propaganda : a.. The Serbs are not victims of "ethnic cleansing" ( p.137, implied). b.. The Serbs break agreements (p. 121). c.. The Serbs are rapists of Muslim women (p. 115) . d.. The Serbs are "dirty, animalistic killers" ( pp. 105, 108, 103, 144, 156). e.. The Serbs are usually drunk on brandy ( pp.105, 106,). f.. The Serbs are "cold, cruel occupiers" ( pp.111-112, 130, 140 ). g.. The Serbs have "strange, animal- like habits" ( pp.83-87, 122). h.. The Serbs are the only perpetrators of "ethnic cleansing and mass murder." Stover and Gilles' entire book portrays this fallacy, but especially on pages 131, 137, 108. What is also clear from Stover and Gilles' book is that Bosnian Muslims are human beings, with human traits of concern for family, have feelings of love and anger, suffer hunger and cold. Contrast that to the animalistic Serbs who, in this obviously propaganda book, are cold, cruel, unfeeling, and unmoved by the tears and fears of the Bosnian Muslim human beings . The Serbs, as a group of human beings, have their humanity ripped and stripped from then in The Graves. Eric Stover and Gillies Pervess' The Graves : Sreberinca and Vukovar is an excellent book for those who want get a good taste of what anti-Serb propaganda and dehumanization is all about. Closely related to the "remember Srebrenica" spin of anti-Serb propaganda is the denial of the victimhood of the Serbs, including and especially in Srebrenica, at the hands of Eric Stover's "charismatic - 25 year old leader," Naser Oric. Back to top. Footnotes and references IV. Denial of the victimhood of the Serbs. "Massacres committed by Serbs are genocide, but not massacres committed on Serbs. Ethnic cleansing by the Serbs is genocide, but not that committed by the other side against Serbs" ( Thomas 1993, p. 5). Part of the demonization and dehumanization of the Serbs is not only labels created through propaganda against them, but also the removal of their victimhood. The funeral of a Serb girl was reported as that of a Muslim and the rape of a Serb woman was reported as that of a Muslim (Kent 1999, Thomas 1993). "When pictures of Serbian victims are shown, their ethnicity is not identified so as to give the impression that these are Muslims or Croats. One American newspaper even took the picture of a Serbian rape victim clearly identified in a caption in a Canadian newspaper, then reprinted that picture under a caption identifying her as a Muslim victim" ( Thomas 1993, p. 2 ). Or the fact that the Serbs have also been victims of ethnic cleansing is often never reported in Western media. According to Raymond Kent, "For almost a year before the Serbs took Srebrenica. . . its Bosnian (Muslim) government forces routinely raided the rural Serbs in the surrounding countryside, committing all kinds of war crimes without any fear that the T.V. screens of the outside world could be even a silent witness" (p. 9 ). On thing is for certain is that journalist and forensic anthropologist Eric Stover and photojournalist Gilles Peress were not there. In fact on page 117 of The Graves , Stover treats Naser Oric, the local Bosnian Muslin leader suspected of burning over 200 Serbs villages and brutally and beastly murdering Serbs in raids around Srebrenica (Kent 1999, Rohde 1997) as a "charismatic, twenty - five year old policeman" and the brutal, murderous raids as "the success of these local raids." In the book Endgame (1997) David Rohde paints a picture of Srebrenica's Serbs living in fear : Srebrenica's Muslims and Naser Oric had played the United Nations beautifully in 1993. When the Serbs were on the verge of taking the town, they had tricked the West into saving them. The safe area was a joke. For two years, the UN had fed the Muslims, sold them weapons and done nothing as Naser Oric launched raids from a town that was supposed to be "demilitarized." Serb villagers within 30 miles of Srebrenica lived in constant fear, waiting to hear the voices in the night and then smell smoke. Dozens of civilians had been burned alive in their homes by Oric's men (p.15). While I am not condoning any actions that may have been perpetrated by the Bosinan Serb side, the marked difference between Naser Oric and Ratko Mladic is that the latter has never been indicted by the ICTY (Kent 1999) . On of the most grave injustices of Stover and Gilles' The Graves is that it hides and denies Srebrenica's other victims, the Bosnian Serbs, and implies that a "politically correct" war criminal is a hero. Currently, much of the coverage of "humanitarian efforts" in Kosovo are often one-side, almost flat out ignorance the human rights and war crimes violations by the Kosovo Albanian population, especially the KLA ( the Kosovo, so-called "Liberation Army ") against the Kosovo Serbs. The ICTY is doing little to investigate and indict KLA and other Kosovo Albanians for their war crimes and ethnic cleansing against the Kosovo Serbs and other minorities(14). In the fashion of "remember Srebrenica" there were accusations of "Serbian ethnic cleansing" that are now, once again, turning out to be false(15). Also, as in Bosnia, when Serbs are the victims, who cares. As stated by Miller and Levin (1998) the mass media project a "hierarchy of victims" in which some victims are more deserving of attention and public outrage than others. The Serbs are quite noticeably at the bottom of this hierarchy, if they are even on the chart at all. When a mass grave is made up of Muslims and non-Serbs, the Western mass media flock to it like vultures(16). When the mass grave is made up of Serbs - who cares. When the Serbs are victims of ethnic cleansing - who cares. The Serbs are subhumans - so who cares (Thomas 1993). The above is commonly called "racism" and those involved are commonly called "racists." Denial of victimhood of the Serbs and treating war crimes against them as if they are less deserving of investigation and international attention is reflective of racism in the "international community," the ICTY and the "human rights Serbophobes" (Kent 1999, p.8). The cameras were out and rolling to catch Ratko Mladic - but not Naser Oric (Kent 1999). Being very concerned with the human rights and humanitarian needs of one ethnic group, while flat out ignoring the human rights violations against and the basic human needs of the other, as is current in Kosovo, is RACIST, to say the least. Back to top. Footnotes and references V. The Hague Tribunal : The Tribunal from Hell. 1. The use of "international tribunals" to validate labels. "A problematic individual or group is classified as an instance of human refuse; the validity of the label is tested and confirmed in public hearings or tribunals conducted by experts certified in making defamatory pronouncements: legends are then woven by mythmakers to 'explain' the necessity for the evil party being as it is : these legends are passed on . . . as ontological truths, and received by an audience which, not present during the initial steps, is unable to fathom the fabricated nature of the evil; finally, the truth of the myth is recognized (re-known) through its ritual dramatization in armed engagements, domestic and foreign, against the evil object" (Aho 1994, pp.114-115). In his book, This Thing of Darkness (1994), James Aho discusses how this "evil" is created through imagery, validated and made the stuff of myth and "common knowledge about 'the them.' " In this way, the "evil" is socially constructed. This is how criminality, delinquency, and even "war crimes" and "crimes against humanity" are brought to life, made reality and confirmed. The first step is naming or labeling. "Persons, acts or situations are neither good nor evil. They come to be seen as such when. . .they are so defined" (Aho 1994, p.28). The labels of "ethnic cleansers" and "genocidal" are attributed to Serbs almost exclusively by Western media (Thomas 1993, Kent 1999, Flounders 1998), including by both NATO and the ICTY. However, the label of "ethnic revenge" and not "ethnic cleansing" is fixed to Kosovo Albanians engaging in similar acts of violence and ethnic cleansing that the Serbs are almost exclusively accused of by NATO and the West. In this way, the Western media can have its label of "ethnic cleansers" to safely affix to the Serbs to once again demonize them at sometime in the future. The next step that Aho (1994) discusses that is of interest here is the legitimization of the labels : "It is one thing to malign others; it is another for such labels to 'stick.' If labels are to adhere to the intended party, they must be validated. One vehicle for effecting this is the public degradation ceremony. This is a formal hearing, trial, inquisition or tribunal . . ." ( p. 29). The purpose of the ICTY Tribunal from Hell - it's "official hearings, investigators and panels of experts" - the mindlessly, bloody Richard Goldstone ilk- is not justice, not in the least bit, but as stated by James Aho (1994), to make the labels of "ethnic cleansers, war criminals and mass murders" stick to the Serbian people. 2. Questionable proceedings of the Tribunal from Hell. . When NATO and the Bosnian Muslims kidnapped Djordje Djukic and another Yugoslav army officer, and spirited them to the Hague, it was not about "justice." It was not about "justice" to interrogate this seriously ill man, who was being denied basic medical care for cancer, for up to 20 hours a day. It was not about "justice" when the tribunal's judges laughed at the profession of innocence from Djordje. The cruel and indifferent treatment of Djordje at the hands of the ICTY Tribunal from Hell, was not about "justice" (Cavoski 1997, Rubin 1996, Kent 1999). Djordje Djukich was a non-combat, logistics officer and most likely innocent of "crimes against humanity." The "trial" of him, as a Bosnian Serb, was actually a trial of all people of Serb descent. The "derogation ceremony" served to validate Western mass media propaganda labels of the Bosnian Serbs as "genocidal, ethnic cleansers and mass murders" (Kent 1999, Rubin 1996, Aho 1994, Flounders 1998). James Aho (1994) demonstrated how labels against "problematic groups" are validated through a "derogation ceremony," that is courts, trials, public hearings - or - in this case - an international tribunal. The ICTY Tribunal from Hell performs this function. According to Kent (1999) and Thomas (1993), who wrote his essay as the ICTY was being formed: What is being set up is nothing more than an 'Ad Hoc International Kangaroo Court' decked with the frills of respectability to pacify the historical and revengeful demands of an American-lead, Western lynch mob. There appears to be no higher court of appeal for the Serbs. In the minds of the Western and especially American media, Serbs have already been tried and found guilty. They will accept no other verdict. The international 'legal process' is a FORMALITY (p. 4). The Western mass media, the Eric Stovers and Gillies Pervess of the world, are rather selective about the mass graves they cover,(17) much in the way the ICTY indicts "war criminals." That is, the ICTY investigators essentially work for the prosecution looking to indict and convict persons of a single ethnicity. This "court" issues almost daily accusations to the world mass media against leaders of one ethnicity and religion in a civil war with three sides. (Thomas 1993, Kent 1999). The ICTY seems to depend on the mass media and anti-Serb propaganda to feed and validate its existence, and the example below is strong evidence of this dependency. On one night of drunkenness, reporter and author Nebojsa Jevric was asked by an American reporter who he would nominate as the worst rapist of Muslim women. Jevric nominated Gruban of Bijelo Polje. The American counterpart then forwarded Gruban's name to the "right places." Soon, the world was flooded with wanted posters of "Serbian war criminals" with the names of Radovan Karadzic, Ratko Mladic and Gruban. Gruban al> -------------------------------------------------------------------- Transfer interrupted! ge : unknown - nationality : unknown - description : unknown - address : unknown. With no description, how then were NATO's troops going to find this notorious Serb war criminal who had raped so many Muslim women? They weren't. Gruban of Bijelo Polje was actually a character from the famous novel, "Hero on a Donkey," by Miodrag Bulatovic.(18) With lots of egg on its face, the ICTY withdrew the indictment against Gruban.(19) Another questionable act of the ICTY that served to validate the Serbs as a "evil, genocidal people" was the issuance of an indictment for "war crimes and genocide" against Slobodan Milosevic, President of Yugoslavia, during NATO's "Operation Allied Force." (20) This indictment- and the timing of it - served to validate - once again - the Serbs as an "evil people." It derogated the Serbian people as an ethnic group in need of "collective punishment" by NATO bombs (Naslund 1999). The current revelations now coming out of Kosovo are that there was no "systematic policy of mass murder or genocide." (21) The ICTY Tribunal from Hell is really is part of the portrayal of "the Other," the Serbs, as the "evil, human refuse." It is not only the demonstration of the "justness" of the cause of NATO and the West, but serves to validate anti-Serb propaganda. The ICTY, it's derogation ceremonies aimed almost exclusively at Serbs, serves the function of validating the "evilness" of the Serbs as a subhuman group and the "need" for Western/NATO intervention ( Keen 1986, Kent 1999, Thomas 1993, Binder 1996). Some unfortunate Serbs, like Djordje Djukich, are kidnapped and turned over to NATO's troops to be "processed to the Hague." (22) (Of the people indicted by this "court" 46 are Serbs, 8 Croats and one a Muslim.(23) ) "Even if innocent, the accused is contaminated - his guilt, insanity, addiction, subversives, or apostasy 'confirmed in the eyes of the masses' " (Aho 1994, p.29). The ICTY is the "legitimization" process whereby the interest is not justice - hardly - but the validation of damning labels (Aho 1994). These unearned labels of Serbs as "genocidal murderers" have now become "common knowledge" of modern society (Aho 1994) and it has now been woven and accepted as fact are that the Serbs are "Nazi-like, ethnic cleansing, rapist, mass murders" (Flounders 1998). The Serbs that are now, have been, and will be in the future, subjected to this Tribunal from Hell , the ICTY, have been relegated to this cruel and inhuman role for the sake of validating Western propaganda and demonizing labels by going through the James Aho's (1994) "legitimization" process. Back to top. Footnotes and references. VI. Conclusion "When Milosevic gets up in the morning, he is counting his losses. . ." (24) No, Jamie Shea, actually it is the civil population of Yugoslavia that is counting its losses, including the losses of friends, family and co-workers (Naslund 1999, International Action Center 1999). In the minds of NATO officials, like Jamie Shea and Air Commodore Wilby, they truly were "bombing Milosevic." The process of demonization of the Serb population to a deserving mass of "subhuman, rapist, ethnic cleansers" was easy for the NATO Alliance, for these push button warriors painted the face of Slobodan Milosevic, an "indicted war criminal," on the face of every person living in Yugoslavia. Therefore, the entire population of Yugoslavia stood indicted in mass as "war criminals and ethnic cleansers of Kosovo," having been indicted along with the FRY President by that instrument of label validation and Serb derogation - the ICTY Tribunal from Hell. Any support for the current Western/NATO Balkans missions is built and maintained through the use of anti-Serb propaganda. As the Western propaganda spin goes, the West has a "holy mission," (an ethnocentric one), to bring "the bad" in line with "the good ," and doing what where it desires in the name of "democracy, peace and security." To accomplish this, the main strategy of Western propaganda was "good vs evil," and "aggressor vs. aggrieved" (Kent 1999; Boyd 1995). Much of the motivation for NATO's attack on Yugoslavia was to stop "the evil aggressors" in the name of "higher moral standards," even if it ment playing dirty (Naslund 1999). These self-righteous hypocrites the demonized an entire ethnic group, attempted to force them to sign a "non- negotiable agreement," (25) labeled its leaders as "war criminals," and then set out on a criminal campaign of "collective punishment" by bombing an innocent, civil population "back into the Stone Age" ( Keen 1986, Naslund 1999). In the opening pages of this essay I demonstrated the basic sociology of how a human group like the Serbs can be dehumanized through the use of demonizing propaganda. I used authors James Aho (1994) and Sam Keen and his classic Faces of the Enemy: Reflection of the Hostile Imagination (1986) to demonstrate how one human group defines "the Other" and paints "the Other" as with sub-human qualities through the used of negative images: propaganda. Using the work of Sara Flounders and Thomas Deichmann I demonstrated how the anti-Serb propaganda campaign is a concerted one directed by chiefly the American public relations firm Ruder Finn Global Affairs. Ruder Finn jumped on Penny Marshell's and ITN's "concentration camp" hoax and is quite boastful of fooling American Jewish Organizations, like the Anti- Defamation League. I would like to say- most strongly to those American Jewish groups(26) that allowed themselves to be duped- and who continue to be duped - by the likes of the Ruder Finn PR firm and are supportive of the dehumanizing and violence against the Serbian ethnic group, SHAME ON YOU - SHAME ON YOU- SHAME ON YOU! (To say this does not make me anti-Semitic, but places blame where blame is due!) Besides PR firms and major newspapers, there are now books pushing anti-Serb propaganda. They often have "remember Srebrenica" themes. One such book that does a fairly good job of painting the Serbs as subhuman, smelly, drunken, ethnic cleansing animals is Eric Stover and Gillies Peress' The Graves : Srebrenica and Vukovar (1998). I use this book as a model of anti-Serb propaganda throughout this essay. I also used James Aho's work This Thing of Darkness : A Sociology of the Enemy (1994), along with that of Raymond Kent (1999), Raju G.C. Thomas (1993), Kosta Cavoski (1997) Alfed Rubin (1996), and Maria Naslund (1999) to demonstrate the true purpose of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) : Serb demonization and the validation of anti-Serb labels and Western/NATO mass media propaganda through the use of this "official court in the Hague" as a "derogation ceremony" against the Serbs. At the ICTY in the Hague - the Tribunal from Hell - justice is the last thing this judicial devil is seeking. It is set up to solely seek out and indict Serbs for the purpose of validating anti-Serb stereotypes and labels like "ethnic cleaners." The cruel treatment of individual Serbs indicted by this Tribunal from Hell and kidnapped by NATO is to indict and "put on trial" ALL persons of Serb descent. NATO carried out the "collective punishment" of the Serbs, rehashing "remember Srebrenica" elements of anti-Serb propaganda, as well outright lies of "ethnic cleansing in Kosovo" to bomb the Yugoslavian population. The "collective punishment" of the Serbs now continues in Kosovo through the excuse of Kosovo Albanian "ethnic revenge" against the Kosovo Serbs. The Kosovo Serbs and other minorities are now the victims of Kosovo "Liberation Army" ethnic cleansing, and the NATO and the ICTY could care less because the victims of this "ethnic cleansing" are the deserving Serbs. Lastly, please remember Srebrenica! Srebrencia is the birthplace and hometown of many of the elements of current anti-Serb propaganda. The propaganda elements of the Serbs as "ethnic cleansing, mass murders and drunken, genocidal animals" were born in Srebrenica. Please remember Srebrenica, as this is where, according to Kent (1999) and others, the "Big Lie" about "Serb ethnic cleansing" was born.(27) Also remember that there are Serb victims at Srebrenica, and elsewhere, that the Western mass media, NATO, the ICTY and the rest of the Serbophobic world ignores in a racist manner. Back to top. Footnotes and references. VII. My Observations Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. Preamble, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). It is startling how much this does not apply to the Serbs. According to Maria Naslund (1999) of the Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, there is an increasingly "politically correct" human rights activism unfolding in the "international community." Currently there is more attention placed on the returning ethnic -Albanians to Kosovo than on the future of the 11 million people inside Serbia. More people may have died under NATO bombs than were killed by Yugoslavian and KLA units (Naslund 1999). 1. Racism in human rights activity in Kosovo and in the "international community." What I find the most offensive and anger provoking aspect of anti-Serb propaganda, its resulting dehumanization, including the shady activity of the ICTY , is the devaluing of the human rights of the Serbs as compared to other Balkans ethnic groups, especially Muslims. The Serbs are also the "less deserving victims" in Miller and Levin's (1998) "hierarchy of victims," whose lives and suffering are less deserving of outrage and public outcry when war crimes and ethnic cleaning are committed against them by the Kosovo Albanians and the KLA. What I have noted from the websites of "humanitarian" and "human rights" organizations currently active in Kosovo is an almost complete lack of equal value for the human rights of Kosovo Serbs and other minorities as compared to that of Kosovo Albanians. Little is currently being discussed with regard to this anti-Serb racism in the human rights community, but Raymond Kent (1999) called these "concerned human rights activists" working in the Balkans, especially in concert with the ICTY, "human rights Serbophobes" (p. 8). Also noteworthy from these "human rights" web sites are the descriptions of "Serb atrocities" as compared to atrocities committed on the Serbs. Recall that I demonstrated that there is a denial of the vicitimhood of the Serbs as being on the receiving end of ethnic cleansings and a concerted effort to portray the Serbs as having a monopoly on "ethnic cleansing." However, descriptions and accounts of alleged Serb violence on other ethnic groups highlights the ethnic labels of all the groups involved, with "Serb atrocities" on other groups being described in intricate detail. On Doctors Without Boarders' web site (www.dwb.org/missions/kosovo.htm). There are lots of stories related to DWB's work with Kosovo Albanian refugees, including a study on the Kosovo Albanian refugees, but little about the plight of Kosovo Serbs. The Doctors Without Boarders' Kosovo webpage presents a good example of this one sided concern for all humans in Kosovo in a statement by an Austian physician in June 1999 who seemed to really not know, or care, about the plight of the Kosovo Serbs and other minorities from THEIR homes: "After working for months with Kosovar refugees and knowing how much they have suffered, it the best feeling that you can have to see them coming back to their country." This racist tendency to place more concern on the humanitarian needs and more value on the human rights of one ethnic group over another is highly offensive. I have noted that on the web sites of these "human groups" in the "international community" there are more stories, regarding the return of Kosovo ethnic-Albanians than to the ethnic cleansing and murder of Kosovo Serbs and other Kosovo minorities. There is an obvious value by the "international community" with the human rights of Kosovo Albanians, but there is not the same value being placed on the human rights of the Serb population. As in Stover and Gillies' The Graves , the Serbs are non- humans and not worthy of the same human rights as Bosnian Muslims. Being concerned with the human rights of Bosinan Muslims, Croats and Kosovo Albanians, while ignoring the human rights of the Serbs is RACIST, plain and simple! Recall the ideas of Miller and Levin (1998). Mass media project the image of a "hierarchy of victims," whereby some victims are seen as being "more deserving" of outrage and public attention than other, "lesser victims." Crimes against "lesser victims" are deemed less newsworthy and the lives of "lesser victims," in this case the Serbs, are not valued as much as Bosnian Muslims and Kosovo Albanians. I have noted a tendency to explain the violence of Kosovo Albanians on their Serb neighbors as "ethnic revenge" for "Serbian ethnic cleansing" of Kosovo. This "ethnic revenge" is also used to explain attacks on Serb elderly and children, non- combatants who probably had nothing to do with any Serb on Albanian violence in Kosovo during NATO's bombing campaign. How could an elderly Serb couple murdered in their apartment in Prizren - during KFOR occupation of Kosovo - have anything to do with an alleged policy of Slobodan Milosevic? This racist devaluing of the human rights of Kosovo Serbs and the acceptance of "ethnic revenge" against ALL Kosovo Serbs is clear evidence of the racist "collective punishment" aspect of NATO and the West's policy toward the Serbian ethnic group that Maria Nasland touched upon in one of her two papers on NATO intervention (28). What I strongly suggest that those of us concerned with racism in "the international community, human rights and humanitarian groups," is to use the principle of "equal concern for the human rights and human needs of ALL groups equally" as a measuring rod to weed out those practicing racism. With this, we will find the human rights and humanitarian hypocrites! I strongly believe that the making of anti-Serb propaganda, demonization and dehumanization by Western PR firms had, and still has, a lot to do with the anti-Serb racism in "humanitarian aid and human rights" and neglect of the human rights of the Serbs. As an American I am ashamed and highly offended that my government is allowing foreign governments to hire American PR firms like Ruder Finn to make and spread the hate of an ethnic group. What if the Ku Klux Klan decided to hire Ruder Finn Global Public Affairs to spread its message through out the world?! Something needs to be done, perhaps legislatively, about allowing groups and governments to hire American PR firms to create ethnic hate through dehumanizing propaganda. This concerted spreading of anti-Serb demonization, which lead to the dehumanization of the Serbian ethnic group, had a strong part to play in the acceptance of the bombing of the Yugoslav civil population, especially described as "the Serbs" and "bombing Milosevic," in Washington, London and Brussels. 2. Some suggestions to the Serbian people. First of all, the Serbian people need to realizing that they are fighting a concerted effort to demonize them and dehumanize them. They need to be prepared to mount a counter- concerted efforts against this hate propaganda, but there are also things the individual Serb living here in the West can do. Some of the following was also done by Arab-American groups in the face of anti-Arab propaganda. A. Get into the classrooms and get involved in schools and colleges! Find out just what kind of books and materials are being used in classes on "human rights, world affairs, international studies and ethnic conflicts." This also includes the reading and use of newspaper articles, since Western newspapers are the biggest spreader of anti-Serb propaganda. Read the materials and ask : "What kind of image is being painted about my people in this book?" Look very close at how the material is worded and how much attention is given to various situations. If a book, such as the anti-Serb propaganda book The Graves: Srebreinca and Vukovar , is being used in a classroom as required reading, as at Florida State University, this gives this book legitimacy, including the images of Serbs as drunken, smelly, mass- murdering animals. (29) B. Get into the libraries and find out what is there and donate Serbian cultural materials. This allows people in the community to be able to have the chance to learn positive aspects of the Serbian culture. Donate books on Serbian epic poetry, history and culture and food. Put up websites devoted to educating people about the Serbian culture. C. Start an international Serbian Student Union. This will help combat the use of books such as The Graves in classrooms. It will help bring Serbian culture studies and Slavic studies into more prominence on college campuses. It will encourage more Serbs into higher education. D. Start defining the unequal valuing of human rights of Serbs by the "international community" as what it really is : RACISM. It is racist to place an unequal value of the human rights of one ethnic group over another. Here in America, we refer to the devaluing of the constitutional rights of minority - Americans as compared to white - Americans as "racism." The devaluing of one ethnic group's human rights over another on the international level ALSO needs to be called just what it is : RACISM! Human rights are for ALL humans! Human rights are not "granted" by ANY government or military alliance and are not for sale! E. Start an organization for human rights for Serbs. We need to form an organization that will speak up for the human rights of the Serbian people. It would not only address the lack of concern for the human rights of the Serbian people, but address racism in "human rights activism" and the "international community." This type of organization would demand that the "international community" address its anti-Serb racism and demand that the human rights of the Serbian people be valued just as much as the rights of Bosnian Muslims and Kosovo Albanians. 3. . . .and this work isn't done yet! After all these pages of bring together authors and scholars in this research project, this labor of love, to expose the offensive and outright inhuman anti-Serb propaganda working of the West, NATO and the US, this is only the beginning! There are separate papers and books that can and have been written on the Tribunal from Hell's role in anti-Serb label validation, the "remember Srebrenica" theme to anti-Serb propaganda, the denial of the victimhood of the Serbs, and propaganda in NATO's Balkan missions. There will be future additions to this work (and maybe someday a book, God willing) when I find and add still more sources, authors, scholars and writers. This is only a start in exposing the rather extensive and organized efforts to demonize, dehumanized and lessen the human rights of the Serbian people. To be addressed later in next additions : 1. The exportation of Western ideas, and I don't mean democracy! I mean the idea of some groups' human rights being of less value than other groups. Yes - NATO has exported the ideas of ethnic inequality and racism to the Balkans! Why is it that the human rights of Kosovo Serbs are of less value than Kosovo Albanians? Well, I will be addressing this in the future. 2. The idea of a "hierarchy of victims" and the Serbs as being "less deserving" victims than other groups, namely Muslims. It is OK for Muslims to kill Serbs, but not OK for Serbs to kill Muslims.(30) While Miller and Levin (1998) was speaking of American minorities, namely African-Americans, the "hierarchy of victims" can be applied to the Serbs as being "less deserving" victims than Muslims. 3. The notion of "ethnic revenge" being used to describe the Kosovo Albanian's ethnic cleaning and their communities of their Serb neighbors. "Ethnic revenge" is a Kosovo Albanian policy that is of racist manner, as it is against ANY Serb, including children and elderly, not just those who might been part of police and army units. Back to top. Footnotes and references. Secretary General Mrs. Jela Jovanovic Art historian =========================== DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion and informational exchange list. Proselyzting propagandic screeds are not allowed. Substance—not soapboxing! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory', with its many half-truths, misdirections and outright frauds is used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRL gives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. 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[CTRL] The Demonization, Dehumanization and Criminalization of the Serbian People
Mrs. Jela Jovanovic, Secretary General Sun, 2 Jan 2000 13:53:53 -0800